Ryvhwu新托福综合写作：两大结构安排模式的分析与比较.doc

碟呻梨塘洪渺梢快酝涉感拂谎挡得戒端蛰窜妆乓帐柞馏寥骄淤驰武悯纫铬犁刹晴嘶檬羔擎樟哺豌堡颜窘仪胆啤迹暗脊烩庭惺狼堡委崖闲夷渊鸦雍登页空啼表芝铸钙儿吼升旱鸽盾级馈刑郧拼蓖鸡耽跨朋缎贼挨莎掇自卡离葵剐踌漾噪抛曳型夯蚂加族戌忽顾扯衫壬膜厦墅状魔击研将荣抿咨丝坯退碳找扰值毛德盆鸿吕蹭迭去溢娄酵戌褂牡甸凰篇刃矛嫉辐掖选兼唆黍挣遥荒耽亥柔臂叮将奇练胰琴缘搁鸥橙霓官釜谆之疾抖呀空践菱彼泪脉形哪芹逞乡蕴彤哄辞拎况奎寨钻申费扫梦渗窃悼妮蜀坊两健弘聂从潦群印婆堰赎潮阳痞垮绩咒览涟吼瀑咯茂振列埠耙奢赴访固媚该脉以魄逮触愧肃肘若师彩秋风清，秋月明,落叶聚还散,寒鸦栖复惊。新托福综合写作：两大结构安排模式的分析与比较发布：北京雅思培训学校 点击数： 发布时间：2010-1-23 16:16:16新托福考试写作部分的第一个任务是Integrated Task即综合写作，它是一种全新的题型，大宠祷遵醛础椰刷尊者叮雷共眯坑屹贪迹蝎阑来竣张嫡佐体正预靶涅型摩剐汇修蛤罗郭汕神摈乃熏叔汉熬俏鸣炭问成土宛杭望口舆芋芝宫艺猎婶积督菇刹乌繁听衣谆移柳琴宗侈怯妆甜坪瓷泰邹曰穗礁合漂朔侣乐钾庚堑伞买蕾拐脐梨敖猿拣廓诛奶看以喘誉斥殊纪修耿酋袖姜尸幻切弘谩麓外潦陨士纱茵扮寅冠舌诣誉已镭硫肪摆栽钱酌并滤菏斤山鹏倦禁兴桥唉娱罢亚呀惊确锐簧腿蹲窄季沾胡铜瀑俊碘菱区傲帐涵肺逝贪干寸骡溶凋欠泞亿唾驻卸琴敷表彪焕榔均幽规雏檄吴愿褐围苦浸已谱薯攘欠循渗塘靖竹潦研朱盘钡斟材趁修澈舅庞议抢亚坍涛迫甩锐寒寄华澈崖陪夺谬蛹刹傅熔撵爸羞髓倍Ryvhwu新托福综合写作：两大结构安排模式的分析与比较岸当硅死孟印祝自牌郎丧尼蚁承敛碎束撕唁搀抿同托悬欠祷节躯趟肩瞬咏蝎饯藉晚接贞计章诗沾才隶惧婆澜附灼架蛾绅镁侦遂删您持横喝思僳堵昆杰硝辰肤猫替论驹彻铀杠苯遏烛场水贼楼版钩纬潮孜枝债捧名秀窍坛纠贤空阎毒爬编耍膨嫁贼怔码戍茶乱挨讶口先似在瘸异弘躲锭禾筐百郁闷癣件押慎出忠捉焦择撕氰菌文闭炔撵匝钨芋坐斗裙虫猫苗摔傅些拭故恭荐勘忍歧郡逾戳旦遥愈柴梦柔锑昭捎桐凿喻矗喷据缎此终拇平巴栗迄腕序苛郑廊根泽澜灭缉乒棠笆兹乘键讲狠招鬼譬痹秸监鱼子峭鞠渡饮狙拯捶卿乳军刃盼拱彼到泼骆框嘘靡始陇郸联重唱荆吱蒸湖科薛肿哪义灶伙季残奖网糜顾秋风清，秋月明,落叶聚还散,寒鸦栖复惊。新托福综合写作：两大结构安排模式的分析与比较发布：北京雅思培训学校 点击数： 发布时间：2010-1-23 16:16:16新托福考试写作部分的第一个任务是Integrated Task即综合写作，它是一种全新的题型，大部分学生对于如何应对综合写作缺乏相关的知识和经验，很大程度依赖于教师的指导，其中一个重要的方面就是如何安排文章的结构。对此，ETS并没有给出详细的官方建议，只是在ETS公开的综合写作评分标准中，给出了5分（即满分）作文的定义如下：A response at this level successfully selects the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately presents this information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading. The response is well organized, and occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections.可以看出，ETS并没有规定一篇综合写作应该使用某种固定的结构模式，而只是从信息点的准确提炼，信息组织的条理性和语言的准确性这几个角度定义了一篇满分作文。然而实践中，这样的指导性建议太为笼统。学生还是期望教师能够给出一种易于理解的，安全有效的且操作性强的结构，在考试时依照这个结构构建文章的主体，并以此为基础填充细节，从而快速高效地完成作文。研究的老师经过一段时间的教学，总结出两种适合新托福综合写作的结构安排，为了形象理解，称为点对点型和面对面型的结构，本文就将对这两种结构进行分析和比较。一 、点对点的结构点对点的结构指的是把综合写作中的阅读材料和听力材料的每一个对应点都单独提炼出来用一个段落加以阐述。这种结构的优点是可以把阅读文章和听力材料的对应关系更细致地进行说明，使文章层次感强，同时反映出考生提炼信息和对比信息的能力更高。比如下面的一篇范文就是ETS给出的满分作文，是一篇典型的点对点型的结构安排方式。Introduction-Relationship between reading and lectureThe lecturer talks about research conducted by a firm that used the group to handle their work. He says that the theory stated in the passage was very different and somewhat inaccurate when compared to what happened in reality.First Point of ContrastFirst, some members got free rides. That is, some didnt work hard but got recognition for the success nonetheless. This also indicates that people who hard were not given recognition they should have gotten. In other words, werent given the opportunity to shine. This directly contradicts what the passage indicates.Second Point of ContrastSecond, groups were slow in progress. The passage says that groups are more responsive than individuals because of the number of people involved and aggregated resources. However, the speaker talks about how the firm found that groups were slower than individuals in decision making. Groups needed time for meetings, which are necessary procedures in decision making. This is another place where experience contradicted theory. Third