初中英语基础知识.doc

第一篇 基础知识第一节 字母英语是字母文字，共有26个字母，26个字母按一定的顺序排列在一起便组成字母表，英语中称之为“Alphabet”。1.26个字母的读音2.元音字母是哪些？英文字母分为元音字母和辅音字母。Aa , Ee , Ii, Oo, Uu为5个元音字母，除 Yy 外其他20个为辅音字母。Yy 为半元音字母.第二节语音关于语音的几个概念 1)字母：语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u,2)音标：词的语音形式。3)音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。4)音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。apple, student, teacher, understand5)元音：发音响亮，是乐音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20个元音。单元音有12个：/i:/ /I/ /e/ / /:/ / / /a:/ / /:/ /u/ /u:/ 双元音有8个/eI/ /aI/ /I/ /u/ /au/ /I/ / /u/ 6)辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28个辅音。清辅音有 11个 ：/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /s/ / / /h/ /t/ /tr/ /ts/ 浊辅音有17个：/b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /z/ / / /r/ /d/ /dr/ /dz/ /m/ /n/ / / /l/ /w/ /j/ 7)开音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike ;b) 辅音+元音 he, go, hi8)闭音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it9)重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。第二篇 语法知识梳理 第一节 词法在英语中，共有10大词类，它们是：名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、代词、冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。一、 名词1. 什么叫名词？名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：mother妈妈 panda熊猫 library图书馆 pencil 铅笔 wish愿望2. 名词是如何分类的？（1） 名词根据意义分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词表示特定的人或事物的名称。如：Mr Green格林先生 the Spring Festival春节 the Great Wall长城 Britain英国提示：1、人名都是专有名词 2、专有名词的第一个字母必须大写。普通名词是不属于特定的人或事物名称的词。普通名词又分为个体名词和集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。个体名词，如：radio（广播），watch（手表）；集体名词，如：class（班级），people（人民）；物质名词，如：milk（牛奶）water（水）；抽象名词，如：work（工作），health（健康）。(2)名词根据其表示的事物性质的不同，分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词表示的事物是可以用数字一个一个数出来的，有单数和复数两种形式。如：a banana一只香蕉 two bananas两只香蕉不可数名词表示的事物是不可以用数字一个一个数出来的，不分单、复数；抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词一般都是不可数名词。如：milk 牛奶 ice 冰 idea想法 France法国提示：有少数名词既可作可数名词，也可作不可数名词，但含义不同。如：fish鱼肉（不可数）fish鱼类（可数）chicken鸡肉（不可数）chicken小鸡（可数）3. 可数名词复数形式的构成规则是什么？（1） 名词复数形式构成的基本规则：情况变法例词一般情况加-sgirl-girls book -books以sshxch 结尾的词加-esbus-buses watch-watches以“辅音字母+ y结尾的词变y 为 i再加esfamily-falimiesstrawberry-strawberries以 f或 fe结尾的词变f 或fe 为 v再加eshalf-halves wife-wives以o结尾的词加es 或sphoto-photos piano-pinaosradio-radioszoo-zoos tomato-tomatoes potato-potatoes复数形式词尾是 或 的读法如下：情况读法例词在 /p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ 等清辅音后/s/cakes desks cups在/s/ /z/ /t/ / /d/ 等后/iz/buses classes watches在其他情况下/z/bananas zoos windows(2)需要特别记住的是英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的。如：Man-men woman-women foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice child-children sheep-sheep deer-deer fish-fish Chinese-Chinese4. 如何表示不可数名词的数量？（1） 不可数名词没有单、复数的区别，是不能直接以数字计算事物的名词，要表示“一”这个概念，我们可以用“a+表示数量的名词+ of+名词”的形式。如： a glass of water 一杯水 a cup of tea 一杯茶（2） 如果要表达两个或两个以上的概念，表示数量的名词需要用复数形式，不可数名词不变。如：two glasses of water 两杯水 five bags of rice 五袋大米提示：这种形式也可以用于可数名词，但名词必须用复数形式。如：a basket ofapples一篮子苹果five baskets of tomatoes 五篮子西红柿5. 什么是名词所有格？名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格，意为“的”，一般在名词后加是 s。如Grandma s house 奶奶的房子 my parents car 我父母的车(1) 如果名词代表的事物是有生命的，那么其所有格有以下几种形式：分类构成方式举例普通单数名词在名词末尾加 sNancy s father 以 或 结尾的复数名词在名词末尾加 the teachers books特殊复数名词（不以 或 结尾）在名词末尾加 sChildren s Day表示共有关系的在最后一个名词的末尾加 sJim and Henlen s mother（两人共有一个妈妈）表示各自所有关系的在每个名词的词尾都加 sJim s and Henlen s mothers（两人各自的妈妈）提示：表示公共场所、或住宅的名词，其所有格后面常常省略被修饰的名词。