中英饮茶文化之间的差异英语doc-毕设论文.doc

毕业论文(设计)论文（设计）题目：中英饮茶文化之间的差异 （英文） The Differences of Tea-drinking Culture betweenChina and Britain 姓 名： 学 号： 院 （系）： 外语学部 专 业： 英语（旅游） 指导老师： 2010年5月The Differences of Tea-drinking Culture between China and Britain Student： Tutor: College of Arts and science of Jianghan UniversityMay, 2010 AbstractChina is the native place of tea, and it is the first country in the world to plant, drink and export tea. In China, people not only formed a special way of tea drinking, but also developed an art form called tea drinking. This kind of tea culture spreads to other countries, so tea export can be regarded as carrying forward the tradition, or as spreading the culture, and It has great importance. Britain began to drink tea in the seventeenth century， comparing with other European countries, the tea culture of Britain is the most famous and typical, and it has formed its own special tea culture, for example, the worlds famous Afternoon Tea, however, what is different with Chinas tea culture? The paper aims to illustrate the different of tea-drinking culture between Britain and China from the four points, the manner of tea drinking, the spirit of tea ceremony, the culture of tea house, and the impact of tea drinking. At last, according to the comparison, the writer suggests two points to develop our own tea culture, establishing the national day of tea drinking and creating our own international tea brand.Key words: Tea-drinking culture Difference China Britain Suggestion摘要中国是茶的本产地, 它是世界上第一个种茶,饮茶和出口茶叶的国家。 在中国，人们不仅形成了特殊的饮茶方式，而且也发展到了一种艺术形式-饮茶，这种茶文化很快传到了其它国家，因此，茶叶出口能够被视为传统地携带，或者文化的传播，它产生了很大的影响。英国开始饮茶是在十七世纪，与其它欧洲国家相比，它的茶文化在欧洲国家中是最著名和最典型的，而且它已形成了自己独特的饮茶文化。例如，世界上著名的下午茶。但是，它与中国的茶文化有什么不同呢？本文主要是从四点来探讨中英饮茶文化的区别：饮茶方式的不同，茶道精神的不同，茶室文化的不同以及影响的不同。最后，通过比较，提出了两点建议，即中国应该倡导“国饮日”和打造茶文化的国际品牌。关键词：饮茶文化 区别 中国 英国 建议 ContentsI. Introduction.1II. Brief Review of Tea Drinking2 2.1 The history of tea drinking in China.2 2.2 The export of tea from China to Britain.3 2.3 The development of tea drinking in Britain4III. Comparison of Tea-drinking Culture between China and Britain5 3.1 The different manners of tea drinking 5 3.1.1 The different spirits of tea ceremony.7 3.1.2 The different cultures of tea house 9 3.2 The different impacts of tea drinking. 103.3 The suggestions for tea drinking. 12 3.3.1 Establishing the national day of tea drinking .123.3.2 Creating our own international brand.13IV. Conclusion.14References 16Acknowledgements.17I. IntroductionChina is the homeland of tea, dating back to about five to six thousand years. And human cultivation of tea plants dates back three thousand years. The role of tea in the world history is fascinating. Tea from China along with her silk and porcelain, began to be known by the world over more than a thousand years ago and has since always been an important Chinese export. Geological and botanical evidence suggests the tea plant originated in the dense forest of the present province Yunnan, China. Yunnan is the worlds center of the species of the camellia genus of which tea (Camellia family) is a member, and other places of China were also found tea plants, such as Guizhou and Sichuang. As for their humid and warm climate, they are the ideal places for tea plants bringing up. The origin tea plant belongs to arboraceous type with big leaves, and whatever its shape and habit, it is different from the most of the worldwide tea plant. That is caused by soil, climate, and the amount of rain during the long time transplantation of tea. In total, all the types with big leaves vegetate in subtropical areas which have a cold winter. The phenomenon observes the rule of biological evolution: from junior to senior, from simplicity to complexity, from lower resistance to higher resistance. Nowadays, some wildly big plants of tea can be found in these places, basing on incompletely statistics, there are ten provinces and one hundred and ninety-eight places finding these wild tea plants.In the modern multi-culture, for the sake of achieving cross-cultural communication, we must properly evaluate our own culture and have a correct view of other peoples culture. In the same time, we should retain our own cultural characteristics and learn from others advantages for updating our own cultural deficiencies. In this thesis, the writer will mainly analyze one branch of culturetea-drinking culture. China is the earliest country to discover and use tea. It has a long and profound history about the tea culture. However, the native land of Britain does not product tea, and it is the worlds largest country of per capita consumption of tea. Using this exotic product, the British shapes their own unique culture of the black tea, for example, the