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浅谈工程建设项目质量管理
Discussion on construction project quality management

2012年
12月
12日
Discussion on construction project quality management

Abstract
This article from the construction project characteristics, the construction project quality control characteristics are described, analyzed the construction enterprises in the operation of the quality management system processes the universal existence question, finally, put forward to the construction quality management advice.

Keywords : construction project quality management

Introduction
In order to meet the need of development of market economy, more and more engineering construction enterprise in the original on the basis of carrying out target management, implementation of ISO9000 activity, modern scientific quality management theory combined with the unit and industry specific and actual quality management activities carried out. These enterprises according to the requirements of the standards, has established the enterprise quality management system, quality management activities throughout all aspects of production and process. The system runs in the process, through the quality planning, quality control and quality improvement of three step principle, to meet customer needs, quality and service level than in the past has been a qualitative leap, market competition ability, project profit level is increasing. But as a result of the establishment of China's market economy and the operation time is not long, these enterprises in the operation of the quality management system process due to various reasons, there are still many problems.
Construction project mainly refers to the building, water conservancy project, Luqiao construction and civil engineering projects. Construction project involves an area wide, is an extremely complex process, influence the quality of many factors, such as design, personnel, materials, machinery, topographic, geological, hydrological, meteorological, construction technology, technical measures, methods of operation, management system and so on, are directly affecting the project construction quality and project; the sheer size of the project, the construction team, the process of convergence is very strong, the changes of the external conditions affect, no fixed workshop, the production environment in the open air, unlike industrial production have a fixed line, standardized production technology and detection technology, the production of complete sets of equipment and a stable production conditions, therefore the influence of construction project quality factors, prone to quality problems.

Construction project quality management characteristics
1, quality planning is difficult
Construction project investment is huge, little criterion millions of, many billions, billions of dollars. In order to facilitate the construction control, the owners often project will be carried out step by step, partial, but the unit project investment is generally in the tens of millions more, so construction project to build a large scale, production, the construction process and construction methods of high. This characteristic, decided the quality planning difficulty. The first is the planning staff must have the project construction must be professional and technical knowledge, must fully understand the various construction process characteristics and field applicability; secondly, because of the large size, process identification is difficult, if the process is divided too simple, not for quality and cost control, but differentiates too fine, often increased coordination and the difficulty of control.
2, personnel management process complex
Project human resources organization complicated, enterprise management personnel, technical personnel, construction personnel, in addition to the company 's lack of labor, construction enterprises often adopt the way of rental hire workers engaged in simple, labor intensity, the construction environment abominable working. In personnel management, labor management more difficult. Although the company started in the former, enterprises to the laborer team were evaluated and selected, but because laborer generally lower cultural level, the construction process and ways of understanding very difficult, often in similar engineering experience for the construction, therefore, train and supervise the work. At the same time, because of the mobility of migrant workers, in the progress of the project there are still many uncertainties. In addition, the laborer's safety consciousness and quality awareness, but also to bring some of the difficulties of engineering quality control.
In 3, the construction schedule is difficult
Often due to engineering project, technical link is much, and more in the field operation, the progress of the project by the weather, hydrology and other natural factors in. Although, in the progress of the planning process, the enterprise often gather historical data, but the weather, hydrology and other natural factors of uncertainty, to manpower, equipment scheduling difficulties. In addition, construction equipment to part of the lease, with migrants management as well as the difficulty of control.
In 4, the final product must be a qualified products
Project construction must first achieve the quality requirement. Process is a set of a ring, if constructed after the discovery of a link quality problems, may not like some industrial products that remove, disintegration, replacement parts, more cannot execute " replacement " or " refund ", therefore in the process of engineering construction quality control, it is very important.
5, improve the quality of work of special
An enterprise project, the total number of not too much, but, each project content may not be completely consistent. Many statistical methods for quality management and analysis tools can not apply. Therefore, to find the weak links and quality improvement direction is more difficult, the objective of quality improvement difficult.

