数字口译..ppt

Unit 5:Cultural Exchanges5-1 Interpreting Numbers Interpreting Numbers万亿(兆)Trilli千亿百亿十亿Billi亿 千万百万Milli十万万 千Thou百十 个I.IntroductionII.Interpretingcardinalnumbers(基数词基数词)III.Pronouncingvulgarfractionsanddecimalfractions（分数和小数）分数和小数）IV.Interpretingquestionsinvolvingordinalnumbers（序数词）序数词）V.Interpretingindefinitenumbers（不确不确定数目）定数目）VI.SuggestedmethodsfortakingdownfiguresVII.ExpressingMultiples(倍数表示法倍数表示法)VII.Exercises:Procedures:I.Introduction该该城城市市是是一一个个国国际际大大都都市市，人人口口约约有有1200万万，面面积积达达2000多平方公里。多平方公里。本本公公司司是是一一家家年年销销售售额额为为120亿亿美美元元，业业务务遍遍及及120多多个个国国家和地区，拥有家和地区，拥有5万多名员工的跨国公司。万多名员工的跨国公司。Numbers：1.Cardinalnumbers2.Vulgarfractionsanddecimalfractions3.Ordinalnumbers4.Indefinitenumbers5.multiplesExamples1.请用英语和汉语分别表达下面一组数字：请用英语和汉语分别表达下面一组数字：1234567891234Onetrilliontwohundredandthirty-fourbillionfivehundredandsixty-sevenmillioneighthundredandninety-onethousandtwohundredandthirty-four一兆两千三百四十五亿六千七百八十九万一千二百三十四一兆两千三百四十五亿六千七百八十九万一千二百三十四请用英语和汉语分别译出所述数字请用英语和汉语分别译出所述数字12亿亿9988万；万；542million830thousand1billion299million880thousand;542,830,000a.SomePracticalDifficultiesforChineseInterpretersForaninterpreter,todoalongseriesoffiguresininterpretationisalwaysbynomeanseasy.AndforaninterpreterwhosemothertongueisChinese,thedifficultiesinvolvedseemtobeevengreater.Notablyamongthedifficultiesarethefollowing:A Brief Introduction1)InChinese,onetendstosay“万万”and“亿亿”ofwhichthereisnoequivalentinEnglish.Hence“一万一万”mustberenderedinto“10千千”(tenthousand);“三万三万”into“30千千”(thirtythousand);“二十万二十万”into“200千千”(twohundredthousand),etc.And“一亿一亿”mustberenderedinto“100百万百万”(onehundredmillion);“一亿三十万一亿三十万”into“100百万零百万零300千千”(onehundredmillionandthreehundredthousand);“十亿十亿”into“1,000百万百万”(onethousandmillion,oronebillioninAmericanusage);and“一百亿一百亿”,“10千百万千百万”(i.e.tenthousandmillionor10billioninAmericanEnglish),etc.Allthismaycausecomplicationforabeginnerorforthoseyounginterpreterswhohavenotundergonesufficienttraininginthisregard.2)QuiteafewunitsofmeasurementinChinesesuchasli(1/2kilometers),mu(0.0667hectare),jin(1/2kilogram),etc.usuallyhavetobeconvertedintothemetricsystemsbytheinterpreteronformaloccasions,soastofacilitateunderstanding.Andthisextrabitofwork(concerningconversioninunitsofmeasurement)couldbequiteastrainonaninterpreterunlesshehasalreadyacquiredsomeexperienceinthecourseoftrainingandpractice.3)ThewayscomparisonisexpressedinChineseare,insomerespects,differentfromthoseinEnglish,especiallywhenthequestionsofcountableanduncountablenounsareinvolved,e.g.