1、预测与决策技术应用_作业美国Acme Tool公司1994-2000年销售额记录T=1=0.3年份季度时期/t销售额/XS1(=0.3)S2(=0.3)abY/=0.3绝对误差误差平方-10-433.3 433.3 433.3 0.0 -2300.0 300.0 300.0 0.0 3200.0 200.0 200.0 0.0 4366.7 366.7 366.7 0.0 199411500453.3 439.3 467.3 6.0 433.3 66.7 4444.4 22350315.0 304.5 325.5 4.5 300.0 50.0 2500.0 33250215.0 204.5 2
2、25.5 4.5 200.0 50.0 2500.0 44400376.7 369.7 383.7 3.0 366.7 33.3 1111.1 199515450452.3 443.2 461.4 3.9 473.3 23.3 544.4 26350325.5 310.8 340.2 6.3 330.0 20.0 400.0 37200210.5 206.3 214.7 1.8 230.0 30.0 900.0 48300353.7 364.9 342.5 -4.8 386.7 86.7 7511.1 199619350421.6 436.8 406.5 -6.5 465.3 115.3 13
3、301.8 210200287.9 303.9 271.8 -6.9 346.5 146.5 21462.3 311150192.4 202.1 182.6 -4.2 216.5 66.5 4422.3 412400367.6 365.7 369.5 0.8 337.7 62.3 3885.4 1997113550460.1 443.8 476.5 7.0 400.0 150.0 22490.0 214350306.5 304.7 308.3 0.8 264.9 85.1 7242.0 315250209.6 204.4 214.9 2.3 178.4 71.6 5126.6 41655042
4、2.3 382.7 461.9 17.0 370.3 179.7 32304.1 1998117550487.1 456.8 517.4 13.0 483.5 66.5 4417.8 218400334.5 313.6 355.4 9.0 309.1 90.9 8267.4 319350251.8 218.6 284.9 14.2 217.2 132.8 17642.5 420600475.6 410.5 540.7 27.9 478.9 121.1 14661.2 1999121750566.0 489.5 642.4 32.8 530.4 219.6 48210.8 222500384.2
5、 334.8 433.6 21.2 364.4 135.6 18386.3 323400296.2 241.9 350.6 23.3 299.1 100.9 10175.0 424650527.9 445.8 610.1 35.2 568.6 81.4 6633.7 2000125850651.2 538.0 764.3 48.5 675.2 174.8 30565.1 226600448.9 369.0 528.8 34.2 454.7 145.3 21106.6 327450342.4 272.0 412.7 30.1 373.9 76.1 5796.6 428700579.5 485.9
6、 673.2 40.1 645.3 54.7 2991.6 2001129预测812.8 均方差230563.0 331442.8 432713.3 平均误差-94.2 11392.9 图1-1: 原美国Acme Tool公司1994-2000年销售额记录表数据图。图1-2: 原美国Acme Tool公司1994-2000年销售额记录表数据图与“0.3”的二次指数平滑法预测数据趋势图。【预测】.用二次指数平滑法对该公司2001年1、2季度的销售额进行预测,其中0.3的时候,得到预测值分别是:2001年1季度为924.2;2001年2季度为649.2。美国Acme Tool公司1994-2000
7、年销售额记录T=1=0.5年份季度时期/t销售额/XS1(=0.5)S2(=0.5)abY(=0.5)绝对误差误差平方-10-433.3 433.3 433.3 0.0 -2300.0 300.0 300.0 0.0 3200.0 200.0 200.0 0.0 4366.7 366.7 366.7 0.0 199411500466.7 450.0 483.3 16.7 433.3 66.7 4444.4 22350325.0 312.5 337.5 12.5 300.0 50.0 2500.0 33250225.0 212.5 237.5 12.5 200.0 50.0 2500.0 444
8、00383.3 375.0 391.7 8.3 366.7 33.3 1111.1 199515450458.3 454.2 462.5 4.2 500.0 50.0 2500.0 26350337.5 325.0 350.0 12.5 350.0 0.0 0.0 37200212.5 212.5 212.5 0.0 250.0 50.0 2500.0 48300341.7 358.3 325.0 -16.7 400.0 100.0 10000.0 199619350404.2 429.2 379.2 -25.0 466.7 116.7 13611.1 210200268.8 296.9 24
9、0.6 -28.1 362.5 162.5 26406.3 311150181.3 196.9 165.6 -15.6 212.5 62.5 3906.3 412400370.8 364.6 377.1 6.3 308.3 91.7 8402.8 1997113550477.1 453.1 501.0 24.0 354.2 195.8 38350.7 214350309.4 303.1 315.6 6.3 212.5 137.5 18906.3 315250215.6 206.3 225.0 9.4 150.0 100.0 10000.0 416550460.4 412.5 508.3 47.