worlds famous Afternoon Tea. Whats the difference between the two? The writers intention of this thesis is to discuss the problem.The writer will depart the thesis into four parts: the introduction, brief review of tea-drinking, comparison of tea-drinking culture between China and Britain, and the conclusion. And hoping this thesis will arouse more peoples interests in tea culture, also helping them further understanding of the different tea culture between China and Britain.II. Brief Review of Tea Drinking With a long history, tea is drunk with a beverage. Each year more than 80 percent of all China tea is made into green tea. The ancient Chinese had lost the track of teas true advent and were forced to imagine its beginning. With the development of history, myths and legends have been handed down from generation to generation. Although they are inadmissible as historical evidence, myths and legends do have historical importance because they provide the only account of teas origin. According to Chinese mythology, in 2737 B.C, the Chinese Emperor, Shen Nong, known as the father of agriculture and medicine, suddenly tasted boiling water which was added leaves of wild tea tree. When Shen Nong drank the infusion, he marveled at its delicious taste and felt vigorous. There is another account about this legend, it was said that Shen Nong risked his life to taste hundred kinds of herbs for the subject. Unfortunately, he was poisoned by some of them. It was the young leaves of tea that rescued him from danger. Later, tea drinking had been invented, and the emperor drank it from that day forward, recommending this health herb to other people. Today, not only Chinese, but also foreigners love to drink tea. Drinking tea has become a part of their life, especially in China and Britain. The following part will be talked about tea-drinkings development in these two countries. 2.1 The history of tea drinking in China It was recorded that tea was drunk in the western Han Dynasty, during the period of the Three Kingdom Period, drinking tea was very popular at least in the southern China, according to the history, the king Sun Hao of Wu state (the offspring of Sun Quan) firstly created tea to take place of wine in banquet, at the same time, tea had an equal position to wine in the palace affairs. During the Wei Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty and the Northern and Southern Dynasty, drinking tea already became a fashion for those people with high social status to enjoy life, and the literators use tea drinking to improve their thought for writing a good works. The Tang Dynasty was the mature period of Chinese tea culture, and drinking tea had become a common thing for ordinary people, and they were fastidious about not only the tea production place, the picking and making of tea but also the drinking appliance, and the way of drinking tea. The first book on TeaTea Classic, circa 780A.D, which was written by the Chinese author Lu Yu, came into being during this period, it comprises three volumes and covers tea from its growth to its drinking and making, as well as historical summary and the famous early tea plantation. In the 805A.D, the Buddhist monk, Zui Cheng of Japan brought the tea and seeds to his country, this was the earliest record that tea transported to Japan and later the world famous tea ceremony got to be formed. Drinking tea was also very popular in the Song Dynasty, and the technique for making tea greatly improved. By the Yuan Dynasty, drinking tea was very common in everyday life, and making tea was one of the seven chores for the pool housewives of that time. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, people drank tea in almost the same way as do today, and loose tea took place of compressed tea(before this period, people usually drank compressed tea.) besides , Chinas tea was exported to Britain during this period, I will addressed in the following part.2.2 The export of tea from China to Britain At the beginning of the seventeenth century, tea was spread to West Europe and became the favorite drink of European people. It is not exactly certain time when tea was first coming to Britain, there are a lot of points on it, the writer agrees with the point that Chinas tea was appeared in Britain in 1657, and there Chinas tea was come from Holland. In 1607A.D, the ship of Holland which came from Java transported tea from Macao to Europe, and this was the earliest record that Chinas tea was directly sold to Europe. Later, the Chinas tea was sold from Holland to Britain. Most of scholars consider that tea was appeared in Britain in the mid-seventeenth century, but they dont ascertain the exact year that Chinas tea comes