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time-35 minutes26 questionsdirections：the questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passagesfor some questions，more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the questionhowever，you are to choose the best answer；that is，the response that most accurately and completely answers the questionyou should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible，superfluous，or incompatible with the passageafter you have chosen the best answer，blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheetquestions 1-21the recent increases in health insurance premiums are unnecessary and excessivewhile the inflation rate is and has been stable at 5 percent for the past five years，during the same period the average cost of health insurance has increased annually by 10 to 20 percentrecent studies show that the population is healthier now than ever before，and thus indicate that the insurance comparuies claims of higher health-care costs are unfounded and merely relect the quest for higher profitswhich one of the following statements，if true undermunes the conclusion in the passage?(a)the incidence of lung cancer among men who smoke has decreased in recent years(b)improvements in health have occurred because of a dramatic increase in the use of expensive medical equipment，tests，and drugs(c)increased health insurance premiums will force some people to drop their medical coverage，thus adversely affecting their future health(d)health insurance currently covers fewer health problems than it did in the past(e)though there are fewer health insurance companies today，their earnings are higher than they have ever been 2in the open ocean，a shark will catch almost any small fish it decides to attackthe best chance a small fish has，once it is spotted by a hungry shark，it that the shark will promptly find something else to attacktherefore，one of the benefits gained by small fish that swim in large groups known as schools is a reduced cnance of being attacked by a sharkwhich one of the following statements is an assumption on which the authors argument depends?(a)sharks live primarily on a diet of small fish(b)sharks do not eat an entire school of fish at one time(c)the sheer number of fish in a school prevents sharks from attacking(d)sharks are the main danger to small fish in the open ocean(e)small fish are able to sense when they are being spotted by sharksquestions 3-6 publicly owned resources will always be abusedtake the example of cattle grazingwhere the individual has free access to publiclv owned rangeland，he or she always has an incentive to graze more and more cattle regardless of the consequences，because the benefits are captured by the individual grazer while the costs of reduced range quality are borne by all taxpayersprivate landowners are less likely to abuse their own land，however，because they must pay the entire cost3which one of the following，if true，would most tend to weaken the authors argument for the conclusion that publicly owned resources will always be abused?(a)many people who privately own resources abuse them in sume of the personal consequences(b)some publicly owned resources are so extensive that it would take widespread abuse before their juallty is affected(c)some individuals have no choice but to rely on public resources in the pursuit or their livelihood(d)people do not want to lose access to public resources，yet they realize that they will if those resources are ruined through abuse(e)resources are always devalued when everyone has access to them because they are no longer a rare commodity in high demand4which one of the following could be best supported by the same type of reasoning as that exhibited in the passage?(a)the supply of beverages at the annual office picnic will last longer if people pay for them on a per-beverage basis rather than everyone in the office being charged a flat fee(b)a math teacher provides his students with after-school tutoring on several days because no single day is good for everyone(c)a tennis club starts charging flat annual membership fees instead of pay-as-you-play court fees in order to ensure a regular club income(d)a social service agency varies its charges for services because some people are able to pay more than others(e)a tobacco tax is instituted in order to fund improvements in public education 5the city is vigorously enforcing the ordinance against allowing individuals to sleep in the bus depotthe mayor argues that such vigorous enforcement is fair，evenhanded，and administered in the best traditions of equal treatment for all no one can sleep in the bus depot，the mayor has said，whether youre homefess or the chief executive of a major corporation this brings to mind a remark once made by a political commentatorthe law in its majestic equality，forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep under bridges，to beg in the streets，and to steal bread，its time for the mayor to come to rus sensesthe passage as a whole is structured to lead which one of the following conclusions?(a)people should not be treated equally with respect to enforcing the ordinance vigorously(b)everyone should be treated equally with respect to enforcing the ordinance vigorously(c)the vigorous enforcement of the ordinance does not qualify as equal treatment for all(d)the law holds poor people to stricter standards than it does rich people(e)in a truly equal legal system，no one would sleep in bus depots 6although physicians are alleged to hide their colleagues medical incompetence，today that practice could be professional suicidebecause so many medical advances are well-known by all doctors，obscuring someones incompetent procedure is almost impossible when a claimant choose to pursue a casethus，in malpractice suits，physicians risk their own reputations if they testify falsely to protect their friendswhich one of the following is an assumption supporting the conclusion in the passage?(a)physicians professional success depends upon their good reputations(b)incompetent physicians should be exposed before they commit malpractice(c)false testimony is morally wrong regardless of ones protession(d)physicians should do everything possible to protect themselves from malpractice claims(e)times have changed and physicians today must keep up on all medical advancesquestions 7-8the economy is in a dismal state，universities are suffering from cutbacks，and many students must turn to any source of funds available if they are to make endsmeetfaced with this situation，the university has terminated the employment of some of its more productive departmental workerswhy?university regulations prohibit a students receiving financial aid and then working for an auxiliary income that exceeds a specified limitemployees whose incomes had reached that limit employees whose incomes had reached that limit were terminatednow，the university must find other employeesunfortunately，though，the universitys choice of students to fill the positions will not be based upon their abilities to perform，or even upon their financial need，but upon how much money they have made7it may be concluded from information in the passage that the university(a)has fired some student-employees and is looking for other student-employees to replace them(b)has lost some full-time employees and will replace them with part-time student-employees(c)is looking for new employees to replace some who have quit(d)anticipates losing some employees and has already begun to seek replacements(e)anticipates paying new employees lower wages than the former employees received8which one of the following is the best statement or the primary point of the passage?