1、第 23 卷第 4 期2023年8月泰州职业技术学院学报Journal of Taizhou Polytechnic CollegeVol.23 No.4Aug.2023基于BCW理论对老年单髁关节置换术后康复锻炼的影响刘继桃1,杜雅晴2(1.大连医科大学,辽宁大连116044;2.南京医科大学附属泰州人民医院,江苏泰州225300)摘要:目的 探讨基于行为改变轮(BCW)理论的早期康复锻炼对老年单髁关节置换术后患者康复效果的影响。方法 选择2020年12月至2021年12月江苏省泰州市人民医院收治的拟行单髁关节置换术的老年患者62例,采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,观察组32例,对照组3
2、0组。对照组采用常规康复锻炼,观察组在对照组的基础上采用基于BCW理论的早期康复锻炼干预。结果 观察组患者的功能锻炼依从率高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义;观察组在术后2周、术后1月、术后2月的VAS评分、HSS评分、Lysholm评分、ROM活动度均高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义;观察组术后并发症发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义。结论 基于BCW理论的早期康复锻炼可进一步提高老年单髁关节置换术后患者的康复依从性,同时降低其并发症发生率,显著改善术后膝关节功能。关键词:膝关节置换;康复锻炼;依从性;并发症中图分类号:R473.6文献标志码:B文章编号:1671-0142(2023)04-00
3、78-04膝关节骨性关节炎(Knee Osteoarthritis,KOA)是一种以膝关节退行性变为主的慢性关节疾病,目前症状性KOA患病率已上升至14.9%1。单髁关节置换术(UKA)是终末期单间室KOA患者的最优治疗,尽管UKA在改善KOA患者膝关节功能方面令人满意,但部分患者因依从性差、术后未能坚持康复锻炼等原因影响早期康复锻炼,20%的患者因UKA术后疼痛和功能的改善未能达到预期效果而感到不满意2。因此,让老年KOA患者认识到早期健康锻炼的重要性尤为必要。Michie3等提出的行为改变轮理论旨在协助干预人员从个体行为方面入手分析问题,进行干预措施的设计,以能力、机会、动机为基础,通过教
4、育、说服、激励、强制、培训、限制、环境重建、建模、实现构成9大干预功能,促进患者行为改变。本研究拟对老年KOA患者实施基于 BCW 理论的早期康复锻炼,同时探讨其对患者康复效果的影响,现将结果报道如下。1对象与方法1.1研究对象选择2020年12月2021年12月泰州市人民医院收治的行单髁膝关节置换术的患者62例,纳入标准:年龄50岁,膝关节骨关节炎患者。排除标准:(1)不能纠正的关节畸形,如屈曲挛缩、内外翻畸形15;(2)有明显的髌股关节疼痛,且骨关节炎症状存在于23个关节中;(3)类风湿性关节炎患者;(4)X线片提示外侧膝关节间隙狭窄,侧副韧带和前交叉韧不完整;(5)体质量指数(Body
5、mass index,BMI)30 kg/m2。剔除标准:试验过程中无法继续观察者。62例患者按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,观察组32例,对照组30例。对照组男11例,女19例,平均年龄(67.67.05)岁;观察组男11例,女21例,平均年龄(66.67.31)岁,两组患者年龄、性别等一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。1.2方法1.2.1对照组术前常规进行健康宣教,并告知围手术期注意事项。术后当日,指导患者患肢抬高,并进行足趾、踝泵运动。术后第1天至出院前,指导患者进行股四头肌、直腿抬高运动等常作者简介:刘继桃(1996-),女,安徽阜南人.通信作者:杜雅晴(1975-),女
