英语文体学Chapter-6-Syntactic-Overregularity-PPT.ppt

英语文体学英语文体学Chapter 6 Syntactic OverregularitySyntactic OverregularityvSyntactic overregularity in literature is revealed mainly in the repetition of certain linguistic units of a text and in parallelism,where some features vary while others are kept constant.26.1 RepetitionvAll the overregular features in literature are,in some sense,repetitious.The term repetition,therefore,is restricted to mean the case of exact copying of a certain previous unit in a text,such as a word,phrase or even a sentence.36.1 RepetitionvRepetition may be immediate,i.e.the repeated unit immediately follows the initial unit.v6.1.1 Immediate Repetition46.1 RepetitionvExample 1 Do not go gentle into that good night,Old age should burn and rave at close of day,Rage,rage against the dying of light.(Dylan Thomas,Do not Go Gentle into that Good Night)v6.1.1 Immediate Repetition The repeated use of the word“rage”shows that great emphasis is laid on this item,and also the whole line which expresses the central theme of the poem:one should struggle violently against death.assonance56.1 RepetitionvExample 2 Gold!Gold!Gold!Gold!Bright and yellow,hard and cold,Molten,graven,hammerd and rolld,Heavy to get and light to hold.(Thomas Hood)v6.1.1 Immediate Repetition The capitalization of“G”and the exclamation mark shows the poets great intensity of feeling 66.1 RepetitionvExample 3 The woods are lovely,dark,and deep,But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.(Robert Frost,Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening)v6.1.1 Immediate RepetitionThe repetition of the line gives prominence to it,and makes reader rethink the true meaning of the line:there are still many things to do before I die.76.1 RepetitionvIn this form of repetition,the words repeated are separated from each other by syntactic elements of varying length.The function of repetition is to emphasize a quality or feature of something,and in long passages,to give a cohesive effect to mood or thought.v6.1.2 Intermittent Repetition8大家应该也有点累了，稍作休息大家应该也有点累了，稍作休息大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流96.1 RepetitionvExample 1 Juliet:Oh,he some other name!Whats in a name?That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet:So Romeo would,were he not Romeo calld,Retain that dear perfection which he owes Without that title.Romeo,doff thy name;And for thy name,which is no part of thee Take all myself.(William Shakespeare,Romeo and Juliet)v6.1.2 Intermittent Repetition106.1 RepetitionvExample 2 O,how that name befits my composition,Old Gaunt indeed,and gaunt in being old.(William Shakespeare,Richard)v6.1.2 Intermittent RepetitionThe repetition vividly captures the emotional state of the speaker:his utter despair at his old age and at his health condition116.1 RepetitionvExample 3 Not many lives,but only one have we;One,only one.(Anonymous,Only One Life)v6.1.2 Intermittent RepetitionThis greatly emphasizes the fact that there is only one life for a person and suggests that one should really treasure it.126.2 ParallelismvParallelism means exact repetition in equivalent positions.It differs from simple repetition in that the identity does not extend to absolute duplication.vParallelism“requires some variable features of the pattern some contrasting elements which are parallel with respect to their position in the pattern”(Leech).136.2 ParallelismvIn parallel construction it is necessary to balance word for word,phrase with phrase,clause with clause,sentence with sentence.E.g.Not parallel:The child was pretty and had brains.Parallel:The child was pretty and intelligent.146.2 ParallelismvClassification of Parallelism A Parallelism has been traditionally classified according to the position of the identical elements.-anaphora:the type of parallelism whose identical part is in the initial position -epistrophe:the type of parallelism whose identical part is in the final position156.2 ParallelismvClassification of Parallelism B Parallelism is classified into two major types according to its size-large-scale parallelism and small-scale parallelism.166.2 ParallelismvBy large-scale parallelism we mean the kind which consists of more than two juxtaposed units.Example 1 and that government of the people,by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth.(Abraham Lincoln,Gettysburg Address)vLarge-scale Parallelism民有，民治，民享民有，民治，民享176.2 ParallelismvExample 2 My heart leaps up when I behold A rainbow in the sky,So was it when my life began;So is it now I am a man;So be it when I shall grow old,Or let me die!The child is the father of man;And I could wish my days to be Bound each to each by natural piety.(Wordsworth,My Heart Leaps up)vLarge-scale ParallelismSameness of structure&meaningClimatic process of emotional feelings181Climax2Anticlimax19ClimaxvClimax is a series of phrases or sentences arranged in ascending order of rhetorical forcefulness.vIt is often employed as a means of dramatic persuasion because it is extremely effective in stirring up of feelings and emotions,or in driving home a point.20ClimaxvExample 1 Of sloth cometh pleasure,of pleasure cometh spending,of spending cometh whoring,of whoring cometh lack,of lack cometh theft,of theft cometh hanging,and here is the end for this world.(Thomas Wilson,The Arts of Rhetorique)21ClimaxvExample 2 Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested.Reading maketh a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.(Francis Bacon,Of Studies)22AnticlimaxvAnticlimax is the opposite of climax.It depends on a sudden lowering or deflation from a heightened tone for humor and satire.vIn anticlimax,the lower the thought or statement decreases in importance,the higher the force of the ridicule or satire or humor.23AnticlimaxvExample 1 We had plenty of company in the way of wagon-loads and mule-loads of tourists-and dust.(Mark Twain,A Tramp Abroad)24AnticlimaxvExample 2 It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a fortune must be in want of a wife.(Jane Austen,Pride and Prejudice)25AnticlimaxvExample 3 When George the Fourth was still reigning over the privacies of Windsor,when the Duke of Wellington was Prime Minister,and Mr.Vincy was mayor of the old corporation in Middlemarch,Mrs.Casaubon,born Dorothea Brooke,had taken her wedding journey to Rome.(George Eliot,Middlemarch)266.2 ParallelismvExample 3 (Shakespeare,The Merchant of Venice)vLarge-scale Parallelism276.2 ParallelismvExample 4 (P.B.Shelly,Song to the Men of England)vLarge-scale Parallelism286.2 ParallelismvExample 5 I came.I saw.I conquered.(Julius Caesar)vLarge-scale Parallelism296.2 ParallelismvExample 6 (Hemingway,Cat in the Rain)vLarge-scale Parallelism306.2 ParallelismvExample 7 (Hemingway,Cat in the Rain)vLarge-scale Parallelism316.2 ParallelismvExample 8 (Charles Dickens,Bleak House)vLarge-scale Parallelism326.2 ParallelismvSmall-scale parallelism is the case which consists of only one juxtaposed units.vSmall-scale Parallelism336.2 ParallelismvExample 1 O,my luve is like a red,red rose Thats newly sprung in June;O,my luve is like the melodie Thats sweetly playd in tune.(Robert Burns,A Red,Red Rose)vSmall-scale ParallelismSimilarity346.2 ParallelismvIf small-scale parallelism is combined with an implication of contrast,it is referred to as antithesis.E.g.His fees were high;his lessons were light (O Henry)vSmall-scale Parallelismbut356.2 ParallelismvExample 2 (Shakespeare,Julius Caesar)vSmall-scale Parallelism366.2 ParallelismvExample 3 (Pope,An Essay on Criticism)vSmall-scale Parallelism376.2 ParallelismvExample 4 (W.B.Yeats)vSmall-scale Parallelism386.2 ParallelismvThis form of expression is very important for effect,for the force of emphasis depends chiefly on the juxtaposition of direct opposites,of glaring contrasts.Antithesis is used for profundity of judgment,for humor,for satire as well as for emphasis.E.g.Marriage has many pains,but celibacy has no pleasures.vSmall-scale Parallelism396.2 ParallelismvSometimes a whole passage can be composed by antithetical statements.The following passage is taken from A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.vSmall-scale Parallelism406.2 ParallelismvIt was the best of times,it was the worst of times;it was the age of wisdom,it was the age of foolishness;it was the epoch of belief,it was the era of incredulity;it was the season of Light,it was the season of Darkness;it was the spring of Hope,it was the winter of Despair,we had everything before us,we had nothing before us.(Charles Dickens,A Tale of Two Cities)vSmall-scale Parallelism41