(a)good student-employees should be able to obtain financial aid and，at the same time，earn auxiliary incomes without limits(b)in the face of a declining economy，universities need to be more lenient in their financial aid policies(c)university departments must adhere to the universitys regulations(d)decisions about student employment should be based entirely upon each students financial need(e)due to the problems created by a dismal economy，some student-workers have lost their jobsquestions 9-10 any person who drops out of high school will be unemployed unless he or she finds a low-paying job or has relative with good business connections9which one of the following conclusions cannot be validly drawn from the statement above?(a)any person who drops out of high school will be unemployed，have a low-paying job，or have relatives with good business connections(b)any high school dropout who has neither a low-paying job nor relatives with good business connections will be unemployed(c)any employed person who has neither a low-paying job nor relatives with good business connections is not a high school dropout(d)any high school dropout who has a job that is not low-paying must have relatives with good business connections(e)any person who has relatives with good business connections and who is not a high school dropout must be employed at a job that is not low-paying10assume that tom is employed and does not have a low-paying jobwhich one of the following statements，when added to this assumption，contradicts the original statement made in the statement above?(a)tom is a high school dropout(b)tom does not have relatives with good business connections(c)tom is a high school dropout and does not have any relatives(d)tom is completed high school and has relatives with good business connections(e)tom has relatives with good business connections 11a man who survived a recent train wreck in which several lives were lost were lost was asked whether he was now afraid of taking the train he reasoned，ive read that the likelihood of a train wreck is about one in every 100，000 times a train leaves a stationso ill start fearing for my safety after the trains have logged another 95，000 or so tripsthe source of the mans erroneous reasoning is his(a)misunderstanding of likelihood in relation to train wrecks(b)assumption that all train wrecks are alike(c)belief that his behavior can prevent train wrecks(d)failure to recognize that there may be fewer future train trips as a result of the recent wreck(e)assumption that personal fear and the occurrence of train wrecks are unrelatedquestions 12-14 chris:murderers should be sentenced to life in prison，not subjected to the death penaltya life sentence is enough to deter any convicted murderer from killing againmoreover，even the worst offenders may sbsequently undergo a miraculous rehabilitation-a possibility that is eliminated by the death penaltythe bird man of alcatraz，a notorious convicted murderer，is a case in pointhe raised canaries while in prison and ultimately became an acknowledged authority on the subject dana：but the bird man of alcatraz killed another inmate while in prisonwhat would you do to deter him from committing yet another murder-take away his birds?12each of the following can be inferred from chriss argument except(a)all convicted murderers will be deterred from killing again if given life sentences(b)any convicted murderer could undergo a miracious rehabilitation(c)the bird man of alcatraz is an example of miracuious rehabilitation(d)the threat of life imporisionment is adequate to deter potential murderers(e)becoming an acknowiedged authority on canaries is evidence of one persons rehabilitation13dana most seriously weakens chriss argument by doing which one of the following?(a)making a personal attack on the bird man of alcatraz(b)giving a counterexample to the principle offered by chris that life imprisonment is from killing again(c)showing that it is unlikely that any convicted murderer could undergo a signinficant rehabilitation(d)suggesting that chriss argument is based on an atypical case(e)demonstrating that it is impossible to prevent a convicted murderer from committing another murder while in prison 14common patterns of fallacious reasoning are endemic to everyday life and once adopted cannot be correctedpoor reasoning skills waste public and private money，make people less efficient and productive，and diminish our national capacity to compete abroadbut within the past few years，a thinking skillis movement has arisenthe teaching of reasoning skills is part of this larger movement to make students think more criticallyincreasingly，as part of the teaching of decision-making，college students are successfully learning to avoid common patterns of fallacious reasoning that they habitually commit，and，in the process，to acquire sound reasoning skillswhich one of the following indentifies the most serious iogical flaw that this passage contains?(a)the passage fails to establish a connection between the teaching of decision-making and the teaching of reasoning skills(b)the passage contradicts itself by both affirming and denying that patterns of fallacious reasoning can be corrected(c)the passage uses circular reasoning by first stating that patterns of fallacious reasoning diminish our capacious reasoning diminish our capacity for competition and then asserting that lack of competition leads to a lessenung of skills(d)the passage makes an unwarranted inference from improving thinking skills to teaching reasoning skills(e)the passage fails to link the teaching of decision-making to the larger movement to make students think more criticallyquestionsquestions 15-2615-26our society overestimates the contributions of science to the quest for knowledgeindependent of whether great strides have been made in the ability to predict natural events，knowledge at any deeper level，knowledge of things we cannot experience directly，is as illusory as eversuch knowledge is illusory because incompatible theories may always be postulated to explain observationshow can we know which one is correct?further observations may narrow the possibilities，but there are alwaysalternatives，at least in principlewho is to say that todays theories will fare any better than those which，though once accepted，were replaced by wholly different conceptions，of nature?it is the height of gullibility or presumption to invest special credence in the current scientific fashion15which one of the following best expresses the authors conclusion in the passage?(a)science is considerably less valuable than other approaches to producing knowledge(b)changes in and differences among scientific theories do not result in genuine progress(c)scientists should develop more accurate approaches to recording and explaining observations about nature(d)the ability of science to produce knowledge is overrated(e)currently accepted scientific theories，however well accepted，are probably self-contradictory16which one of the following claims is central to the authors argument?(a)alternative explanations are possible for any set of observations about nature(b)science has made substantial progress in the ability to predict natural events(c)science has developed so many theories that it is impossible to
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