Construction quality of engineering project manages a few problems that should note
1, do well quality planning -- the basis of quality control
Due to the particularity of construction projects, in the operation of enterprise quality management system in the process, the enterprise often pays attention to the control of construction process, to the quality planning in a lesser position. From the perspective of quality management, quality planning running through the whole construction process, is the basis of quality management work, is the construction of the process in a controlled and necessary condition. If quality planning well, will play a guiding role for the whole construction, at the same time of the construction progress, quality cost control will also play a positive role. Therefore, construction enterprises should fully realize the important role and significance of quality planning, planning process, will be the quality, progress and cost organic union rises, do know the score, the global management and local management of correspondence, can achieve the true sense of the overall controlled, can realize the construction overall quality objective.
2, training, selection of construction personnel -- laying the quality control basis
The formation of project quality by all participants in the project construction management and technical cadres, personnel, construction personnel together, they form the main factor of project quality. Therefore, to control the construction quality, to training, selection of construction personnel, and improve their quality.
We should improve their awareness of quality. According to the view of total quality management, construction personnel should establish five concepts: the concept of quality first, pre-control priority idea, service idea, talk with data concept and social benefit, enterprise benefit ( quality, cost, time limit for a project of combining comprehensive benefit idea ).
The second is the technology quality. Management staff, technical staff strong quality planning, goal management, construction and technical guidance, quality inspection capability; production personnel should have superb technical skills, be strict in one's demands style of work, strict implementation of quality standards and procedures of the legal system idea; service personnel should do good technology and service life, with outstanding quality of work, indirectly, to ensure the quality of engineering. On the quality of education, depending on the effective incentive measures, by training and optimization, to improve the quality of personnel.
Three is to do well the management of migrant workers. In each procedure before construction, technical personnel to migrant workers for training, so that they fully understand the construction methods and attention problems, at the same time to safety first awareness training.
3, strictly control the procurement process, hit good construction material basis
Country " construction law " point out clearly: " for construction materials, components and fittings, and equipment ... ... , must comply with the design requirements and quality standards ". Therefore, to have to hold on to " four closes", namely the purchasing, inspection clearance, transportation insurance and use. At present, in the supply is in buyer's market environment, a variety of sales a multitude of names, " rebate sales ", " sale having reward ", " door-to-door sales ", the procurement staff is a great temptation. Therefore, in the procurement process should pay attention to the following points:
1 procurement personnel, to improve their political quality and quality identification level. Choose those who have certain professional knowledge, dedicated, and trustworthy to the project manager to purchase personnel.
2 information, preferably deliver goods manufacturers. Master quality, price, delivery capacity of the information, selecting national certification license, there are certain technical and financial guarantee supply manufacturers, to buy a product certification, a social credibility of the products, it can control the quality of materials, but also can reduce the material cost. According to the building materials market product quality is mixed, but also for building materials, components and equipment to implement the entire process of construction quality supervision. Construction project all principal should be strictly according to design requirements, should meet the standard requirements of the quality warranty, the materials on site, in addition to the provisions of the necessary testing, quality assurance project of the product, should be analyzed, detection, and identification of. Substandard requirements are not to be used, and trace its source. Strict implementation of building materials detection witness sampling system, to ensure that the detection of the truth of the report.
4 the implementation of scientific and technological progress, improve the quality control level, the achievement of quality improvement
Construction quality control, and technical factors. Technical factors in addition to the technical quality of personnel, including equipment, information, inspection and detection technology. Requirements of the State Ministry of construction " to establish a building product concept, each link to the great importance to the construction of the quality of the final product and functional improvement, through technological progress, to achieve product and construction technology upgrading ". It expounds the new technology, new technology and quality of the relationship.
Science and technology is the first productivity, reflects the production activities of the whole process of construction. The effect of technical progress, ultimately reflected in the quality of products. In order to engineering quality, attention should be paid to new technology, new technology is advanced, applicability. In the whole process of construction, to set up the technical requirements of the technological process, quality standards, operating rules, establish a strict examination system, continuous improvement and improve construction technology and craft level, ensure project quality.
In the implementation of the quality plan and the key measures to strengthen quality inspection, to the results of quantitative analysis, the conclusion. " Experience " is summarized and transformed into the future to ensure the quality of the " standard " and " system ", the formation of new quality assurance measures; " problem " is as the future of quality management control target.
5 must strengthen the quality responsibility system construction and Implementation
The establishment of quality responsibility system is the enterprises to strengthen quality management, improve product quality stable and effective measures. The quality responsibility system is the core of clear responsibility, fulfil responsibility, make the staff to participate in quality work, ensure the quality of products. Enterprises in the establishment of quality system of job responsibility in the process of quality system of job responsibility, basic content must be perfect, to the file in the form of performance, while the quality responsibility system implemented through training, so that employees understand the position of what to do, how to do, what is required to achieve results, personal working stand or fall on the result the effect of. In addition, enterprises should establish assessment, rewards and punishments and other incentive mechanism.
6 strengthen quality management, do a good job in process of detection and inspection
Due to the particularity of construction project, requires a standard. Therefore, to strengthen the quality management is very important. On site management is the product of