英译汉点滴.pptx

医学英语翻译与写作医学英语翻译与写作昆明医科大外语部昆明医科大外语部 张宏斌张宏斌课程简介课程简介目的：改变单一公共英语的重复教学,尝试发展ESP。内容：一、英译汉、汉译英技巧二、文献综述、摘要、病例报告、入院记录、病历、药品说明、医用广告、医用函件的写作方法。三、考评：平时成绩50%，卷面成绩50%。开卷。教学方法填充笔记，边听边写，课程结束交回检查。课中按专业分组抽查。课后分组完成任务。英译汉英译汉形合:主谓结构为主干，以谓语动词为中心，借助诸如分词、介词、连词、关系代词、关系副词之类的连接手段，把句子中的其他各类语法成分层层搭架，呈现出由中心向外扩展的“分岔式”结构。特殊结构：虚拟条件，否定方法，倒装句等的结构意和：借助词语或句子所含意义的逻辑联系来实现它们之间的连接。如：“他不干，我干。”词性：词性：在汉语中，如：明天春节；在汉语中，如：明天春节；笑的笑；动词笑的笑；动词也可做宾语，也可做宾语，如：打回去。同样形容词也如：打回去。同样形容词也可做谓语，如：这事突然吗？可做谓语，如：这事突然吗？再如：他劳动；劳动光荣；他爱劳动；关再如：他劳动；劳动光荣；他爱劳动；关心劳动人民。心劳动人民。英语就要区分词类：英语就要区分词类：He works(动词动词)；Working(动名词动名词)is honorable;He enjoys working(动名词动名词).Care Working(现在分词现在分词)People.例：1.AnotionhasbeentakenholdintheUStotheeffectthattheonlypeoplewhoshouldbeencouragedtobringchildrenintotheworldarethosewhocanaffordthem.英汉词法及句法差异比较英汉词法及句法差异比较a)Ihaveaterribleheadache.b)Hewasbadlywoundedinthehead.c)TheyadmiredoureffortstoworkonthetreatmentofSARSwithtraditionalChinesemedicine.d)Myinitialreactionwasdrivenbyembarrassment.2.Whatswrongwiththeargumentthatadyingandapainwreckedpatientcouldaskdoctorsforaprescriptionforafataloverdose?3.Whetheryoudieatayoungageorwhenyouareolderislessimportantthanwhetheryouhavefullylivedtheyearsyouhavehad.特殊结构1Youngasheis,hehasseenmuchoftheworld.2Shouldheactlikethat,hewouldbepunished.再如：Amesslaughteredthesacredcows再如：valuable和invaluable词汇：ravel；unravel；flammableinflammable，如：virtual,sanction，leave汉语如：骄傲词义的理解Aseedconsistsofanembryo,oneormoreseedcoatssurroundingtheyoungplant.种子含有胚芽，有一层或几层种皮包在胚芽外面。Itstruethattheembryosurgeontodaydoesnotalwaysadmitthattheroadtosuccessmustleadthroughastudyofpathology.确实，当今初出茅庐的外科医生并不总是承认研究病理学是通向成功的必由之路。Hewasopennowtochargestowillfulblindness.其实，人们很容易指责他装聋作哑。Ihavenoopinionofthatsortofman我对那种人没有好感The most effective method of removing the acid contaminant is to cool and then neutralize the exhaust gases.去除这种酸性污染的最有效的方法是去除这种酸性污染的最有效的方法是冷却而后加冷却而后加以中和。以中和。Research shows that girls in single-parent families are at greater risk for precious sexuality,teenage marriage,teen pregnancy,non-marital birth,and divorce than are girls in two-parent families.研究表明，单亲家庭的女孩在性早熟、早婚、早研究表明，单亲家庭的女孩在性早熟、早婚、早孕、非婚生育和离婚方面要比双亲家庭的女孩冒孕、非婚生育和离婚方面要比双亲家庭的女孩冒有更大的风险有更大的风险翻译要符合专业习惯，使用专门术语翻译要符合专业习惯，使用专门术语Anotherfavoritespot(易发部位)forembolus（血栓）tostrikeisthebrainThewaysinwhichdamagemaybeproducedbytheparasitesincludethefollowing:traumaorphysicaldamage,lyticnecrosis,stimulationofhost-tissuereactions,toxicandallergicphenomena,andtheopeningorpathwaysfortheentryofotherpathogensintotissue.Lyticnecrosis细胞溶解酶，坏疽。【医】松解的,渐退的，在此译为“液化性坏死”；host-tissue译为“宿主组织”。allergicphenomena可翻译为”变态反应现象”。Medicineisabranchofmedicalsciencethattreatspatientssolelywiththeuseofdrugs,ornon-surgically.句中的“medicine”译作“内科学”。Medicine(医学)isnotonlyabranchofappliedbiology,however.Italsosubsumed（包含）manyaspectsofpsychology,sociology,andeconomics.