(1)ThoughinChinesewesay“倍倍”whenwetalkabout“学校为学校为的三倍的三倍”indescribingtheincreaseinthenumberofschools,inEnglishweshallhavetosay,forinstance,“Therearethreetimesasmanymiddleschoolsnowinourprovinceastherewereintheearlypost-liberationdays.”(2)Though in Chinese we use the same word“倍”when we talk about“粮食产量”,in English we shall have to say,for example,“Our province produces twice as much grain as it did on the eve of liberation in 1949.”ToSumupDifferences in the way of expressing Figures in Chinese and English:Digit,Time and Unit1)Twosignificantpoints:i.as indicated earlier,it is risky trying to do a long series of figure in interpreting without jotting them down in a feasible way.Toensureaccuracyitisalwayshelpfulandreassuringtospeedilyjotthemdownastheyarebeinguttered(orread)bytheoriginalspeakers.bSomePracticalHintstoRememberInthecaseofC-EandE-Cinterpretation,figuresdorequireasufficientamountoftraining.By figures we mean,in a larger sense,not only a long series of figures combined with various units of measurements but also a long string of document symbols and long series of proper names(of persons/places).ii.To lay emphasis on the speedy and accurate rendering of figures involving“万”and“亿”as a first step.Topracticetherapidreadingof5-digitnumbers,8-digitnumbersand,then,10-digitnumbers,etc.inbothChineseandEnglish,andthencombinethemwithvarious“unitsofmeasurement”untilaccuracyandfluencyareachieved.2)Somepossiblesignsused:(1)Using comma(,)each representing one group of 3 naught,e.g.“fortythousand”,representedby“40,”means“四万”;“sixhundredthousand”,representedby“600,”means“六十万”“sevenmillion”,representedby“7,”means“七百万”“thirtymillion”,representedby“30,”means“三千万”(2).Aneasytablecouldbeusefulwhenyouhearthenumbers.Youjustfillintheform.万亿(兆)Trilli千亿百亿十亿Billi亿 千万百万Milli十万万千Thou百 十 个(3).If a number is bigger than a million,the easiest way is to use a point after the number of million.Forinstance,396万,canbeputinthisway,3.96million.Applythesamewaytothefollowingnumbers:3,956万39.56million3亿9,650万396.5million;If the number is bigger than a billion,adopt the same way to do it.e.g.129亿12.9billion(4).Note the following ways of uncertain numbers几个几个几个几个some;afew;several十几个十几个十几个十几个morethan/overadozen;less/nomorethantwenty几十个几十个几十个几十个dozensof几十年几十年几十年几十年Decades七十好几了七十好几了七十好几了七十好几了welloverseventy二十刚出头二十刚出头二十刚出头二十刚出头inher/hisearlytwenties三十大几了（快四十了）三十大几了（快四十了）三十大几了（快四十了）三十大几了（快四十了）inher/hislatethirties千千万万千千万万千千万万千千万万thousandsandthousandsof好几百个好几百个好几百个好几百个hundredsof成千上万成千上万成千上万成千上万thousandsuponthousandsof几十万几十万几十万几十万hundredsofthousandsof数以百万计的数以百万计的数以百万计的数以百万计的millionsof亿万亿万亿万亿万(人人人人)hundredsofmillionsof十年十年十年十年adecade二十年二十年二十年二十年ascore/fourscoreandsevenyearsago三十年三十年三十年三十年(25-30)(25-30)ageneration五十年五十年五十年五十年halfacentury一百年的一百年的一百年的一百年的centennial一百年一百年一百年一百年/世纪世纪世纪世纪Century数字口译补充材料数字的翻译是口译中的一大难关，即使是老翻译，数字的翻译是口译中的一大难关，即使是老翻译，当遇到数字时，尤其是遇到五位数以上的数字时，当遇到数字时，尤其是遇到五位数以上的数字时，也不敢有半点松懈。