英译汉方法素材.pptx

to make a dressto make troubleto make a fireto make a livinga strong mana strong casea strong faitha strong contrast一。词义的选择和引申1.3 根据词的使用场合确定词义 (1)He is the last man to come (2)He is the last person for such a job.(3)He should be the last man to blame.(4)This is the last place where I expected to meet you.E.g.I would inevitably make mistakes at one time or another and operate on someone who didnt need surgery or sit on someone who did.E.g.I would inevitably make mistakes at one time or another and operate on someone who didnt need surgery or sit on someone who did.sit on是一个动词短语，意思是忽视。不能译成“坐在干事的病人身上”译：我有时会难免出错，给不需要动手术的病人开刀，对需要开刀的病人却忽略了。2.1 根据语义增词根据汉语的表达习惯，增加原文语义上有而形式上无的成分。1.With all his achievements he remains modest and prudent.2.Radar is very important to ships on the sea.3.A careful comparison of them will show you the difference.4.Nuclear radiation has a certain mystery about it,partly because it cannot be detected by human senses.有些英文句子貌似省略句，实际上什么句子成分也没省，但若直接译成汉语，译文就不清楚，必须按照汉语的习惯表达方法增词。1.Which do you like better:grammar or translation exercises?2.He has written several articles and books on high-energy physics.2.2 增加原文省略而译文不能省略的词 为了使语言精练，避免没必要的重复，英语行文中经常省略前文曾出现的词，译为汉语时，为了明白表达愿意，需要把原文中省略的词补译出来。1.Some motions appear to be very simple;others very complicated.2.We wont retreat;we never have and will.3.As we all know,all matter consists of molecules,and molecules of atoms.2.3 增加表达时态的词 汉语中没有时态变化，要在译文中反映动作发生时间，就要加时间助词副词。1.I was just over sixty when I first saw Yanan in 1946.I had known two great social systems.2.We can learn what we did not know.3.The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird.4.The molecules of hydrogen get closer and closer with the pressure.2.4 增加表示名词的词1.He ate and drank,for he was exhausted.2.Oxidation will make metal rusty.TransitionDevelopmentProcessingPreparationTensionBackwardnessModestyBrutalityAssimilation 若句子中出现名词复数，不译会引起误解，或数的多少有强调的必要，或依汉语的习惯需要说明多数，则需要在译文中加词表明。1.In spite of difficulties,he succeeded in finishing his task.2.They include silks and colored thread.3.In America,motorcar factories were closing down in early 1961.4.Foreigners get degrees from Chinese colleges.2.5 翻译抽象名词时要适当增词 在翻译由动词或形容词派生来的英语抽象名词时，通常要根据语境在其后面增添适当的名词，使译文符合译语的表达习惯。to develop,developmentto persuade,persuasionTo prepare,preparationPoor,povertyEmergent,emergencyTense,tension例句：1.They are sanguine about building up a near peace2.After all preparations were made,the planes flew across the U.S.to San Francisco.3.In the summer of 1969,the Administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China.4.Profanity was tacitly given up.5.These fighters are able to cope with various emergencies.2.6 在形容词前后加上它所说明的名词 在翻译英语形容词时，为了使译文清楚流畅，有时需要在形容词前后增加所说明的名词。1.She was small and slight in person,pale,sandy-haired.2.These early cars were slow,clumsy,and inefficient.3.The invention of the electronic word processor was as great an information revolution as the invention of the printing press.4.Amelia took the news very palely and calmly.2.7 具体名词表抽象概念时也要增加适当的名词1.He felt the patriot rise within his breast.2.He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge,and declared his own son guilty.2.8 增加原文暗含的动词 根据原文的具体语境和译文的习惯表达，有时必须在英语的名词前后增加必要的动词。1.There were no speeches,no foreign diplomats,no“ordinary Chinese”with paper flags and bouquets of flowers.三、抽象名词的译法3.1由动词抽象而来的名词译成动词 英语中有名词化的倾向，即用名词表达动作、行为等本来由动词表达的意义。这种词多是动词的同源名词。1、the 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israels right to exist.2.The growing awareness by millions of people of their intolerable condition of life had promoted them to revolt.3.2 含有动作意义的抽象名词译成动词 英语中另一个倾向是许多名词有动词意义或动作意义，这类词汇在译成汉语时通常要译为动词。