仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage1-109RNAV-GPS1A.ppt

The Ability To Navigate And Fly The Ability To Navigate And Fly Point-To-PointPoint-To-PointVOR/DME RNAV VOR/DME RNAV FMSFMSGPSGPSRNAV:Area Navigation:RNAV:Area Navigation:The Electronic CockpitThe Electronic CockpitRNAV units use existing VORs to create RNAV units use existing VORs to create movable,artificial navigational stations called movable,artificial navigational stations called Waypoints.Waypoints.These types of RNAV systems are These types of RNAV systems are now referred to as now referred to as“VOR/DME RNAV”“VOR/DME RNAV”systems.systems.Once the Waypoint is set up in the receiver,Once the Waypoint is set up in the receiver,the pilot simply treats it as though it were a the pilot simply treats it as though it were a real VORreal VOR“Virtual VORs”“Virtual VORs”Programming the RNAV PositionPositionPosition AirspeedAirspeedAirspeed GroundspeedGroundspeedGroundspeed Altitude holdAltitude holdAltitude hold ETE/ETAETE/ETAETE/ETA HeadingHeadingHeading CourseCourseCourse ARTCC,FSS&ARTCC,FSS&ARTCC,FSS&COMM dataCOMM dataCOMM data Airspace infoAirspace infoAirspace info Routing InfoRouting InfoRouting Info IAP approachesIAP approachesIAP approaches Airport infoAirport infoAirport info Runway layoutRunway layoutRunway layoutFlight Management Systems:Flight Management Systems:A DefinitionA DefinitionWhat might a Flight Management System do for a pilot?What might a Flight Management System do for a pilot?What might a Flight Management System do for a pilot?Ground TrackGround TrackGround Track Fuel BurnFuel BurnFuel Burn Store flight Store flight Store flight plansplansplansAviation Benefits From GPS Aviation Benefits From GPS NavigationNavigation Direct Routing Capability fuel and flight time savingsDirect Routing Capability fuel and flight time savingsDirect Routing Capability fuel and flight time savings Increased landing capacityIncreased landing capacityIncreased landing capacity Flexible use of airspaceFlexible use of airspaceFlexible use of airspace Increased ground facility capacity and safetyIncreased ground facility capacity and safetyIncreased ground facility capacity and safetyIntroduction to GPSIntroduction to GPS Satellite navigation systems are unaffected by weather Satellite navigation systems are unaffected by weather Satellite navigation systems are unaffected by weather and provide global navigation coverage.and provide global navigation coverage.and provide global navigation coverage.Navigational values,such as distance and bearing to a Navigational values,such as distance and bearing to a Navigational values,such as distance and bearing to a waypoint are computed from the aircrafts current waypoint are computed from the aircrafts current waypoint are computed from the aircrafts current position and the position of the next waypoint.position and the position of the next waypoint.position and the position of the next waypoint.GPS ArchitectureGPS ArchitectureThe GPS system consists of three distinct functional The GPS system consists of three distinct functional The GPS system consists of three distinct functional elements:elements:elements:Control ElementControl ElementControl Element Space ElementSpace ElementSpace Element User ElementUser ElementUser ElementGPS ArchitectureGPS ArchitectureSpace ElementSpace ElementSpace Element This group of satellites is This group of satellites is This group of satellites is called a constellation.The called a constellation.The called a constellation.The satellites are in six orbital satellites are in six orbital satellites are in six orbital planes(with four in each planes(with four in each planes(with four in each plane)at about 11,000 miles plane)at about 11,000 miles plane)at about 11,000 miles above the Earth.At least above the Earth.At least above the Earth.At least five satellites are in view at five satellites are in view at five satellites are in view at all times.all times.all times.GPS ArchitectureGPS ArchitectureControl ElementControl ElementControl Element Consists of a network of ground-based GPS monitoring Consists of a network of ground-based GPS monitoring Consists of a network of ground-based GPS monitoring and control stations that ensure the accuracy of satellite and control stations that ensure the accuracy of satellite and control stations that ensure the accuracy of satellite positions and their clocks.In its present form,it has five positions and their clocks.In its present form,it has five positions and their clocks.In its present form,it has five monitoring stations,three ground antennas and a master monitoring stations,three ground