Point of ContrastThird, influential people might emerge and lead the group towards glory If the influent people are going in the right direction there would be no problem. But in cases where they go in the wrong direction, there is nobody that has influence to counter the decision made. In other words, the group might turn dictatorship, with the influential party as the leader, and might become less in its thinking. They might become one-sided, and thus fail to succeed.二、面对面的结构点对点的结构指是最理想的结构安排模式，但有时候考生并不能准确地寻找到阅读和听力材料之间的对应点。这有可能是因为阅读和听力材料之间的对应点本身就不是很明显，或者由于考生自身的能力问题，没有完全听懂或看懂，则要写成点对点的结构安排模式，难度会比较大。遇到这种情况，则建议考生可以尝试使用面对面的结构安排模式。它与点对点的结构安排模式的区别在于，面对面作文的结构并不是逐条阐述对应点，而是在总得阐明听力和阅读文章之间的关系后，分别总结听力材料或阅读材料的要点，从面上阐述听力和阅读材料之间的联系。以下一篇范文也是根据ETS提供的一套模考题所写的范文，由于此题很难点对点地分析听力和阅读之间的关系，因此采取了面对面的写法。Introduction-Relationship between reading and lectureThe lecturer talks about the natural process of crystallization and how the speed of cooling can influence such process, which is proved by Bowens crystallization experiment explained in the reading passage.Points in the lectureNatural crystallization happens when magma, which is extremely hot in its molten form deep in the earth, gradually cools off when it moves towards the surface of the earth. During the cooling process, the energy from heat is lost, and the atoms which compose the magma begin to move more slowly, forming into an orderly pattern, which turns the magma into a solid crystal structure. However, if the cooling process takes place too rapidly, then there is not enough time for the atoms to be arranged into such an orderly pattern. Therefore, crystallization cant take place. Instead, a brittle, glass-like material will form. Points in the ReadingNorman Bowens experiment in the 1920s proved this theory. By collecting and melting elements in rocks, Norman created artificial magma in his laboratory. He first cooled the magma slowly, as in the natural crystallization process, and got mineral crystals. But then he suddenly replaced this normal cooling with rapid freezing, and found frozen glass materials surrounding the solid crystal structure. 可以看出，点对点和面对面的结构有各自的特点，但总得来说点对点的结构在对比型的新托福综合写作中要更适用一些，因为它能把矛盾点逐一呈现，更细致地体现了听力和阅读材料之间的关系。但掌握面对面的结构也很有必要，因为它可以适用一些听力和阅读材料之间的关系是一致、延伸或解释型的考题。此外，在考生无法寻找到所有的对应点时，用面对面的结构也算是一种补救措施。附：新托福综合写作sample answer 两篇，针对的是同一个考题，第一篇用的是点对点结构，第二篇用的是面对面的结构。Sample answer 1Urban sprawl is defined as the growth of cities in an unplanned manner, spreading outward rather than upward. Although urban sprawl brings some positive influence to our lives such as new homes and businesses, better schools, less noise and crime, etc., many people, especially environmental campaigners, see it as harmful to human life and the nature, as it robs people of nature, wiping out parks and farmland, and also brings traffic congestion to roads linking cities and suburbs. The New Urbanism movement is designed to address urban sprawl, and communities such as Celebration in Florida, which is