牛津译林8BUnit5知识点.pdf

18B Unit51.Youre old enough to learn about manners now,Hobo.霍波，你现在够大了，可以学习礼仪了。manner 可数名词，“礼貌，礼仪，礼节”，常用复数形式。good manners 有礼貌 bad manners 没有礼貌 table manners 餐桌礼仪manner 可数名词，“方法，方式”，常用单数形式，=wayYou should write in this manner.你应该这样写。2.First,always share your things with others.首先，总是与别人分享你的东西。share sth.with sb.“和某人分享/合用某物”。Lets share the birthday cake with them.我们和他们一起分享生日蛋糕吧。Can I share the umbrella with you?我可以与你合用一把雨伞吗?3.Second,dont cut in on others.其次，不要打断别人谈话。cut in(on sb.）“打断某人的谈话，插嘴”，=interrupt。Mary likes to cut in on others.玛丽喜欢插嘴。Dont cut in while others are talking.别人说话时，不要括嘴。4.Always wait politely.要一直礼貌地等着。politely 副词“礼貌地”，修饰动词。We should speak to the old politely.我们应该对老年人说话有礼貌。polite 形容词，“礼貌的”，作定语、表语等，反义词是 impolite，“无礼的”。My sister is very polite.We all like her.我妹妹根有礼貌，我们都喜欢她。It is impolite to shout loudly.声喊叫是不礼貌的。2be polite to sb.“对某人有礼貌”。The students are polite to their teacher.这些学生对他们的老师很有礼貌。5.leave the tap running 让水龙头一直流（leave sth.doing“使/让处于.状态”。leave 后可接名词、形容词、V-ing 形式、介词短语作宾语补足语。Dont leave the machine turning.不要让机器一直转。Leave the door open.让门开着。6.run 不及物动词，“流动”。Tears ran from her eyes.她的眼泪夺距而出。Water is running on the ground.水在地上流淌。run 不及物动词，“跑，奔跑”。I saw a boy running on the street.我看见一个男孩正在街上跑。run 不及物动词，“（机器）运转”。The engine runs properly.发动机正常运转。run 不及物动词，“掉色，退色”。When you wash the blouse in hot water,the colour will run.当你在热水中洗这衬衫时，它的颜色会退色的。run 及物动词，“经营，管理”。3They run the restaurant well.他们把饭店经营得很好。7.pick flowers in the park 在公园里摘花pick 及物动词，“采，摘（花朵、果实等）”。He picked her a rose.他为她摘了一朵玫瑰花。Lets pick some apples.我们摘些苹果吧。pick up“拾起，捡起：（用车）接（人）”。He picked the pen up.他检起了钢笔。Ill come to pick you up.我会开车来接你。8.obey traffic rules 遵守交通规则obey 及物动词“遵守，服从”。You should obey school rules.你应该遵守学校制度。We must obey orders.我们必须服从命令。obey 不及物动词“服从；听话”。He is very naughty.He doesnt like to obey.他很顽皮，不喜欢服从。9.queue for your turn 排队等候你的顺序queue 不及物动词，“（人、车等）排队等候”。Please queue up for a bus.请排队等候公共汽车。Many people dont like to queue.很多人不喜欢排队等候。Come and queue up,Lily.莉莉，来排队。queue 可数名词，“队，行列”。stand in a queue 排队等侯 jump the queue 插队410.turn 可数名词“轮流，（轮流的）顺序”。Its your turn to read now.现在轮到你读了。take turns 轮流 in turn 依次，轮流 by turns 轮流，交替Please take tums to look after the sick boy.请轮流照看这个生病的男孩。Please answer the question in turn.请依次回答这个问题。11.We should keep quiet.我们应该保持安静。keep 连系动词，“保持（某种状态）”，后跟形容词作表语。keep quiet 保持安静系动词归纳一是（be)一觉（feel）一保持（keep）四个起来（look 看起来，sound 听起来，taste 尝起来，smell 闻起来）似乎（seem)变了四个（get，become，turn,go)12.Anything else?还有别的吗？else修饰不定代词、疑问代词和疑问副词放在所修饰词之后other修饰名词位于名词之前Do you have anything else to say?