10、9 383.3 166.7 27777.8 1998117550513.5 483.3 543.8 30.2 525.0 25.0 625.0 218400354.7 328.9 380.5 25.8 321.9 78.1 6103.5 319350282.8 244.5 321.1 38.3 234.4 115.6 13369.1 420600530.2 471.4 589.1 58.9 556.3 43.8 1914.1 1999121750631.8 557.6 706.0 74.2 574.0 176.0 30990.7 222500427.3 378.1 476.6 49.2 406
11、.3 93.8 8789.1 323400341.4 293.0 389.8 48.4 359.4 40.6 1650.4 424650590.1 530.7 649.5 59.4 647.9 2.1 4.3 2000125850740.9 649.2 832.6 91.7 780.2 69.8 4870.9 226600513.7 445.9 581.4 67.8 525.8 74.2 5508.4 327450395.7 344.3 447.1 51.4 438.3 11.7 137.3 428700645.1 587.9 702.2 57.2 708.9 8.9 78.4 2001129
12、预测924.2 均方差230649.2 331498.4 432759.4 平均误差-77.6 8819.9 图1-1: 原美国Acme Tool公司1994-2000年销售额记录表数据图。图1-3: 原美国Acme Tool公司1994-2000年销售额记录表数据图与“0.5”的二次指数平滑法预测数据趋势图。【预测】.用二次指数平滑法对该公司2001年1、2季度的销售额进行预测,其中0.5的时候,得到预测值分别是:2001年1季度为924.2;2001年2季度为649.2。美国Acme Tool公司1994-2000年销售额记录T=1=0.7年份季度时期/t销售额/XS1(=0.7)S2(=
13、0.7)abY(=0.7)绝对误差误差平方-10-433.3 433.3 433.3 0.0 -2300.0 300.0 300.0 0.0 3200.0 200.0 200.0 0.0 4366.7 366.7 366.7 0.0 199411500480.0 466.0 494.0 32.7 433.3 66.7 4444.4 22350335.0 324.5 345.5 24.5 300.0 50.0 2500.0 33250235.0 224.5 245.5 24.5 200.0 50.0 2500.0 44400390.0 383.0 397.0 16.3 366.7 33.3 11
14、11.1 199515450459.0 461.1 456.9 -4.9 526.7 76.7 5877.8 26350345.5 339.2 351.8 14.7 370.0 20.0 400.0 37200210.5 214.7 206.3 -9.8 270.0 70.0 4900.0 48300327.0 343.8 310.2 -39.2 413.3 113.3 12844.4 199619350382.7 406.2 359.2 -54.9 452.0 102.0 10404.0 210200243.7 272.3 215.0 -66.9 366.5 166.5 27722.3 31
15、1150168.2 182.1 154.2 -32.6 196.5 46.5 2162.3 412400378.1 367.8 388.4 24.0 271.0 129.0 16641.0 1997113550499.8 471.7 527.9 65.5 304.3 245.7 60368.5 214350318.1 304.4 331.8 32.0 148.1 201.9 40763.6 315250225.4 212.4 238.4 30.3 121.6 128.4 16486.6 416550498.4 459.2 537.6 91.4 412.4 137.6 18933.8 19981
16、17550534.9 516.0 553.9 44.2 593.4 43.4 1883.6 218400375.4 354.1 396.7 49.7 363.9 36.1 1305.0 319350312.6 282.6 342.7 70.1 268.8 81.2 6597.5 420600569.5 536.4 602.6 77.2 629.1 29.1 843.9 1999121750685.5 634.6 736.3 118.7 598.2 151.8 23057.5 222500462.6 430.1 495.2 76.0 446.5 53.5 2862.7 323400373.8 3
17、46.4 401.2 63.8 412.8 12.8 164.4 424650625.9 599.0 652.7 62.6 679.8 29.8 888.9 2000125850800.6 750.8 850.4 116.2 855.0 5.0 24.9 226600558.8 520.2 597.4 90.1 571.1 28.9 832.4 327450427.1 402.9 451.4 56.5 465.0 15.0 225.1 428700677.8 654.1 701.4 55.1 715.3 15.3 233.3 2001129预测966.7 均方差230687.5 331507.
18、8 432756.5 平均误差-76.4 9535.0 图1-1: 原美国Acme Tool公司1994-2000年销售额记录表数据图。图1-4: 原美国Acme Tool公司1994-2000年销售额记录表数据图与“0.7”的二次指数平滑法预测数据趋势图。【预测】.用二次指数平滑法对该公司2001年1、2季度的销售额进行预测,其中0.7的时候,得到预测值分别是:2001年1季度为966.7;2001年2季度为687.5。【题2】.某旅游风景区的旅游收入资料如表所示(单位万元),2006年第1季度该商店空调的销售额为830万元,试预测第2、3、4季度的收入。年份第一季度第二季度第三季度第四季度
19、200349026764398403200466730764984490200575031685551861【解】.图2-1: 原某旅游风景区2003-2005年的旅游收入资料数据图。【预测】.季节(序列数t)合计季平均第一季度第二季度第三季度第四季度年份2003490267643984037967 1991.75 2004667307649844909217 2304.25 20057503168555186110330 2582.50 季合计19078920149331754275142292.83 同季平均635.67 2973.33 4977.67 584.67 季节指数 0.2772
20、4 1.29679 2.17097 0.25500 4.000 修正指数27.72%129.68%217.10%25.50%400.00%2006预测8303882.33 6499.42 763.41 图2-2: 原某旅游风景区2003-2005年的旅游收入资料序列数据图与季节指数预测法的预测数据趋势图。【题3】.利用时间序列分解法预测1996年第一、二月份的社会消费品零售总额。【解】.时间序列一般包括四类因素:长期趋势因素T (Trend component)、季节变动因素S (Seasonal component)、循环变动因素C (Cyclical component)、不规则变动因素I
21、 (Irregular component)。时间序列分解法的乘法模式:。(其中,与有相同的量纲;为季节指数,为循环指数,两者皆为比例数;是独立随机变量序列,服从正态分布。)时间序列分解法试图从时间序列中区分出这四种潜在的因素,特别是“长期趋势因素(T)”、“季节变动因素(S)”和“循环变动因素(C)”。而移动平均法和指数平滑法只是把时间序列中隐含着的基本的、潜在的模式和随机波动区分开来。所以,经过移动平均法、指数平滑法计算后,使得随机波动显著减小。另外,还需要计算“长期趋势因素(T)”、“季节变动因素(S)”。其中,通过移动平均数消除了季节因素和随机因素,可求出趋势循环因子。即利用,可以得到
22、长期趋势因素T 与循环变动因素C的乘机序列数:。利用趋势外推法求出长期趋势T,,即为循环变动因子。1980-1995年各月社会消费品零售总额(亿元)日期零售额Mt(12)TC SI T C 序号均方误差1980M01190.3269.91 18054.1 1980M02174.9269.91 26780.2 1980M03163.2269.91 35664.4 1980M04168.4269.92 44761.6 1980M05168.6269.92 54058.2 1980M06168.2269.92 63566.6 1980M07163.5173.49 94.24%269.92 0.64
23、73388.0 1980M08161.6174.53 92.59%269.92 0.65 83481.6 1980M09172.9175.47 98.53%269.92 0.65 93827.2 1980M10166.5176.95 94.09%269.93 0.66 104542.1 1980M11175.2178.25 98.29%269.93 0.66 115821.8 1980M12197.7172.58 179.48 110.15%269.94 0.66 121981M01212.1174.40 180.58 117.46%269.95 0.67 131981M02177.9174.
24、65 181.52 98.01%269.96 0.67 141981M03182.9176.29 182.45 100.25%269.97 0.68 151981M04184.2177.61 183.71 100.27%269.99 0.68 161981M05184178.89 185.30 99.30%270.01 0.69 171981M06182.4180.08 187.25 97.41%270.04 0.69 181981M07175.6181.08 189.28 92.77%270.07 0.70 191981M08172181.95 190.35 90.36%270.10 0.7
25、0 201981M09184.9182.95 191.50 96.55%270.14 0.71 211981M10184.7184.47 193.24 95.58%270.19 0.72 221981M11195.1186.13 194.73 100.19%270.24 0.72 231981M12224.8188.38 196.31 114.51%270.30 0.73 241982M01233.6190.18 197.87 118.06%270.37 0.73 251982M02182190.52 199.18 91.38%270.45 0.74 261982M03206.6192.49
26、200.37 103.11%270.54 0.74 271982M04202.2193.99 201.53 100.33%270.63 0.74 281982M05201.7195.47 202.54 99.59%270.74 0.75 291982M06202.6197.15 203.96 99.33%270.86 0.75 301982M07192.8198.58 205.33 93.90%271.00 0.76 311982M08186.2199.77 207.21 89.86%271.14 0.76 321982M09199.3200.97 209.51 95.13%271.30 0.