We will go to my sisters for dinner this afternoon.今天下午我们将去我姐姐家吃饭。Let s go to the barber s. 我们去理发店吧。（2） 如果名词代表的事物是没有生命的，常与 组成短语来表示其所有格，表示前者属于后者。It s a map of China.这是一张中国地图。The name of the cartoon is Cinderella. 这部动画片的名字是灰姑娘。例题引路一、写出下列名词的复数形式。1baby 2.key 3.strawberry 4.life 5.half 6.woman 7.German 8.Japanese 答案1.babies 2.keys 3. strawberries 4.lives 5.halves 6.women 7.Germans 8. Japanese二、 翻译下列词组1.长城 2.许多羊 3.三袋大米 4.五篮子鸡蛋 5四位女教师 6.八棵苹果树 7七张老太太的照片 8.她的一个朋友 答案1 .the Great Wall 2.many/a lot of sheep 3.three bags of rice 4.five baskets of eggs 5.four women teachers 6.eight apple trees 7.seven photos of an old woman 8.a friend of hers衔接训练一、写出下列名词的复数形式。1.pencil-box 2.wife 3.Sunday 4.city 5.dress 6.Englishman 7.match 8.Chinese 9.exam 10.library 11.radio 12. family 13.boy 14. photo 15.tomato 16.dish 17.American 18.dictionary 三、单项选择1.My father is a .He works in a hospital.A.teacher B. doctor C. farmer D. soldier2.We need some more .Can you go and get some ,please?A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. a potato3.In the picture there are many and two .A. sheep; foxes B. sheeps ;foxes C. sheeps; fox D. sheep ; foxs4.Lets meet at 7:30 outside the gate of .A. the Peoples Park B. the Peoples Park C. the People Park D. Peoples Park5.There are sixty-seven in our school.A.womens teacher B. women teachers C. women teachers D. women teacher6.This shop sells apples,bananas and things like these.Its a .A. food shop B. book shop C. fruit shop D. vegetable shop7.September10th is in China.A.Teachers Day B. Teachers Day C. Teacher Day D .Teachers Day8.The football under the bed is .A. Su Hai and Liu Tao B. Su Hais and Liu Taos C.Su Hais and Liu Tao D. Su Hai and Liu Taos9.The post office is a bit far from here. Its about .A. thirty minutess walk B. thirty minutes walk C. thirty minutes walk D. thirty minutes walk10. are big and bright.A. The classroom window B. The window of the classroom C.The classrooms windowsD.The windows of the classroom四、用所给名词的适当形式填空。1.Are there three (child)playing in the classroom?2.Herere two (bottle)of (milk) for you.3.Daniel always wears a pair of (glass) and he looks clever.4.We do too much (homework)every day so we have no time to play.5.Its Sunday and there are so many (people)in the street.6.You should brush your (tooth)at least twice every day.五、根据汉语提示完成句子。1. Beijing is (中国的首都)2.Im hungry. Please give me （四片面包）3.Are these（你父母的照片） ？4.I visited（长城） last year.Its really wonderful.5 （Tom和Mike 的手表）are new. They bought them last Saturday.6.You can found （一些苹果树）in the garden.7. （杨玲和南希的桌子）is very clean,but （她们的椅子） are very dirty.二、动词1.动词的定义和分类动词是表示动作 或状态的一类词。动词充当谓语时，要受到主语的限制，与主语在人称和数上一致。用来表示动作或状态在各种时间条件的动词形式称为时态。动词根据其在句中的功能，可以分为实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类。2.实义动词（1）实义动词的分类实义动词也叫行为动词，即表示动作的动词，能独立作谓语。实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词之分。及物动词是指后面可以直接跟宾语的动词；不及物动词指后面不可以直接跟宾语的动词。We have friends all over the world. 我们的朋友遍天下。Georges father lives there. 乔治的爸爸住在那儿。提示：英语动词中有很多既是及物动词又是不及物动词，如close,begin,study,leave,work等。（3） 实义动词的基本形式有动词原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、现在分词、过去分词。3.系动词（1）系动词的定义.系动词亦称连系动词，不能单独做谓语，后面必须跟表语。（2）系动词的功能系动词的主要功能是把表语（名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词、介词短语、从句）和其主语联系在一起，以说明主语的属性、特征或状态。它和其后的表语一起构成句子的谓语。（3）常见系动词My father is a policeman.You will feel better after a nights sleep.Its getting warmer and warmer in spring.He looked angry/sad/happy.The apples taste very good.