练习Anychronicinflammatoryliverdiseasehasthepotentialtoinduceheptocellularcarcinoma,butthepathophysiologicprocessmostcommonlyassociatedwiththediseaseiscirrhosis,foundinupto80%ofcases.Manydiseasesarepreventablethroughhealthyliving,andaprimarypublichealthgoalistoeducatethegeneralpublicabouthowtopreventnoninfectiousdiseases.Thedoseofasprinshouldbeindividualizedonthebasisofpatientpreferencesandthepresenceofcomorbidconditions,suchaspepticulcer.Glaucomacanbeclassifiedasprimaryorsecondarybasedonetiology.英译汉技巧英译汉技巧基本的意义为基础基本的意义为基础Slaughter降格ActiveCADisaninflammatoryprocess具体活动性冠状动脉是一种炎性病变Aheavypersonwithaheavycomplexionwasbreathingheavilyinaheavyconditionduetoheavydrinkinglastnight.体态、面貌、呼吸、身体危及情况、醉酒状况1词义的引申Somepatientsfindanicebagappliedtotheparotid(腮腺)regioncomforting,butotherspreferheat(热敷)具体化了2Therapeuticmeasuresweretailoredtofitthepatient.“制订”抽象化了3Inelderlypatientstheradicalapproachisoftenthecorrectone.(基本)转化“根治手术”4普通词汇医学化Asthma（哮喘）isnotadiseaseentity（疾病的病种）butoneformofclinicalpresentationofavarietyofdisordersofthebronchiCoryzaistheprimary原发的infectionofthenoseandnasopharynxCholelithiasismaybeassociatedwithpresentorpastepisodes（发作）ofeitheracuteorchroniccholecystitis.Asmoremusclesareinvolved,rigiditybecomesincreasedandgeneralized.Heartfailureisafrequentandimportantcomplication（并发症）ofsubacute(亚急性)bacterialendocarditis（心内膜炎）Thebloodconcentration(浓度)ofureaandothernitrogenouscompoundsteadilyrises.Lymphnodesareoftenenlargedbutarenottender.Insuchcasesheartmurmurisoftenpresent.心脏杂音Thehigherfatalityrateswereusuallyattributabletosecondarybacterialpneumonia.Cardiacarrestmaybedefinedasanunexplainedandunanticipatedcessationofcardiacactivity.心脏骤停Thelungsshouldbecarefullyexaminedatfrequentintervalsforsignsofpulmonaryconsolidation.(肺实变征象)Asterm(预产期)approaches,thereisagoodpossibilityofcomplications.HIV-contaminatedsurfacescaneasilybecleanedanddisinfectedbecauseHIVisinactivated灭活byheatandbycommondisinfectants消毒剂suchashydrogenperoxideandalcohol.Thisladyisgoingintolabor,wemustsendhertothehospital.Healthpromotioneffortsinthe1990sincreasedpublicawarenessofosteoporosis骨质疏松,acondition一种疾病thatcausesdisablingbonefracturesamongolderpeople.End-of-lifecare临终关怀meansonceaggressive积极治疗treatmentbecomesinappropriateforcancerpatients,careshouldfocusonrelievingpainandsuffering.5词性的转换Thepatientisbeyondhelp.没救了Coughandexpectorationarefrequentcomplaintsinpatientswithcardiacfailure.Relapsefollowinginitialimprovementisacommonsignalofthisevent.好转Theyatlastsuccessfullystoppedthebleedingandgotthepatientoutofdanger加词译法susceptibilitytocoldsvariesInanumberofstudies,thecasesaredocumentedpoorly,if(theyaredocumented)atall.即使记载。Thepatientwasadmittedtothehospitalduringtheearlyeveningwithobviouslarge-bowlobstruction.大肠梗阻现象Itishardtosaywhich,thedrugorthediet,shouldbeamatterofimmediateconcernforpatientswithatherosclerosis.Whiletheprocessmeetsthepresentlyaccepteddefinitionsofemphysema,itmaybemerelyananatomicconsequenceofaging.一方面。，另一方面Asfarasthesimplicityisconcerned,chemotherapyhasitsadvantage.化疗有化疗的优势Whatismedicine?Medicineisnotascience.