1.She said this with a provocative glance and a gleam of teeth.2.One after another,speakers called for the downfall of imperialism.3.An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs.3.3 抽象名词作主语汉译时要改变其句子成分 英语中的抽象名词可做各种成分，而且有一个常见的现象是抽象名词作句子的主语。这与汉语的习惯不同，因为汉语习惯于用表示人或生物的词作主语，在思维方面往往以“人”为中心，认为只有人才能作出有意识的动作或具有有意识的行为。因而，英文中以抽象名词作主语时，含义是要根据上下文予以改变，使汉语表达以“人”为中心。1.The thought of returning filled him with fear.2.My shock and embarrassment at finding mother in tears on Wednesday was a perfect index of how little I understand on pressures on her.1.4.1 保留原主语，被动改主动 英语的被动句翻译成汉语的主动句时，往往把原文的主语变成译文的宾语，但有的情况仍然用作汉语句子的主语，只是被动式按汉语的习惯变为主动式。1.Six medical scientists were honored in 1973 by the Gairdner Foundation of Toronto,Canada,for outstanding research.2.Many basins were formed by the subsidence of the earths crust.3.The speed of the molecules is increased when they are heated.1.2.3.4.2 无施动者的被动句的译法 英语中一些没有指明施动者的被动句，可译成汉语中具有主动形式而含有被动意义的主动句。这类句子在汉语中称之为简化被动态或当然被动句，是汉语中长期形成的一种习惯表达法，其被动含义是不言而喻的。1.He was scared out of his wits.2.The movie will be shown again tomorrow.3.The novel has already been translated into many languages.1.他吓得魂飞魄散。2.电影明天还要放映。3.这本小说已译成好几种语言。4.3 译成汉语无主句 有些英语的被动句在译为汉语的主动句式时，不是保留原文的主语，而是译成无主句，更符合汉语的习惯。1.The matter was never mentioned again.2.Tremendous research work has been done to bring about such fantastic speeds.3.A considerable investment has been made in the exploration of the sea depths.4.The educational reform must be carried through to the end.1.后来再也没提这件事。2.为了达到这样神奇的速度，进行了巨大的研究工作。3.在海底勘探方面进行了巨额投资。4.必须把教育改革进行到底。4.4 受动者+被动式谓语+施动者施动者+主动式谓语+受动者 把英语被动句的主语改做宾语，以原句中的施动者作主语这种译法，就是把英语的被动句转换成汉语的如下句式：A.施动者+主动式谓语+受动者 Yet,only a part of this energy is used by man.然而，人类只利用了这种能源的一部分。如原句未说出施动者，可以不上大家、人们、有人之类的词做主语。B.施动者+“把”（或“给”等）+受动者+主动式谓语1.The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.2.We are brought freedom and happiness by socialism.1.大火把这家著名的旅馆几乎完全毁掉了。2.社会主义给我们带来了自由和幸福。4.5 译成判断句 有的英语被动句可译为汉语的判断句，即用汉语的“是的”表示。1、The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous Negro leader.2、My first thirty years were spent in Western America.1、The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous Negro leader.这次反种族歧视运动是由一位著名的黑人领袖亲自发动和领导的。2、My first thirty years were spent in Western America.我的前三十年是在美国西部度过的。4.6 用汉语“被”、“受”等词表示被动意义 着重被动动作的英语被动句，可译成汉语的完全被动态，用表示被动的助词“被”、或跟“被”意义相同的“受”、“给”、“让”、“使”等构成，或用“加以”、“予以”等后面加谓语动词表示被动。1、The education of the young is seen to be of primary importance.2、They are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine,by the overlooker,and particularly,by the manufacturer himself.3、The laws of motion will be discussed in the next article.1、The education of the young is seen to be of primary importance.教育青少年被视为头等重要的大事。2、They are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine,by the overlooker,and particularly,by the manufacturer himself.他们每日每时都受机器、受监工，尤其受厂主本人的奴役。3、The laws of motion will be discussed in the next article.运动定律将在下一篇论文中予以讨论。五、定语从句的译法5.1 译成前置定语 一般说来，限定性的定语从句可提前译成定语。还有一些定语从句，虽然并不明显地带有限定性质，但本身较短，和被修饰语关系紧密，也可以为前置定语。1、To be sure,a great rebuilding project would give jobs to many of those people who need them.1、To be sure,a great rebuilding project would give jobs to many of those people who need them.诚然，一个宏伟的重建计划也许能为许多需要工作的人提供就业机会。2、In recent years,however,people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems.2、In recent years,however,people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems.可是，近几年来人们开始意识到城市也是问题成堆的地方。3、He liked his sister,who was warm and pleasant,but he did not like his brother,who was aloof and arrogant.他喜欢热情活泼的妹妹，而不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。5.2 译成后置的并列分句A.一些结构较为复杂，或意思上有较强的独立性的限定性定语从句，通常可以译为后置的并列分句。采取这种译法往往要重复关系代词所替代的词，有时可在这些词之前加指示词“这”、“这些”等，以使译文明确。