这不仅仅是因为数字难译，也不敢有半点松懈。这不仅仅是因为数字难译，更重要的是在商贸谈判或外交活动中，数字误译更重要的是在商贸谈判或外交活动中，数字误译所造成的后果是不堪设想的。所造成的后果是不堪设想的。数字口译之所以难，其中一个主要原因在于英汉数字口译之所以难，其中一个主要原因在于英汉对于四位数以上的数字的表达有不同的段位概念对于四位数以上的数字的表达有不同的段位概念和分段方法。英语数字的表达以每三位数为一段和分段方法。英语数字的表达以每三位数为一段位，而汉语以每四位数为一段位。位，而汉语以每四位数为一段位。关于数字翻译，调查显示：英译汉时难点在记忆，关于数字翻译，调查显示：英译汉时难点在记忆，汉译英时，难点在于快速表达。汉译英时，难点在于快速表达。Itcoversatotaloffivehundredforty-ninemillionninehundredforty-sixthousandsevenhundredandsixty-eightsquaremeters.占地549,946,768平方米。Unemploymenthasrisentooverthreemillionforthefirsttimeinsixyearsandanalystsexpectthejoblesstotaltorisebyafurther40,000thismonth.Manufacturingoutputhasmeanwhilesteadied,afteranaughtpointfivepercentdecreaselastmonth.失业人数六年来首次突破3百万。专家预测本月失业人数约新增4万，而制造业产量继上个月下跌百分之零点五之后已趋稳定。Practice:：interpretthefollowingnumbersPairwork:Onestudentreadsthefollowingfiguresaloudinthelanguagegiven,theothertakesnotesandtheninterpretsthemintothetargetlanguage.Taketurnstopractice.四千三百八十六四千三百八十六五万五千九百三十二五万五千九百三十二八千八百五十九万七千三百二十八千八百五十九万七千三百二十二亿三千七百一十五万零二百三十六二亿三千七百一十五万零二百三十六十六亿八千九百九十万三千七百五十四十六亿八千九百九十万三千七百五十四七百零四亿九千三百五十七万九千零四十八七百零四亿九千三百五十七万九千零四十八Sixthousandfourhundredandthirty-oneFourmillioneighthundredandthreethousandsevenhundredandtwelveNinety-fourmilliontwohundredandseventeenthousandeighthundredandtwenty-sixFivehundredandthirtymilliononehundredandthirty-ninethousandsevenhundredandforty-sevenThirty-sevenbillionninehundredandtwenty-fivemillionfourhundredandforty-onethousandthirty-eightaTheMetricSystem&ChineseEquivalentLength长度meter/m米=3市尺kilometer/km公里=2市里Area面积sq.m平方米=9平方市尺hectare/ha公顷=15市亩(1亩=0.0667ha)sq.km平方公里=4平方市里(km2)Weight重量与质量kg公斤=2市斤MT公吨=2000市斤bTheBritish&USSystemLength长度mile/mi哩=1.609kmfathom/fm寻=1,829myard/yd码=0.914mfoot/ft英尺=30.48cminch/in英寸=2.54cmWeight重量pound/lb.磅=0.454kgounce/oz.盎司=28.35gTemperature温度C(Centigrade)摄氏=(F-32)5/9F(Fahrenheit)华氏=C9/5+32III.PronouncingVulgarFractionsandDecimalFractions1.PronouncingVulgarFractions(1)分子为1a.五分之一：one-fifth,b.九分之一：one-ninthSpecial expressions for the following vulgarfractions:a.二分之一a/onehalf,b.四分之一a/onequarterc.四分之三threequarters(2)分子不为一（分母为复数）a.五分之三three-fifthsb.十分之九nine-tenths(3)大分子，大分母大分子，大分母（加（加“over”）a.五十三分之七十八五十三分之七十八seventy-eightoverfifty-threeb.