医学不是一门单纯的科学练习Promptattentiontothesymptomsofstrokecanoftenmakeallthedifferencebetweenahealthylifeandahalf-healthylifewhichareinatwilightzone（两者界限不清）.TheremaybetemporarylossofspeechordifficultyinspeakingorunderstandingspeechOtherpotentialinterventionsincludeuseinterferon（干扰素）,andotherantiviralagentsfortreatmentofchronicviralhepatitis.Patientswithheadinjurybenefitfromformalrehabilitationduringconvalescence恢复期.Diabetesisamongtheleadingcausesofkidneyfailure衰竭,butitsfrequencyvariesbetweenpopulationsandisalsorelatedtotheseverityanddurationofthedisease.否定结构否定结构Anumberofpatientscanrecallnorecentsorethroat.想不起Weknowofnoeffectivewaytocurethedisease.不知道Asincaseofcancerinotherorgans，thecauseofprimarycarcinomaoftheliverisnotcompletelyunderstood.Nevergivemorphinetounconsciouspatients,whohaveheadinjuries,andthosewithrespiratorydepression,orthosewithoutpain.Nolessthan和notlessthanNotlessthan200patientshavebeencured.不少于（虽用汉语的否定方式表达，但表示也许更多）Nolessthan200patientshavebeencured.至少（汉语的肯定方式表述，表示积极的语气）Hissonhasreadnolessthan3Englishbooks.至少(有积极的口气)Hissonhasreadnotlessthan3Englishbooks不少于Hefoughtwithnolessdaringthanskill.既勇敢又有善战Themiddle-agedmanwasnolessapersonthanthenewminister.这位中年人正是新来的部长Hervoiceisnolesssweetthanitusedtobe.她的歌声和以前一样甜美。.Notalldrugsarebittertotaste.Themajorityofpatientsseemtoprefertakingmedicinetobeingoperatedon.Thewoundrefusedtoheal.Whenpenicillinisgivenfarinexcessofdosageneededfortherapeuticeffect,strangetosay,freedomfromtoxicreactionsisremarkableThediseaseisusuallyofshortdurationandisrarelyserious.MindlessuseofantibioticsisnotwithouthazardThereisnoevidenceofrightventricularfailure(右心室衰竭)untillateindisease(疾病晚期).Youcantgetuptooearly越。就越Youcannotbetoocareful.PatientsshallnotfailtoobservedoctorsordersThere is no operation but some degree ofinflammationtakesplace.不伴炎症的手术不可能否定前缀的词p8以-a开头：acholiaachromate色盲afebrile不发热的afunction机能丧失amenia闭经aseptic无菌的astatic不稳定的、无定向的aperiodic非周期的以an开头：anepia言语不能，失语anesthesia感觉缺乏，麻醉analgesia缺氧症anorexia食欲缺乏以以anti开头开头:antiarthritic抗风湿药物抗风湿药物 antibiotic 抗生素抗生素 antibody抗体抗体 anticoagulant 抗凝血剂抗凝血剂 antidote解毒剂解毒剂 antiemetic 止吐剂止吐剂 antigen抗原抗原 antipyretic 退热剂退热剂 antitoxin 抗毒素抗毒素Contra 开头：开头：contraception 避孕避孕 contraindication 禁忌症禁忌症 contraincision 对口切开对口切开 contralateral 对侧对侧 contrast media 造影剂造影剂 counter 开头：开头：counter action 反作用反作用 counterbalance 抗衡抗衡 counter extension 对抗牵伸对抗牵伸counterirritant 对抗刺激剂对抗刺激剂de开头：decapsulation被膜剥出decerebration大脑切除dechloridation除盐decompensation心脏失代偿decomposition分解decompression减压defervescence退热期deformity畸形degeneration退化dehydration脱水dementia痴呆depancreatize切除胰腺depletion排空defibrillator除颤器dis开头:disclose揭示discover发现disease疾病disinfect消毒disinfection消毒disadvantagedisintegration分解dislocation脱位disorientation定向力障碍disorder紊乱In或ilimir前缀：inaccurateinadequateincompatibility配伍禁忌incompetence机能不全incontinence失禁incurable不治indigestionindefinite不定incapableinorganicinnumerous无数incomparable无比intolerate不耐受illimitableillogicalillegalimmatureimmuneimpalpable摸不到的imperfectimpotenceimpureirregularirreducible不能还原的，减少irrelevant不相干的以mal开头：maladjustment牙齿排列不齐maldevelopmentmaldigestionmalformation畸形malfunctionmalposed错位mis开头miscarriagemiscalculatemisdiagnosismisleadmismatchmisunderstandnon开头non-agingnonconducting不传导noncorrodible抗腐蚀的nonproteinnonseptatic无间隔的nontoxicun开头：unableunconsciousunconditioned非条件反射unknownunphysiological非生理的uneasyunrestundifferentiation为分化undoubtedunequalunequivocal不含糊的、明确的unsaturated不饱和的unwell不适under开头：underdevelopment显影不足underexposure曝光不足undernutritionunderestimateundersaturation未饱和underweight体重不足underdiagnosis漏诊后缀Free结尾gluten-free无谷朊run（蛋白）(饮食)sugarfree无糖symptomfree无症状Less结尾breathlesscarelesssenselesssymptomlessProof结尾：foolproof十分明显的fireproofsoundprooftimeproof耐久的waterproof练习Thesideeffectisnonetooserious.(notatall)Neitheroftheagents(medicine)isantihypertensive.Notalldrugsarebittertotaste.Bothofthecompoundsarenotacids.Themajorityofpatientsseemtoprefertakingmedicinetobeingoperatedon.Intheabsenceofadequateproof,wecantcometoanyconclusionThepatientwouldhavesurvivedbutthat毕竟hewastooweaktobeoperatedon.Heisnostrangerinmicrosurgery.练习练习Double negativeItneverrainsbutpours.Thereisnorulebutexception.Thereisnosmokewithoutfire.Wewouldnothavesucceededbutforyourin-timehelp.Wecannotundertaketheoperationwithoutthepatientmakingadequatepreparationsphysicallyandpsychologically.Theseniordoctornevermakesanydiagnosisunlesshehasexaminedapatientcarefullyandthoroughly.7.Gratitudeissomethingofwhichallofuscannotgivetoomuch.（我们所给予的感激永远不会过多。）8.Thisisapointthathasbeenmademanytimesbefore,butitcannotbeoveremphasized.（这一点以前被强调过多次，但是再怎么强调也不过分。）9.Asstudentsofscience,wecannotbetoocarefulinperforminganexperiment.（作为理科学生，我们做实验再怎么仔细也不过分。）形式肯定，含义否定1.Hefailedtofinishtheworkintime.2.Itisstillbeyondourpowertocurethisdisease.3.Wedontthinktheabsenceofthismedicinecangreatlyinfluencethetreatingofthiscancer.4.Avoideatingtoooilyfoodsandstayawayfromcigarettes.5.Manychildrenindevelopingcountriesweredeniedmedicalcare.6.Patientshatestoseedoctorswithstonyfaces.7.IhavedonewhatIcanasadoctor,butIthinkIamstillfarawayfromagoodone.8.Thepatientfinallyfoundoutthathewasmortallyill.9.Thepatientwatchedwithanxietywhenthedoctorwaswritinghisprescription.11.Somecountriesintheworlddenycancerscreeningtotheircitizens.12.Thedoctorslostnotimeintreatingthemanseverelyinjuredinacaraccidentwhenhewassenttothehospital,buttheystillfailedtobringbackhislife.Words with negative prefixes and suffixes 1.Itisstillinsecuretoputthismedicineintoclinicalusethoughsomeexperimentshavebeendone.2.Thedoctorcomfortedthepatientthathissymptomswouldsoondisappearifhefollowedhisadvice.3.Thedoubtremainedunsolvedwhatthecauseofthediseasewasthoughthepatientrecoveredfromit.4.Thisgroupisconductinganunprecedentedresearch.Negative English but affirmative Chinese onesThedoctortoldthepatientthattheycouldnotmakeanaccuratediagnosisbeforehereceivedallthenecessaryexaminations.Theinvestigationandtheautopsy验尸leftnodoubtthatthepatientdiedofpoisoning.Everypatientwiththisdisease,withnoexception,mustgetaninjectionof500mlBactocill苯唑西林钠theminutetheyareaccepted.HeissuchanindecisivesortofpersonthatIdontthinkhecanmakeagooddoctor.5.Dontlosetimeinsendingtheinjuredtothehospital,ortheywilldiebybleeding.6.Hemanifestedastrongdislikeforthiskindofmedicine.7.FlorenceNightingalewastheundisputedpioneerinmodernnursing.