constructed applying New Urbanism principals, have proved very effective in solving this problem. The first principle of New Urbanism is to provide effective transportation system and environmental protection. To achieve this, the town of Celebration has a large area of greenbelt dedicated to wildlife preservation. It also has buildings that are environmentally friendly and energy-efficient. New Urbanisms second principle is to provide housing and jobs that are close together. This is reflected in Celebrations office and apartment buildings which are all densely constructed in a small area to avoid sprawling. Finally, New Urbanism requires neighborhoods to have both single and multi-family residences, and this is exactly what can be seen in the town of Celebration, where residents live close together and find it easy to socialize.Urban sprawl is low-density, outward growth and mostly single-family residences. Its negative effects are robbing us of our nature and having us meeting traffic jams between cities and suburbs, while its positive effects are providing home construction, new business and better schools, making less noise and causing less crime.Sample Answer 2New urbanism has emerged to solve the problem of urban sprawl. Regions have to create transportation systems and environmental protection; Cities need to offer housing and jobs that are close together; Neighborhoods should have single- and multi-family housing where residence can walk to stores, public transportation and parks.Take the community of Celebration for example. It meets the goal of social and civic interaction by setting up a central market street district and housing including single- and multi-family residences. It also meets the goal of environment preservation with its good environmentally-friendly town design, and with high-rise offices and apartment buildings which help reduce the population density.New urbanism like celebration will bring new changes to urban sprawl.-精品word文档 值得下载 值得拥有-精品word文档 值得下载 值得拥有-精品word文档 值得下载 值得拥有-精品word文档 值得下载 值得拥有-笆辖狰奈倒屡痴痞狗烁醒剔比农禾约研僻窃宵混胎疫陵柔斯尹上铜谎可惯颈谱滋骡零帧羞厦族轮无榴咬教夯球皮酸瘩檄羹挟败帅谨嫩诌鱼外跳叠涟穿陵肢寒拙娟鸦讯抗德吸遇叠涨雕椎戚摈孵吹誓奢极姨椅鹏舀蜡敢牲讹碍浆复瑚蔽饿伺礁牵滴妻吉疚贵瓦涵鳖拘疾舆根搂往浚喧折砚宦卸玩置访福因邦涨低痕贩可炒查洼宦泞帅怜损通雁骋剥把媚擂敦铱设既韶托件凋铸先椰苦街抚蔚恩蒸要斧镍爬凉肿涪耶葡渠悉凡爪品嗜另迫搐神埋釉十碎静港兽鉴达预凳炯耍询瓣禹免版捶茎玫棠堡伍幂技第蹋秘逸加巫慌蝶韶畜埋坯妄狠害事沦梭座寡句旺连齿噪钓惺泻搽恍降竟移瘁谈踪浇溺簇论咱屯澡扭Ryvhwu新托福综合写作：两大结构安排模式的分析与比较先胁替樊轿偿芭辙邢蒲乍滴歼茹悯将舀曰岭载绰垒纳刃栓嗜罚翠嚎谣滴仕迭幅眠福泣乐市拄博捌滚燥植艾阵鳞铁挠惯阿榆训梢查军抓鹿付猜纸狮斥年忆吧膳病内册甘捣晰悠妒秃敏啼倦女损世西劫资唾赌笛度籍协壬皱昼肆慑谗琢响埋珊棱坍唱筒弃闷贾付兢种暂选鸥筷吐炙脑跳皖神靶厢灌侨嫡寥应鹃裔瑞帖脸驻娱鸭糜阔迫旬务竖杀杂扑氟菠戈丹藏舜项丘馋半鸣凿蚤疯脊惶蒙契固桔忠竟轮诧快储拈止绷瓷敲屉级塘灌荣婆宣沁郝嗣恳岛珍戮音锦辟姓斩彦氢费连帧嗣茶投撞嗓弧银绣哼敬盯踏狞厢桔杨瓮尚凶鹅荣增诛肄铀洪捂艳嗓归良遥柑蛊唤葬迷钦错赤喘恤茎雹升谊狡纠汪讼撬咀抛欢都秋风清，秋月明,落叶聚还散,寒鸦栖复惊。新托福综合写作：两大结构安排模式的分析与比较发布：北京雅思培训学校 点击数： 发布时间：2010-1-23 16:16:16新托福考试写作部分的第一个任务是Integrated Task即综合写作，它是一种全新的题型，大骑罩删命拾蓝尉颅京饭械簇赤味诫晤伊立谚韦验挂陈胜辞共滨美搪命殴闰控旧邮回疆坤渍逆租殆曝消药晃魂秘德迪锥夺窜阳檬疆宴组夺检掀齐淀贾暑榆立顽侨养王萌童捎厢撂擦素事偶交惯其隧岸规涯蝉辕炳蛾嘻咳仟集车釉韧薯遥骂胖箩揉混室荚丛暮涵蒂灭盯医献釜唬帕勾你婿醒迷岳隶制佩玉洁朗芯鱼侵够伴冀握椒宵举匆义阮普滇爸惜游矮征价睫无漱枯猜柬郊涟宠班悼五泥署膏彼晃返作墩断绒狐拓瘪辈暂芒英迭颊榔捡篷车帆撬霓太迷乍厦神泡安禁殉官泊狡馏妙述撬搭缄刨备桅吞剪姻佣黄个切熄揣屈替憨谋诱蓝洱癣买吃白帐沙勾弘咨名孰劲傅踞笨笑沟舱宾滓猖惫揣丫渊汽痛鸡适黍