提示：有部分系动词也可以作为实义动词来使用。He looked sad at the news. （“看起来”，系动词用法）He kooked sadiy at the boy. （“看着”，实义动词用法）4.助动词（1）助动词的定义助动词是语法功能词，本身没有词义，不可单独使用。He doesnt like English.(2) 助动词的功能表示时态 He is singing. He doesnt go to school on Saturday.构成疑问句 Do you like college life? Did you study English before you came here?与否定副词not 连用构成否定句I dont like playing computer games. They are not watching TV now.(3)目前学过的助动词有：be(am/is/are),do(does/did)“am/is/are+现在分词”构成现在进行时态。They are having a meeting. English is becoming more and more important.do/does/did构成一般疑问句、否定句、否定祈使句。Do you want to pass the English exam?He doesnt like to study. Dont be late for school.提示：do 也可以作实义动词，表示“做”。变否定句时必须借助dont/doesnt/didntHe does homework every day. He doesnt watch TV on school days.6. 情态动词（1） 情态动词的定义及功能情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，但要与普通动词一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等得一类词。情态动词一般本身无人称和数的变化，其后面的实义动词要用动词原形。She can swim fast, but I cant. You must stay here until I come back.（2） 常见情态动词的用法 can表示能力，意为“会，能”。表示客观可能性或推测时，用于否定句和疑问句；She can sing English songs.It cant (不可能)be Jim.I saw him at school just now.Can /May(可以) I borrow your bike? may 表示许可，用于陈述句；表示正式的请求或许可，用于一般疑问句。回答may 提出的问题，肯定形式为：Yes,please./ Yes, please do./Yes,certainly./Yes,you may. 否定形式为：No,you mustnt./No, you cant./Please dont.You may go out to ply now. -May I smoke here? -Yes,you may./No you mustnt. must指客观可能性或猜测时，意为“一定”；表示“应当，必须”时 ，其否定形式为mustnt 意为“禁止，不允许，千万别”。回答由must构成的一般疑问句，肯定形式为： Yes ，主语+must ；否定形式为：No，主语 +neednt/dont have to。It must (肯定)be Nancys book.Her name is on the cover.You mustnt (千万别) play football in the street.-Must I hand in my homework tomorrow?-Yes, you must. / No, you neednt/dont have to.should 表示“应该，应当”，shouldnt表示“不应该”。You should tell your mother the truth.You shouldnt make the same mistake.例题引路一、用所给动词的适当形式填空。1.My father always (help)my mother with housework.2.The ships (not be)in the river now;they (be)there a moment ago.3.Our family (have)a new computer last month.4.I can (do )it better than you .二、模仿例词写出所给动词的相应形式。例词:do does doing did1. write _ _ _ _2.carry _ _ _ _3.wash _ _ _ _4.meet _ _ _ _衔接训练一、单项选择1.My brother_ a teacher. He _ his pupils very much.A. is ; like B. is; likes C. are; likes D. are; like 2.-How many days_there in a week?-There_seven.A. is; is B.are; is C. is; are D. are; are3.My English teacher _.A. all look young B. looks young C. look young D. all looks young4.I _busy now, but I _ free next week.A. am; am B. am; will C. am; will be D. being; will be5.May I _to Helen Brown?A. tell B. speak C. talk D. say6.Yang Ling can _clothes for the doll.A. make; B. makes C. made D. making7.She looks _because she will go to Hainan for a holiday.A. happily B. be happy C. happy D. happiness8. -_I use your pen,Dad?-Yes,you can .A. May B. Do C. Am D. Must 二、用所给动词的适当形式填空。1. Two and six_(be) eight.2.There _(be)lots of sheep on the farm last year.3.The boy with his friends_(have)some homework every day.4.You must _(listen)to your teacher in class.5.We like _(watch)cartoons at the weekend.6.Listen! Someone _(sing)in the next room.7.Su Hai wants_(be)a teacher when she grows up.8.What _you _(do)last night?9. _(not speak)loudly in the reading room.10. I like _(read) very much,but I dont like _(read)today.Im too tired.三、形容词1.什么是形容词？形容词是用来修饰或描述名词或代词，以说明人或事物的性质、状态或特征的一类词。Jane is a beautiful girl. Is there anything wrong with your MP4?2.形容词在句中的位置是怎样的？几个形容词连用时，如何排序？