被动语态的翻译译成主动VitamineKisnotabsorbedfromupperintestine.Urineisformedinthekidneys.2.增加主动者Gentamicinwasfoundtobe100timesmoreactiveinvitro体外,试管内atpH8.5thanatph5vsmoststrainsofgram-negativebacilli.Ifanactivelyinflamedregionshouldbeexaminedunderthemicroscope,massesofneutrophils嗜中性的wouldbeseen.Mostantibacterialagents（药剂）arederivedfrommolds真菌.Thecoordinationoffunctionofthevariousorgansisregulatedbythecentralnervesystem.Manmaybeinfectedbyhumanorbovinetypeofthebacillus.Prolapsedintervertebraldiscmustbedifferentiatedfromothercaseoflowbackpain.Thesurgeonhadseveralfacetedcalculioftheinfectioustypetakenoutfromthepatientsgallbladder.Thepatientbeingexaminedandwasadmittedyesterday.接受检查10.Manyoftheimportantallergenscanbeidentifiedbytakingacarefulhistory.（仔细询问病史可了解许多重要的变应原。）形式主动，意义被动Thepatientlookssleepy.Thesolutionsmellsverybad.Theoperationendedatmidnight.Itwasfoundthatthenewtypeofoperatingsuitnotonlyreduceddispersalofbacteriaconsiderablybutalsowashedbetterthantheconventionalone.练习1.Alcoholuseisalsoacommoncauseofcirrhosis肝硬化,whichcanindirectlyleadtohepatocellular肝细胞carcinoma.However,adirectcarcinogeniceffectofalcoholontheliverhasnotbeenproved.尚未证明2.Therapeuticcytapheresis/si:t/细胞单采法isusedtoremovedefectiveRBCsandsubstitutehealthyones.Patientswitheitherofthesevariablesshouldbescreenedevery6monthswithAFP(甲胎蛋白)measurementandabdominalhelical螺旋状的CT(orabdominalultrasoundifCTisunavailable)Itisbelievedthatonethirdofallthepeopleintheworldhaveadormant潜伏感染、隐性tuberculosisinfection,althoughonlyabout5%to10%progresstoactiveTBdisease.1.GynecologyandObstetricsarecombinedinthespecialtythatdealswithpregnancyandbirthanddiseasesofthefemalereproductivesystem.2.Accordingtoourplan,alargeillnesspreventionandcontrolnetworkwillbebuiltinacoupleofyears.3.Thiskindofcancercannotbecuredwithanyofthemedicineavailable.4.Patient:Iwasknockeddowntotheground,andwhenIgotup,myleftarmandelbowweregrazed擦伤,andnowIhaveapaininmyribs.Doctor:Dontworry.LetmehavealookTakemyadvice,andwhenyouhavedonewhatItellyou,allthepainwontbefelt.5.ThisobservationhasnotbeenconfirmedbyothertrialsemployinglongtermTamoxifen他莫西芬treatment.6.Basedontheobservation,oophorectomy卵巢切除术shouldnotbeconsideredasadjuvanttreatmentoutsidethecontextofaclinicaltrial.7.Muscles,whichconstitute40%to50%ofthebodyweight,canbedividedintothreetypes:voluntary,involuntaryandcardiac.随意肌、不随意肌和心肌。9.Treatmentthatdoesnotofferanymeaningfulbenefit,forexample,cardiopulmonaryresuscitationforapersonwithmetastaticmalignancy转移性恶性病,maynotbeoffered.10.Aspirinhasbeenrecognizedasinhibitingnormalplateletfunctionandthemechanismhasbeenclearlydelineated(阐述).11.ItwasdecidedtotransferhimtoBellevueHospitalinNewYorkCity,wherehecouldgetthebestcare.补充练习补充练习Thoughusuallyofroundshape,thenucleusmaysometimesbeelongated加长androd-shaped.RedRash皮疹developedroundtheneckinthewakeoftwodaysfever.Thisarticlereports8casesofviralhepatitis.Ulcerationinsuchacarcinomamayrespondto有效sometherapeuticregimen,养生法.Iftheresistanceofthebodyishigh强,theimprisonedorganismsmay