antennas and a master monitoring stations,three ground antennas and a master control station.control station.control station.Ground AntennasGround AntennasGPS ArchitectureGPS ArchitectureUser ElementUser ElementUser Element Consists of antennas and receiver/processors on board Consists of antennas and receiver/processors on board Consists of antennas and receiver/processors on board an aircraft,automobile,ship,cellular telephones and an aircraft,automobile,ship,cellular telephones and an aircraft,automobile,ship,cellular telephones and other new items like watches that provide positioning,other new items like watches that provide positioning,other new items like watches that provide positioning,velocity and precise timing to the user.velocity and precise timing to the user.velocity and precise timing to the user.GPS ArchitectureGPS ArchitectureThe GPS Positioning ConceptThe GPS Positioning ConceptThe GPS Positioning Concept Two principal pieces of information are required to Two principal pieces of information are required to Two principal pieces of information are required to determine a GPS position:determine a GPS position:determine a GPS position:Position of each satellitePosition of each satellitePosition of each satellite Range from the satellite to the userRange from the satellite to the userRange from the satellite to the user A minimum of four satellite signals are required to solve for A minimum of four satellite signals are required to solve for A minimum of four satellite signals are required to solve for an unaided,unique,position and time solution.an unaided,unique,position and time solution.an unaided,unique,position and time solution.How Does GPS Work?How Does GPS Work?Basic Function of GPSBasic Function of GPS GPS is a distance/ranging systemGPS is a distance/ranging systemGPS is a distance/ranging system Operates on the principal of trilaterationOperates on the principal of trilaterationOperates on the principal of trilateration Satellites transmit unique radio wavesSatellites transmit unique radio wavesSatellites transmit unique radio waves Receivers passively receive satellite signalReceivers passively receive satellite signalReceivers passively receive satellite signal Receivers measure time for signal to reach itReceivers measure time for signal to reach itReceivers measure time for signal to reach it Distance is determined by 186,000 Mi/SecDistance is determined by 186,000 Mi/SecDistance is determined by 186,000 Mi/Sec Receivers must know precise location of Receivers must know precise location of Receivers must know precise location of each satellite at all timeseach satellite at all timeseach satellite at all timesGPS VelocityGPS Velocity GPS gives us more than just our position it can GPS gives us more than just our position it can GPS gives us more than just our position it can tell us how fast were moving as welltell us how fast were moving as welltell us how fast were moving as wellReceiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring(RAIM)A self test system to verify the integrity(usability)of the signals received from the GPS constellation.Without RAIM there is no assurance of the accuracy of the GPS position RAIM capability is required for IFRRAIM Messages Two typesTwo typesnot enough satellitesnot enough satellitespotential error detected which exceeds phase of potential error detected which exceeds phase of flightflight MinimumMinimum of 5 satellites(or 4+of 5 satellites(or 4+barobaro-aiding)to have-aiding)to have RAIM capabilityRAIM capability 1 additional satellite allows removal of corrupt 1 additional satellite allows removal of corrupt signalsignalGood DOPGood DOPGood DOPPoor DOPPoor DOPPoor DOPDilution of Precision(DOP)Dilution of Precision(DOP)Satellite GeometrySatellite Geometry Requirements for IFR GPS Navigation:AIM 1-1-19 Receiver must be approved(check AFM),Installed according to FAA specifications,Hand-held GPS is NOT approved for IFR Hand-held GPS is NOT approved for IFR navigation,Only as aid to situational awareness navigation,Only as aid to situational awareness Have a current database.Requirements for IFR GPS Navigation:AIM 1-1-19 Currently,must have an alternate navigation system appropriate to the flight.If RAIM is.If RAIM is.available,then no monitoring of alternate system available,then no monitoring of alternate system is requiredis requiredNot available,active monitoring of other Not available,active monitoring of other navigation is requirednavigation is requiredRequirements for IFR GPS Navigation:AIM 1-1-19 If loss of RAIM is predicted at ETA,then use If loss of RAIM is predicted at ETA,then use alternate or delay/cancel.