九十五分之二十六九十五分之二十六twenty-sixoverninety-five(4)带分数带分数（BothFullandFractionalNumbers）a.五又三分之二五又三分之二：fiveandtwo-thirdsb.六又二分之一：六又二分之一：sixandahalfc.九又四分之一：九又四分之一：nineandaquarter2.PronouncingDecimalFractions(1)PronouncingDecimalFractionssmallerthan“1”a)0.8:pointeight,zero/naughtpointeightb)0.323:pointthreetwothree,zero/naughtpointthreetwothreec)0.0009%:zero/naughtpointoooninepercent(2)Pronouncingfigureswithbothfullnumbersanddecimalfractionsa)9.007:nine point o o seven;nine point zerozero(ornaughtnaught)sevenb)98.53%:ninety-eightpointfivethreepercent(3)Pronouncingfigureswithfullnumbersanddecimalfractionslargerthantenthousandoronehundredmilliona)零点七万（0.7万）：seventhousandb)零点九亿（0.9亿）:ninetymillionc)八点四亿（8.4亿）:eight hundred fortymillion(Am.E),eighthundredandfortymillion(Br.E)d)二十二点二亿（22.2亿）two point double two billion;two billion twohundred(and)twentymillionIV.Interpretingquestionsinvolvingordinalnumbers1.您这是第几次来中国访问了？您这是第几次来中国访问了？HowmanytimeshaveyoubeentoChina?HowmanytimeshaveyouvisitedChina?This isnt your first visit to China,is it?IsthisyourfirstvisittoChina?2.你们队得了第几名？你们队得了第几名？Howdidyourteamcomeout(inthematch)?Didyourteamwinthematch(orchampionship)?Didyourteamwin(orget)thefirstplaceinthecompetition?3.这是你第几个孩子？这是你第几个孩子？/这孩子是老几啊？这孩子是老几啊？Isthisyoureldest/youngestchild?V.InterpretingIndefiniteNumbers1.Interpretingapproximatenumbers(大约)Chinese:置前：约、大约、大概置后：来、左右、上下English:置前：about,around,roughly,approximately,some,moreorless,intheneighbourhoodof置后：orso,orthereabout,intherough(1)大约二百美元/二百美元左右about/around/some/approximately/roughly/more orless/intheneighbourhoodoftwohundreddollars;twohundreddollarsorso/orthereabout/intherough(2)大约五十岁/五十来岁：about/aroundfiftyyearsold2.InterpretingNumbersSmallerthanParticularNumbers:（少于）少于）Chinese:置前：少于，小于，低于，不到，不足，不及置后：以下，以内，以里English:置前：fewerthan,lessthan,under,below,within(1)少于/不到一千美元，一千美元以下：fewerthan/lessthan/under/below/withinonethousanddollars(2)摄氏零度以下belowzerodegreeCentigrade/Celsius3.Interpretingnumberswiththemeaningof“nearly”(将将近近)Chinese:近，快，将近，接近，几乎，差不多，差一点English:nearly,almost,toward,closeon(1)接近/快八点：nearly/almosteightoclock(2)将近五十岁/差一点五十岁：nearly/almost/towardfiftyyearsold4.Interpretingindefinitenumberswhichmean“Morethan”（多于）多于）Chinese:置前：多于，大于，高于，超过置后：多，几，以上English:置前：morethan,over,above,upwardsof置后：andmore,odd,andoddHerIrishaccent,afterthirty-oddyearsinLondon,isundiluted.她在伦敦呆了30多年，爱尔兰口音仍很浓重。