to Britain. It can be only confirmed that tea was sold in Britain in1657, according to the book, A Social History of Tea written by Pettigrew Jane, she said that Chinas tea was transported to the landing of London by the Eastern India Company in the mid-seventeenth century, assuring the selling time of Chinas tea was in 1657, furthermore, the advertisement about tea was appeared in the next year. On the other hand, Chinese scholar Chen Yuan also expressed the same view in his book of The History of Tea (茶叶通史), and he said that a coffee shop of Britain sold Chinas tea from Holland during the fourteen reign of emperor Shun Zhi of Qing Dynasty(1657). Later, in 1662, the princess of Portugal Catherine married CharlesII, and brought with her the preference for tea, which had already become common in Europe. As tea was her drink of choice, it gained social acceptance among aristocracies as it replaced wine ale and spirits with tea as the court drink. In an attempt to please CharlesII, the Britain East India Company brought small gifts of tea from Europe for Catherine in 1664 and in 1666, other than these gifts, the Britain East India Company did not consider tea to be worth importing from China until in 1668. From that time, tea was selling in markets, and the East India Company treated it as a part of their regular trade. It was no longer only a special item brought back by a ships captain for special use.2.3 The development of tea drinking in BritainAbove all is that tea is just a fashion pursued by upper class. Until the end of eighteenth century, tea drinking was become prevailing in populace due to the great fall of priceTransformations of the custom policy in China and changed of the demand of tea drinking in Britain, both caused a great tea import of the East India Company, that made the tea price play down. Before that time, tea was very expensive for ordinary people, for example, in 1658, the fifth Earl of Beford county, Woburn Abbey paid all staff in manor a total of only 600 pounds, and these staff included temporary and full time maid, cook, butler, doorman, gardeners, lawyers etc, at that time, an annual income of an estate lawyer was only 20 pounds, and the salary of butler was 26 pounds, if a butler buys a pound of tea, he would have paid a whole years salary, so it is impossible for populaces to have it.Besides, a great number of smuggling tea from other European countries before 1785 also made the tea price play down, and the performance of the Commutation Act after 1785 declined the tea price too, then, some private trade decreased the price. The other main reason is that British love tea very much, and another interesting evidence pointed out by an Italian who was travelling to Britain in1755 illustrates the last reason, he said that even if a common maid must drink tea twice each day, showing her status, and she must write the condition to her bond. In addition, the characters in the famous British novel, Pride and Prejudice, written by Jane Austen often take a cup of tea and drink. As time is going, Britain has formed its own culture of tea drinking, and the following part will discuss the different tea-drinking culture between China and Britain. III. Comparison of Tea-drinking Culture between China and Britain China is the homeland of tea. Of the three major beverages of the worldtea, coffee, and cocoa, tea is consumed by the large number of people in the world, especially in Britain. China had tea plants as early as five to six thousand year ago, and human drinking of tea dates back to two thousand year. British have and drink tea for three to four hundred year, that is far more behind us, however, it has already shaped its own special culture and habit of tea drinking. It is said that Britain averagely drink eight cups of beverage everyday, and among them, tea possesses five cups. That is to say, about two thousand cups of tea will be drunk by British in a whole year. According to the report of newspaper of Times in London, one percent of British do not drink tea, twenty-three percent of British who are called Heavy drinker drink above six cups of tea, thirty-eight percent of British named Middle drinker drink four to five cups of tea, and the rest of thirty-nine percent called Light drinker drink below three cups of tea. A typical English man, at least, has six times to drink tea everyday. Apart from three times of drinking tea at breakfast, lunch, and supper, first, when he wakes up in the morning and leans against the bed, he usually drinks a cup of teaearly morning tea. The second is the Elevenses, which drinks tea at 11a.m. At this time, he has gone through long time of hard working, and he needs to have a break and relax him