6、,江苏泰州人,副主任护师.第 4 期刘继桃,杜雅晴:基于BCW理论对老年单髁关节置换术后康复锻炼的影响规锻炼。出院后通过门诊复查和电话咨询等方式进行为期2个月的持续随访。1.2.2观察组成立干预小组,由1名研究生导师、1名研究生、1名康复师和1名护士组成。患者入院后,除常规康复外,从教育、培训、实现、说服、环境重建5个方面制定BCW理论的早期康复锻炼计划。具体措施:(1)入院至术前。1)教育、培训:患者入院后干预小组为其举办相关知识讲座,内容包括手术方案制定、相关术前准备、常规康复锻炼指导等;2)实现:干预小组在病房内播放功能康复锻炼视频,跟随视频个性化指导患者如何进行康复锻炼、CPM运动、助
7、行器使用等,为患者实现具体运动步骤;3)说服:制定康复锻炼指导手册,干预小组发放、说服并教会患者使用手册。4)环境重建:干预小组在病房内张贴康复锻炼提示标语及海报,提供康复锻炼的相关设备,为患者的术后康复锻炼提供良好的环境。(2)术后当天至出院(教育、限制)。1)在常规康复锻炼的基础上,干预小组每日与患者及家属进行交流,了解患者对术后康复锻炼知识及实际锻炼的掌握情况,根据患者膝关节功能的恢复情况,康复治疗师为患者制定个性化康复方案,加强患者术后康复锻炼意识,提高其康复认知能力,要求患者依据康复方案自行管理。2)在患者康复锻炼过程中,干预小组限制并纠正患者不规范的康复锻炼运动,规范患者的康复锻炼
8、动作。(3)出院后至随访2月内(建模、激励、强制)。1)干预小组创建UKA患者出院微信群,出院前将患者邀请进群,小组成员定期在群中推送膝关节术后康复锻炼内容,同时向患者推送以往康复成功的例子为患者树立榜样。2)鼓励患者每日在微信群中汇报自己的康复锻炼进展以及在康复锻炼过程中遇到的困难,干预小组成员对患者进行答疑解惑,并对其近期的病情进行评估;对于康复方案执行较好的患者予以表扬,欠妥者予以纠正。3)倡导患者主动进行康复锻炼,与家属一起共同督促患者完成每日康复锻炼计划。1.3评价指标(1)功能锻炼依从性:该量表参考国内文献4,由3个维度和15个条目构成。量表的信度与效度检验结果均符合量表测量要求,
9、条目数量适中,可作为测评骨科患者功能锻炼依从性程度的工具。能全部完成上述条目者视为依从,否则为不依从。依从率依从例数/总例数100%。(2)两组患者在术前、术后2周、术后1月、术后 2 月分别采用视觉模拟(Visual Analogue Scale,VAS)评分、美国纽约特种外科医院(Hospital for Special Surgery,HSS)评分、Lysholm 膝关节评分以及膝关节活动度(Range ofMovement,ROM)评估患者的膝关节疗效。(3)记录术后3个月内的并发症情况,包括:切口感染、下肢静脉血栓、关节肿胀(测量患者髌骨上缘周长,以周长增加为关节肿胀,肿胀程度=术后
10、髌骨上缘周长/术前髌骨上缘周长5)、关节僵硬(膝关节活动度不足50)。1.4统计学方法研究数据采用SPSS25.0软件进行统计学分析,各组之间呈正态分布时,计量资料采用独立样本t检验,使用均值加减标准差(x s)描述;计数资料采用卡方检验。以P0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。2结果2.1两组患者功能锻炼依从性比较观察组的依从率高于对照组,两组之间的差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),术后2周、术后1月、术后2月,观察组的评分低于对照组,两组之间的VAS评分差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05),术后2周、术后1月、术后2月,观察组的评分均高于对照组,两组之间的HSS评分差异均具有统计学意义(P0.0
11、5);术后2周、术后1月、术后2月,观察组的评分均高于对照组,两组之间的Lysholm评分差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);在术后2周、术后1月、术后2月,观察组的评分均高于对照组,两组之间的ROM评分差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。见表5。表5两组患者的膝关节活动度比较(x s,)例数术前术后2周术后1月术后2月BCW组32102.935.1398.072.50105.374.25114.174.53对照组30100.304.8392.802.44100.032.33108.074.27t值-1.570-8.249-6.033-5.362P值0.1220.0000.0000.0002.