(1)十几天：morethan/over/abovetendays;tendaysandmore(2)三百多美元：三百多美元：morethan/over/above/upwardsofthreehundreddollars;threehundreddollarsandmore/odd/andodd(3)摄氏40度以上：abovefortydegreesCentigrade5.InterpretingNumbersWhichareBetweenParticularNumbers(介于介于)Chinese:到，至，介于之间English:fromto,betweenand.(1)三到四天：fromthreetofourdays;betweenthreeandfourdays.(2)介于四千到五千公里之间：fromfourthousandtofivethousandkilometres;betweenfourthousandandfivethousandkilometres6.Interpretingindefinitenumberswhichareadjacent(相邻数目相邻数目)（1）两三个：twoorthree(2)三四十：thirtyorforty(3)四五千：fourorfivethousand(4)两个或两个以上：twoormore7.Interpretingindefinitenumberslike“数十数十”，“数百数百”，etc.(1)数十/几十/好几十：tensof(20-99);dozensof(24-99);scoresof(40-99);decadesof(20-99)(2)数百/数以百记/几百/好几百/成百hundredsof;severalhundred;bythehundred(3)数千/数以千记/几千/好几千/成千thousandsof;severalthousand;bythethousand(4)数万/数以万记/几万/好几万tensofthousandsof(5)数十万/几十万/好几十万hundredsofthousandsof(6)数百万/几百万/好几百万millionsof(7)数千万/几千万/好几千万tensofmillionsof(8)数亿/几亿/好几亿hundredsofmillionsof(9)数十亿/几十亿/好几十亿billionsofVI.Suggested methods for takingfigures:1.Write down,in advance,the variousEnglishandChinesenumericalwordsinthewayshownbelow.b.m.th.十千百十亿，亿/万万，万万/千，百十个2，8/63，58/9，2.点线法中译英时，应在听到“亿”时即斜向划一长线/，听到“万”时再划同样的斜长线/，剩下的数字则仍用“符号结合阿拉伯数字”的通用方式完成，即三个零为，两个零为，或者一律记阿拉伯数字，但不一定立即译成相应的译语数字。（记住是四位一段）例1：一亿三千零二万零八百五十八1/3002/0858例2：一百零一亿七千四百八十九万零五百四十101/7489/0540汉语数字分段法：汉语数字分段法：第一段位第一段位个个十十百百千千第二段位第二段位万万十万十万百万百万千万千万第三段位第三段位亿亿十亿十亿百亿百亿千亿千亿第四段位第四段位兆（万亿）兆（万亿）英语数字分段法：英语数字分段法：第一段位第一段位OneTenHundred第二段位第二段位Thousand,Tenthousand,Hundredthousand第三段位第三段位Million,Tenmillion,Hundredmillion第四段位第四段位Billion,Tenbillion,Hundredbillion第五段位第五段位Trillion口译时，从右向左，逆着原记录顺序每三位打一个逗号（分节号），便可将这些数字切分成印欧语系诸语言的进位单位了。用此方法，需要牢记分节号左位数的单位。从右向左：第一个分节号左位是“千”位，第二个分节号左位是“百万”位，第三个分节号左位是“十亿”位。例1：1/30,02/0,858130M20Th8Hu&58例2：10,1/74,89/0,54010B174M890Th5Hu&40此形式译成外语很方便，“回译”成汉语也没太大困难。外译汉（如英文）时，译员应在听到billion、million、thousand等位时，便立即打上一处逗号。例：thirtytwobillionfourhundredfiftysevenmillioneighthundredtwentysixthousandninehundredandthirty-seven32,457,826,937在预备译出时依然从右到左，按汉语数字进位规律每四位数打上斜线：32,4/57,82/6,937，译员只需照着斜线所提示的汉语数字表达习惯读出即可。汉语分段应记住在万，亿处作标记英语分段应记住在thousand，million，billion,trillion处作标记Attention!转换同学非常熟悉中文里面的“个、百、千、万、十万、百万、千万、亿、十亿、百亿.”。每一级的单位都有，非常齐全。而在英语中同学掰指数来：hundred,thousand,million,billion,trillion。总觉得和中文配不起来，因此同学碰到“万、十万、千万、亿”要特别注意，要反复操练这几个数字要反复操练这几个数字，这几个数字在中译英时尤为重要。1万=tenthousand10万=onehundredthousand1000万=tenmillion1亿=onehundredmillion3.Aneasytablecouldbeusefulwhenyouhearthenumbers.Youjustfillintheform.