27、77 331982M10198.2202.09 211.21 93.84%271.48 0.78 341982M11205.8202.98 212.90 96.66%271.67 0.78 351982M12248.2204.93 214.45 115.74%271.88 0.79 361983M01243.2205.73 215.74 112.73%272.11 0.79 371983M02217.5208.69 217.15 100.16%272.35 0.80 381983M03226.2210.33 218.82 103.37%272.62 0.80 391983M04223.5212
28、.10 220.38 101.42%272.91 0.81 401983M05221213.71 222.33 99.40%273.22 0.81 411983M06220.5215.20 224.96 98.02%273.56 0.82 421983M07205.8216.28 227.42 90.49%273.91 0.83 431983M08206.9218.01 228.89 90.39%274.30 0.83 441983M09218.8219.63 230.24 95.03%274.71 0.84 451983M10216221.12 232.15 93.04%275.15 0.8
29、4 461983M11235223.55 234.34 100.28%275.62 0.85 471983M12282226.37 236.90 119.04%276.13 0.86 481984M01268.4228.47 239.91 111.87%276.66 0.87 491984M02227.6229.31 243.35 93.53%277.23 0.88 501984M03248.6231.18 247.35 100.50%277.83 0.89 511984M04247233.13 252.20 97.94%278.47 0.91 521984M05249.9235.54 257
30、.49 97.05%279.15 0.92 531984M06253.1238.26 263.69 95.98%279.86 0.94 541984M07245.5241.57 270.14 90.88%280.62 0.96 551984M08249.6245.13 276.95 90.12%281.42 0.98 561984M09272.3249.58 283.32 96.11%282.27 1.00 571984M10278.7254.81 287.61 96.90%283.16 1.02 581984M11299.4260.18 291.15 102.83%284.09 1.02 5
31、91984M12366.3267.20 294.65 124.32%285.08 1.03 601985M01338.9273.08 297.93 113.75%286.11 1.04 611985M02320.6280.83 300.89 106.55%287.20 1.05 621985M03308.5285.82 304.23 101.40%288.35 1.06 631985M04290.1289.41 307.83 94.24%289.54 1.06 641985M05291.8292.90 311.29 93.74%290.80 1.07 651985M06295.2296.41
32、314.92 93.74%292.12 1.08 661985M07282299.45 318.56 88.52%293.49 1.09 671985M08284.2302.33 321.40 88.43%294.93 1.09 681985M09317.8306.13 323.58 98.22%296.44 1.09 691985M10319.5309.53 326.33 97.91%298.01 1.10 701985M11341.7313.05 329.68 103.65%299.65 1.10 711985M12411.1316.78 333.27 123.35%301.36 1.11
33、 721986M01381.6320.34 337.00 113.23%303.14 1.11 731986M02346322.46 340.93 101.49%305.00 1.12 741986M03335.3324.69 345.52 97.04%306.93 1.13 751986M04329.4327.97 350.65 93.94%308.95 1.13 761986M05332.9331.39 355.90 93.54%311.04 1.14 771986M06340.2335.14 361.48 94.11%313.22 1.15 781986M07326.6338.86 36
34、7.05 88.98%315.49 1.16 791986M08333.9343.00 371.70 89.83%317.84 1.17 801986M09378.3348.04 376.05 100.60%320.28 1.17 811986M10382353.25 380.66 100.35%322.81 1.18 821986M11405.4358.56 385.30 105.22%325.44 1.18 831986M12481.2364.40 390.19 123.33%328.17 1.19 841987M01445.2369.70 395.38 112.60%330.99 1.1
35、9 851987M02394.1373.71 400.64 98.37%333.91 1.20 861987M03391.5378.39 405.78 96.48%336.94 1.20 871987M04383.9382.93 411.19 93.36%340.08 1.21 881987M05389.7387.67 416.81 93.50%343.32 1.21 891987M06400.7392.71 422.90 94.75%346.68 1.22 901987M07390.7398.05 429.71 90.92%350.15 1.23 911987M08396.1403.23 4
36、38.53 90.33%353.73 1.24 921987M09439.3408.32 447.90 98.08%357.44 1.25 931987M10451414.07 455.96 98.91%361.26 1.26 941987M11471.2419.55 464.15 101.52%365.21 1.27 951987M12561.6426.25 473.31 118.65%369.29 1.28 961988M01528.2433.17 483.50 109.25%373.49 1.29 971988M02522.7443.88 495.43 105.50%377.83 1.31 981988M03487.9451.92 508.92 95.87%382.30 1.33 991988M04481460.01 521.08 92.31%386.91 1.35 1001988M05489.1468.29 531.27 92.06%391.67 1.36 101