12、6两组患者术后常见并发症的比较BCW组的术后关节肿胀有2例,占6.25%;而对照组的关节肿胀有9例,占30%见表6。表6两组患者的并发症比较n(%)例数术前术后2周术后1月术后2月BCW组32102.935.1398.072.50105.374.25114.174.53对照组30100.304.8392.802.44100.032.33108.074.27t值-1.570-8.249-6.033-5.362P值0.1220.0000.0000.0003讨论3.1基于BCW理论的早期康复对UKA患者依从性的影响单髁关节置换术的患者老年人较多,患者对术后康复锻炼的依从性较差,影响了UKA患者术后的
13、康复效果。本研究中BCW组的依从率高于对照组。与常规康复试验组相比,基于BCW理论的早期康复观察组有着较强的理论支持,该理论从患者的行为入手,应用针对性、个体化的方式评估及分析患者的认知情况和行为等方面存在的问题,依据BCW理论设计的干预措施,通过教育、培训、说服、环境重建、强制等方式对行为来源(即患者的能力、动机、机会)进行持续塑造和增强,在患者入院后提供良好的康复环境,住院期间至出院后一直给予康复锻炼支持,并倡导家属参与患者的康复锻炼中,纠正并鼓励患者完成康复锻炼。通过上述干预措施有效提高了患者康复锻炼的自主性,帮助其克服因术后疼痛带来的心理恐惧,为患者树立信心,增强患者康复锻炼的决心,形
14、成正确的健康行为动机,促进行为改变,进而提高了患者的依从率。3.2基于BCW理论的早期康复对UKA患者术后疼痛的影响疼痛是影响UKA术后恢复的因素之一。关节置换术后患者的疼痛发生率高达6%13%6。恐动症也是增加患者疼痛原因之一,恐动症是指在临床上患者常常因畏惧疼痛或担心运动而造成机体再次损害,对日常身体活动或锻炼产生的恐惧状态。在 UKA 患者中恐动症发生率高达50%7,严重影响患者的身心健康,故消除患者恐动心理,有助于减轻患者的术后疼痛,尽早康复锻炼。本研究结果显示两组患者的VAS评分在术后2周、1月、2月的比较,BCW组的评分均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。该结果提示基于
15、BCW理论的早期康复术锻炼,不但可以改善患肢的活动度,增强膝关节周围肌肉力量,减轻疼痛;还促进了膝关节功能的最大程度的改善。另一方面,患者出院后,医护人员指导患者正确对待康复锻炼,提高其对康复的认知度,并向患者例举成功康复的病例来激励患者,帮助患者克服恐惧,减轻焦虑,让患者敢于面对疼痛并坚持康复锻炼。3.3基于BCW理论的早期康复对UKA患者膝关节功能的影响对大多数患者而言,膝关节置换术可以纠正关节畸形、缓解膝关节疼痛,改善膝关节功能、提高日常生活能力,但仍然有近20%的患者术后效果不理想,主要表现为术后持续疼痛、关节僵硬以及日常功能受限等8。本研究结果80第 4 期刘继桃,杜雅晴:基于BCW
16、理论对老年单髁关节置换术后康复锻炼的影响显示:两组患者的HSS评分、Lysholm评分以及膝关节活动度在术后2周、1月、2月的比较,BCW组的评分均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。基于BCW理论的早期康复组将康复锻炼的健康教育贯穿始终,患者在院时,医护人员采用一对一、面对面的方式与患者进行交流,通过给患者播放功能康复锻炼视频、指导患者使用康复锻炼手册、督促患者膝关节功能运动等,反复加强患者自主康复锻炼的动机。另外,出院后结合微信、电话和门诊随访的方式继续进行远程干预,保证患者康复锻炼的时效性和准确性,在康复过程中遇到任何困难及时向医护人员反馈,医护人员根据反馈内容予以康复方案调整
17、,确保患者膝关节功能锻炼的顺利进行。3.4基于BCW理论的早期康复对UKA患者术后并发症的影响基于BCW理论的早期康复,通过激励与强制措施督促患者规范进行功能运动,不断的激发患者锻炼动机,强化康复锻炼的能力,促进患者完成足趾运动、踝泵运动、股四头肌和腘绳肌收缩运动、直腿抬高训练、CPM运动等行为,这些举措有效帮助患者减轻肿胀。基于 BCW 理论的早期康复锻炼,可有效提高UKA患者的功能锻炼依从性,在缓解疼痛同时能够改善膝关节功能,降低UKA术后并发症,可考虑在临床中推广应用。参考文献:1HSU W H,HSU W B,SHEN W J,et al.Circuit training enhanc
18、es function in patients undergoing totalknee arthroplasty:a retrospective cohort studyJ.J Orthop Surg Res,2017,12(1):156.2KAHLENBERGCA,NWACHUKWUBU,MCLAWHORN A S,et al.Patient Satisfaction AfterTotal Knee Replacement:A Systematic ReviewJ.HSS J,2018,14(2):192-201.3MICHIE S,VAN STRALEN M M,WEST R.The b
19、ehaviour change wheel:a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventionsJ.Implement Sci,2011(6):42.4NEUPREZ A,NEUPREZ A H,KAUX J F,et al.Earlyclinically relevant improvement in quality of life andclinical outcomes 1 year postsurgery in patients withknee and hip joint arthro
20、plastiesJ.Cartilage,2018,9(2):127-139.5ISHIDA K,TSUMURA N,KITAGAWA A,et al.Intra-articular injection of tranexamic acid reduces not onlyblood loss but also knee joint swelling after total kneearthroplastyJ.Int Orthop,2011,35(11):1639-1645.6ELSON D W,BRENKEL I J.Predicting pain after total knee arthr
21、oplastyJ.J Arthroplasty,2006,21(7):1047-1053.7OLSSON L E,HANSSON E,EKMAN I.Evaluation ofperson-centred care after hip replacement-a controlled before and after study on the effects of fear ofmovement and self-efficacy compared to standardcareJ.BMC Nurs,2016,15(1):53.8FLIERL M A,SOBH A H,CULP B M,et
22、al.Evaluation of the Painful Total Knee Arthroplasty J.J AmAcad Orthop Surg,2019,27(20):743-751.(责任编辑刘红)The Effect of Early Rehabilitation Exercises Based on BCW Theory onthe Rehabilitation Outcome after Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty in the ElderlyLIU Ji-tao1,DU Ya-qing2(1.Dalian Medical Univer
23、sity,Dalian Liaoning 116044;2.The Affiliated Taizhou Peoples Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,Taizhou Jiangsu 225300,China)AbstractAbstract:Objective This study was performed to implement early rehabilitation exercises based on BCW(Behavior Change Wheel)theory for elderly patients underwent un
24、icompartmental knee arthroplasty(UKA)whichaimed to design intervention measures to explore its influence on the rehabilitation effect of elderly patients.Methods Sixty two elderly patients who were proposed to undergo unicompartmental knee arthroplasty selectedby Taizhou Peoples Hospital,from Decemb