(Check GPS NOTAMS!)alternate or delay/cancel.(Check GPS NOTAMS!)NOTE-NOTE-Any required alternate airport must have an Any required alternate airport must have an approved instrument approach procedure other approved instrument approach procedure other than GPS that is anticipated to be operational and than GPS that is anticipated to be operational and available at the estimated time of arrival,and which available at the estimated time of arrival,and which the aircraft is equipped to flythe aircraft is equipped to fly.GPS Course Deviation Indications GPS unit usually connected to a VOR indicator or HSI Course GPS unit usually connected to a VOR indicator or HSI Course Deviation IndicatorDeviation Indicator Measures absolute deviation from course in nautical milesMeasures absolute deviation from course in nautical miles Sensitivity:Sensitivity:30 NM ENROUTE sensitivity=5nm full deflection 30NM TERMINAL sensitivity=1nm full deflectionWithin 2 NM of final approach waypoint APPROACH sensitivity=0.3nm either side of final approach courseAdditional GPS Features Differential GPSDifferential GPS accuracy within 1 meteraccuracy within 1 meter allows for precision approach capability anywhereallows for precision approach capability anywhere fixed GPS receiver at a precisely surveyed fixed GPS receiver at a precisely surveyed locationlocation sends correction signal to your DGPSsends correction signal to your DGPS Very accurate!Very accurate!Differential GPSDifferential GPSWWide ide A Area rea A Augmentation ugmentation S Systemystem Planned by and for the FAAPlanned by and for the FAAPlanned by and for the FAA Uses geostationary satellites and ground stationsUses geostationary satellites and ground stationsUses geostationary satellites and ground stations Broadcasts differential correctionsBroadcasts differential correctionsBroadcasts differential corrections Coverage:Entire U.S.to 30,500 m(100,000 ft.)Coverage:Entire U.S.to 30,500 m(100,000 ft.)Coverage:Entire U.S.to 30,500 m(100,000 ft.)Now available in many areas!Now available in many areas!Now available in many areas!What is What is WAASWAAS?WAASWAASGPS SatellitesGPS SatellitesGPS SatellitesGeostationary Satellite Geostationary Satellite Geostationary Satellite retransmits the DGPS retransmits the DGPS retransmits the DGPS corrections over a wide areacorrections over a wide areacorrections over a wide areaDGPS corrections from DGPS corrections from DGPS corrections from a ground receiver are a ground receiver are a ground receiver are transmitted up to a transmitted up to a transmitted up to a geostationary satellitegeostationary satellitegeostationary satelliteRole of the UserRole of the User Airborne navigation databases are subject to revision.Airborne navigation databases are subject to revision.Airborne navigation databases are subject to revision.Pilot is responsible for using the correct and up-to-date Pilot is responsible for using the correct and up-to-date Pilot is responsible for using the correct and up-to-date database.database.database.User is responsible for learning how the manufacturer User is responsible for learning how the manufacturer User is responsible for learning how the manufacturer presents the data on their equipment.presents the data on their equipment.presents the data on their equipment.Best source of information is the manufacturers current Best source of information is the manufacturers current Best source of information is the manufacturers current documentation.documentation.documentation.Be Careful!Garbage in-garbage outGarbage in-garbage outyou preprogram during preflightyou preprogram during preflightadvanced features are nice,but dont lose advanced features are nice,but dont lose your basic navigation and situational your basic navigation and situational awareness skillsawareness skills GPS receivers vary in the ways that they GPS receivers vary in the ways that they operate and present information so be sure operate and present information so be sure you are familiar with the model installed in the you are familiar with the model installed in the aircraft you are flying.aircraft you are flying.The time to learn your GPS operation is The time to learn your GPS operation is BEFORE your flight not during the flight!BEFORE your flight not during the flight!GPSA great system,but dont become too dependent on it.Be able to A great system,but dont become too dependent on it.Be able to use alternate forms of navigation such as VOR or ADF.That may use alternate forms of navigation such as VOR or ADF.That may be all thats available some time in some places.be all thats available some time in some places.