万亿(兆)Trilli千亿百亿十亿Billi亿 千万百万Milli十万万千Thou百 十 个4.JotdownthefiguresinArabicnumeralsandmarkthemoffwithacommaforeverythreedigits(countingfromtheend).Eachcommarepresentsagroupofthree“0”,e.g.fiftythousand:50,(五万五万)fourhundredthousand:400,(四十万四十万)threemillion:3,(三百万三百万)fortymillion:40,(四千万四千万)5.Takethefirstoneorfewlettersofthenumericalwords,with“t”fortrillion,“b”forbillion,“m”formillion,and“th”forthousand,e.g.(1)三千六百万：三千六百万：36m(2)八十三亿八十三亿8.3bVII.ExpressingMultiples(倍数表示法倍数表示法)倍倍数数翻翻译译最最根根本本的的问问题题是是搞搞清清楚楚是是否否包包括括基数。基数。汉汉语语有有一一些些句句式式包包括括基基数数，也也有有一一些些句句式式不包括基数。不包括基数。汉汉语语表表倍倍数数的的基基本本句句式式或或表表达达法法有有以以下下5种种:（句中句中“n”为倍数）为倍数）1.甲的大小是乙的甲的大小是乙的n倍。倍。(包括基数包括基数)2.甲已增加到乙的甲已增加到乙的n倍。倍。(包括基数包括基数)3.甲比乙甲比乙+adj.n倍。倍。3.甲比乙增加了甲比乙增加了n倍。倍。(不包括基数不包括基数)4.甲比乙翻了甲比乙翻了n番。番。(不包括基数不包括基数)英语表倍数的基本句式或表达法有以下英语表倍数的基本句式或表达法有以下5种种:1.n+times+as+形或副词+as2.n+times+形、副的比较级+than3.n+times+the(或its,thatof等)+名词4.动词（increase/grow/multiply等）+(by)+n+times5.动词（double/triple/quadruple等）+the+名词无论汉、英，同一倍数都有不同的表达法：1.表示“甲是乙的两倍”英语中用twice asas,twice the number/size/length of,asagain as,to increase by 100%,以及以及double来表示。Ex.（1）他们今年的产量是去年的两倍。）他们今年的产量是去年的两倍。/他们今他们今年的产量比去年增加了一倍。年的产量比去年增加了一倍。/他们今年的产量他们今年的产量比去年翻了一番。比去年翻了一番。例：例：a)Theiroutputthisyearistwiceasmuchaswhatitwaslastyear.b)Their output this year is as muchagainaswhatitwaslastyear.c)Theiroutputthisyearisdoublewhatitwaslastyear.d)Theiroutputthisyearhasdoubled,comparedwithwhatitwaslastyear.e)Theiroutputthisyearhasincreasedby100%overlastyear.(2)这辆车是那辆车的两倍价钱。这辆车是那辆车的两倍价钱。a)Thiscaristwicethecostofthatone.b)Thiscaristwiceascostlyasthatone.c)Thiscarisascostlyagainasthatone.2.表示表示“甲是乙的三倍甲是乙的三倍”英语中用英语中用threetimesasas,threetimesthenumberof,toincreaseby200%,以及以及triple/treble表示。表示。（1）我国今年的出口额是去年的三倍。我国今年的出口额是去年的三倍。/我国今年的出口我国今年的出口额比去年增加了两倍。额比去年增加了两倍。/我国今年的出口额比去年增加了百我国今年的出口额比去年增加了百分之二百。分之二百。a)Ourexportthisyearisthreetimesasmuchaswhatitwaslastyear.b)Ourexportthisyearhastripled/trebled,comparedwithwhatitwaslastyear.c)Ourexportthisyearhasincreasedby200%overlastyear.(2)这条公路是那条公路的三倍长。这条公路是那条公路的三倍长。a)Thishighwayisthreetimesaslongasthatone.b)Thehighwayisthreetimesthelengthofthatone.3.表示表示“甲是乙的四倍甲是乙的四倍”或以上或以上。英语中可以用英语中可以用fourtimes/fourfold,以及以及quadruple和和toincreaseby300%,表示四倍以上，表示四倍以上，依次类推。依次类推。例：例：（1）到到2020年，我国的国民生产总值将是年，我国的国民生产总值将是2000年的四倍。年的四倍。到到2020年，我国的国民生产总值将在年，我国的国民生产总值将在2000年的基础上达到年的基础上达到翻两番。翻两番。到到2020年，我国的国民生产总值将比年，我国的国民生产总值将比2000年增加三倍。年增加三倍。a)By2020,ourGNPwillhavebeenfourtimes/fourfoldasmuchasitwasin2000.b)By2020,ourGNPin2000willhavebeenquadrupled.c)By2020,ourGNPwillhaveincreasedby300%over2000.(2)我们现在的工资是我们现在的工资是10年前的年前的5倍。倍。a)Oursalariesarenowfivetimes/fivefoldaswhattheyweretenyearsago.b)Oursalarieshaveincreasedby400%overtenyearsago.(3)我国要养活的人口是