25、er 2020 to October 2021.According to the random number tablemethod,they were divided into the control(32 cases)and BCW groups(30 cases).Conventional rehabilitationexercises were applied to the control group,while early rehabilitation exercises based on BCW theory applied toBCW group.Results The comp
26、liance rate of the BCW group was higher than that of the control group,withstatistically significant difference.The visual analog scores(VAS),HSS knee function scores,Lysholm knee function scores and knee mobility(ROM)scores at 2 weeks,1 month and 2 months after(下转第96页)81泰州职业技术学院学报第4 期Practice Analy
27、sis of the Construction of Intra-city and Cross-regional Compact Medical Alliance in a Class IIIGrade A hospitalDAI Xin-yi1,MA Li-li2(1.Nantong University,Nantong Jiangsu 226001;2.The Affiliated Taizhou Peoples Hospital ofNanjing Medical University,Taizhou Jiangsu 225300,China)AbstractAbstract:Objec
28、tive To explore a feasible path for the construction of a cross-regional close medical alliance inthe same city.Methods Taking the construction of a close medical alliance as a case,the measures,results and further development directions of the construction of a close medical alliance were investiga
29、ted and analyzed.Withthe combination of tertiary A hospitals with resident expert teams and irregular expert teams,the homogeneousconstruction of medical alliance district hospitals,and then sinking through high-quality resources,can form theimprovement of the primary medical service capacity of the
30、 whole region and promote the realization of gradeddiagnosis and treatment.Results After the construction,the number of outpatient emergency visits,annual discharges,annual surgeries,and tertiary and fourth-level surgeries of the medical alliance construction units increased by 20.14%,26.74%,55.28%a
31、nd 147.12%respectively(P0.05).The agreement has been successfullycompleted,and so far 3 key specialties and 2 key specialty construction units have been built.ConclusionThrough the construction of a close medical alliance,the capacity of primary medical services has been improved,and the constructio
32、n of cross-regional close medical alliance has achieved obvious results,which is an operablerealization path and can be further improved.Key wordsKey words:close-knit medical alliance;cross-region;primary care capacity;homogenization;tiered medical servicesResults After 6 courses of treatment,it was
33、 found that some of the patients could eat autonomously,and the rating of the water-drinking test in the depression was lower,and the effective rate of the observation group wassignificantly higher than that of the control group.Before treatment,the scores of the swallowing function evaluation scale
34、 were higher in all patients,but after treatment,the scores of the two groups were significantly lower,and there was no significant difference between the two groups before treatment.The difference between thetwo groups after treatment was statistically significant,which showed that the swallowing f
35、unction of the observation group was better than that of the control group,and the swallowing function was improved.ConclusionThe use of progressive swallowing training can improve the swallowing function of patients and improve thequality of life.Key wordsKey words:progressive swallowing training;s
36、troke;dysphagia(上接第77页)(上接第81页)surgery in the BCW group were higher than those in the control group,with statistically significant difference.The incidence of postoperative complications was lower in the BCW than those in the control group,with statistically significant differences.Conclusion Early
37、rehabilitation exercises based on BCW theory can significantly improve the rehabilitation compliance of UKA patients and reduce the incidence of complications.It also can significantly improve the postoperative knee function of UKA patients.Key wordsKey words:unicompartmental knee arthroplasty;early rehabilitation exercises;compliance;complication96