（1）形容词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，系动词和不定代词之后。She is a good girl. I am tall and thin. There is something important to tell her. 提示：1.有的形容词只能作表语，如：afraid害怕 ，alone 独自的，asleep睡着的，awake醒着的，alive活着的，well健康的，ill病的2.某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人或整体的东西，谓语动词用复数。The Chinese have long history. We should help the old(2) 多个形容词修饰名词时，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的在后.She bought herself a new silk skirt.I have long straight golden hair.提示：多个形容词和其他词修饰名词时，其顺序是：限定词（冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、数词）+描绘词（大小、长短、形状、新旧、长幼、颜色）+出处+材料性质+类别+名词3.什么是形容词的比较等级？绝大多数形容词有三种形式：原级、比较级和最高级。Liu Hai is as tall as me . (tall 是原级)It is warmer today than it was yesterday. (warmer是比较级)She is the best student in her class. (best是最高级)4.形容词比较等级的构成规则是什么？（见八年级上语法附录）5.形容词比较等级的几种用法（1）形容词的原级可用于两个人或事物的比较，常用的有两种结构：肯定结构：as +形容词的原级 + as ，意为“和一样”。She is as careful as her mother.否定结构：not as /so +形容词的原级+as ，意为“不如”。This dish is not as nice as that one.（2）形容词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较，常用的有四种结构：形容词比较级+than ，表示“比”。 This film is more interesting than that one.形容词比较级+形容词比较级，表示“越来越”。 My sister is getting taller and taller. the +形容词比较级，the +形容词比较级，表示“越越”。 The more, the better. The more careful you are ,the fewer mistakes you wii make. the +形容词比较级 + of the two ，表示“两者中较的一个”。 Tom is the cleverer of the twins.提示：比较级前可以加表示程度的副词 much ,even,a little等来修饰。He is much stronger than Mike.(3) 形容词的最高级用于三个或三个以上的人或事物的比较，常用“the +形容词的最高级+名词+范围（of/ in 短语或从句）”结构，意为“中最的”。He is the busiest boy in our class.Yao Ming is one of the most famous basketball players in NBA.提示：形容词的最高级前要加 the，但如果形容词的最高级前有物主代词时，不需要加 the 。 Today is my happiest day.7. 常见形容词的反义词，你记住了吗？bad-good better-worst best-worst big-small/little beautiful-ugly black-white busyfree cheap-expensive cleandirty clever-foolish cloudy-sunny coolwarm cold-hot dangerous-safe dark-bright/light dry-wet early-late easydifficult eastwest far-near sunny-rainy first-last happy-unhappy/sad hard-soft ill-healthy/well light-heavy more-less/few most-least/fewest old-new oldyoung poorrich quiet-noisy samedifferent short-long short-tall slow-quick small-big/large/great strong-weak thin-fat thin-thick例题引路一、单项选择1.I have_to do today.I couldnt help you now.A. anything important B. something important C. important nothing D. important something 2.-Is chemistry more difficult than physics? -No, chemistry isnt as _as physics.A.easy B. easier C. difficult D. more difficult二、同义句转换。1.Liu T ao is not as strong as Gao Shan.Liu T ao is_ _ Gao Shan.Gao Shan.is _ _ Liu T ao.2.David is the tallest student in his class.David is_than_ _ _ in his class.衔接训练一、用所给词的适当形式填空。1.Of the three girls,I found Millie is the _(clever).2.There are _(few)people here today than yesterday.3.My sister is two years_(old)than I .4.Janes parents have four daughters, and she is the _(young)child.5.The _(cheap)things are not always the worst ones.6.The short one is _(expensive)of the five.7.The boy is not so _(interesting)as his brother. 8. She will be much _(happy)in her new house.二、单项选择1.He feels_today than yesterday.A. tired B .more tired C. more tireder D. much tired 2.Of the two toys,the child chose_.A. the more expensive one B. one most expensive C. a least expensive D.the most expensive of them3.The line is _than that one.A. more longer B. not longer C. much more longer D. many more longer4.The book is _of the three.A. thinner B . t