1.But world attention also is focusing on another step,which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit.1.But world attention also is focusing on another step,which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit.同时，人们也正把注意力集中在另一项措施上，这项措施将使吸烟者越来越意识到自己的不良习惯并为之感到不安。2.In 1883 an American physician,A.King,listed twenty observations,which pointed to mosquitoes as a factor in malaria.2.In 1883 an American physician,A.King,listed twenty observations,which pointed to mosquitoes as a factor in malaria.1883年，美国医生A.金列举了二十个观察报告，这些报告表明蚊子是引起疟疾的一个因素。B.非限定性定语从句与先行词的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词加以说明、描述或解释，或对整个词句所陈述的事实现象加以总结概括、补充说明，其前都有逗号分开。在汉译时，一般译为后置的并列分句。1.The books,which are only a small part of my collection,I picked up in America.1.The books,which are only a small part of my collection,I picked up in America.这些书是我在美国买的，它们在我的藏书中只占一小部分。2.He gave in his resignation,which was the best thing he could do in the circumstance.2.He gave in his resignation,which was the best thing he could do in the circumstance.他提出了辞职，这在当时的情况下是最好他提出了辞职，这在当时的情况下是最好的办法。的办法。3.He blamed me for everything,which I thought very unfair.3.He blamed me for everything,which I thought very unfair.他把所有的错误都归罪于我，我他把所有的错误都归罪于我，我认为这很不公平。认为这很不公平。5.3 溶合译法溶合译法 溶合译法是指把主句与定语从句溶合译法是指把主句与定语从句合起来译，是指溶合成一个独立合起来译，是指溶合成一个独立的句子。的句子。1.You are the only person who could do it.1.You are the only person who could do it.只有你才能做这件事。2.This was the first time I had serious trouble with my boss.2.This was the first time I had serious trouble with my boss.这是我第一次和老板发生严重纠葛。这是我第一次和老板发生严重纠葛。3.There was no one who did not praise them for their great accomplishments.3.there was no one who did not praise them for their great accomplishments.没有人不称赞他们所取得的巨大成就。5.4 译成状语译成状语 英语中有些定语从句在内容上含英语中有些定语从句在内容上含有时间、原因、目的、结果、条有时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等状语意思，翻译时往件、让步等状语意思，翻译时往往可以加上相应的词语，以表达往可以加上相应的词语，以表达出其相应的状语意义。出其相应的状语意义。1.We engage professor Wu,who understands English.1.We engage professor Wu,who understands English.我们聘请吴教授，因为他懂英语。我们聘请吴教授，因为他懂英语。2.A sailor who was fixing a rope lost balance and tumbled overboard.2.A sailor who was fixing a rope lost balance and tumbled overboard.一个水手正在系绳子的时候，失去平一个水手正在系绳子的时候，失去平衡，掉到水里去了。衡，掉到水里去了。3.He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument.3.He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument.他正在收集确凿的材料以证明他的论点。六、名词从句的译法 英语的名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句英语的名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。在翻译时，语、表语从句和同位语从句。在翻译时，语序一般不变。序一般不变。6.1 主语从句主语从句A.以从属连词或连接代词位于句首的主语以从属连词或连接代词位于句首的主语从句翻译时语序一般不变。从句翻译时语序一般不变。1.That a man could live for so many years alone in the mountains is really something unthinkable.1.That a man could live for so many years alone in the mountains is really something unthinkable.一个人能够单独在山里生活这么一个人能够单独在山里生活这么多年真是不可思议。多年真是不可思议。B.以形式主语以形式主语it引出的主语从句，翻译引出的主语从句，翻译时有三种处理方法：时有三种处理方法：1.如主语从句较短，可提前与主句合如主语从句较短，可提前与主句合译为译为“是是”字结构。字结构。It is good news that our team has won the championship.It is good news that our team has won the championship.我们队得了冠军是好消息。我们队得了冠军是好消息。2.如果主语从句较长，一般可译为如果主语从句较长，一般可译为并列分句或独立的句子，即先译并列分句或独立的句子，即先译从句，而在主句之前加从句，而在主句之前加“这这”字字译出。译出。It is common sense that a liquid has no definite shape,but it has a definite volume.It is common sense that a liquid has no definite shape,but it has a definite volume.液体没有一定的形状，但又有一液体没有一定的形状，但又有一定的体积，这是普通常识。定的体积，这是普通常识。3.以以it做形式主语而主句的谓语是做形式主语而主句的谓语是被动语态的句子，一般转译成主被动语态的句子，一般转译成主动语态，可译为动语态，可译为“据。据。”，“有人有人”、“人们人们”等，主语从等，主语从句保留原文的语序。句保留原文的语序。It is reported that the meeting will be held in June.It is reported that the meeting will be held in June.据报道，这个会将在六月举行。人有了知识，就会具备各种分析能力，明辨是非的能力。所以我们要勤恳读书，广泛阅读，古人说“书中自有黄金屋。”通过阅读科技书籍，我们能丰富知识，培养逻辑思维能力；通过阅读文学作品，我们能提高文学鉴赏水平，培养文学情趣；通过阅读报刊，我们能增长见识，扩大自己的知识面。有许多书籍还能培养我们的道德情操，给我们巨大的精神力量，鼓舞我们前进。