你还有别的要说吗？What else do you need?你还需要什么？What other colors do you like?你喜欢别的什么颜色？13.Dont drop liter everywhere.不要到处扔垃圾。litter 不可数名词，“垃圾，杂物”。The street is full of litter.这条街上满是垃圾。5Is there any litter in the park?公园里有一些垃圾吗?14.Today weve invited Jenny to talk about manners in The UK今天我们邀请了珍妮来谈一谈英国的礼仪。invite 及物动词，“邀请”，invite sb.to do sth.“邀请某人做某事”。He sometimes invites me to see the film.他有时邀请我去看电影。invite sb.to+名词，“邀请某人.”Well invite Tom to dinner tomorrow.我们邀请汤姆明天共进晚餐。15.Well,British people say hello”or nice to meet you”and shake your hand when they meet you for the first time.喔，当英国人第一次见到你时，他们说“你好”或“见到你很高兴”并且与你握手。shake sb.s hand“与某人握手”，=shake hands with sbYou should shake Tonys hand.=You should shake hands with Tony.你应该和托尼握手。16.Do they greet people with a kiss?他们用亲吻这种方式打招呼吗？greet 及物动词“问候，打招呼”，=于 say hello to sb.He greeted his teacher by saying“Good morning”.他向老师打招呼说“早上好”。Did you greet Toms parents?你和汤姆的父母打招呼了吗?greet sb.with a nod“以点头招呼某人”。He greeted me with a nod.他向我点头致意。greeting 可数名词“问候，致意，祝贺”。a New Year greeting 新年祝617.kiss 可数名词，“亲吻”give sb a kiss“吻某人一下；给某人一个亲吻”。The mother gave her son a kiss and left.妈妈亲了亲她的儿子就走了。kiss 及物动词，“吻，亲吻”。He kissed his wife 他吻了他的妻子。18.British people only greet relatives or close friends with a kiss.英国人只和亲戚或亲密的朋友用亲吻打招呼。close 形容词，“亲密的；严密的”，/klos/表示关系或感情上“亲近的”，可作定语或表语。close to“与关系密切”。We are close friends.我们是亲密的朋友。Im close to my English teacher.我和英语老师关系很密切。close to“离近”之意。The factory is close to the school.这家工厂离学校很近。close 及物动词，意为“关闭”，此时读作/kloz/。Please close the window.请关上窗户。19.But please avoid subjects like age,weight or money.但是请避开像年龄、体重或金钱这样的话题。avoid 及物动词，“避免”，后跟名词、代词或动词-ing 形式作宾语。Youd better avoid the traffic at rush hour.你们最好避开交通高峰期。Its not easy to avoid making mistakes.避免犯错误是不容易的。19.subject 可数名词“话题；主题”。What is the subject of his new play?他这部新刷的主题是什么?7Most of us dont like this subject.我们大多数人不喜欢这个话题。subject 作可数名词，还有“学科”之意。How many subjects are you studying this term?这学期你们学几门课?20.Do people there behave politely in public?那儿的人们在公共场合表现礼貌吗？behave 不及物动词“表现”Children behaved very badly after lunch.孩子们午饭后表现很差。He behaved well in class.他在课堂上表现很好。21.public 集合名词，“民众，大众”。in public“公开地，在别人面前，当众”。I dont like to make a speech in public.我不喜欢当众发表演说。Is the park open to the public?这个公园对公众开放吗?public 形容词“公共的，公开的”。a public library 公共图书馆 a public place 公共场所22.They think its rude to push in before others.他们认为在别人前面插队是粗鲁无礼的。push 不及物动词，“推，挤”。push in“插队；加塞”，是英式英语的用法，美式英语中常用 cut in。Dont push.不要挤。You shouldnt push in before us.=You shouldnt cut in before us.你不应该在我们前面插队。23.if they bump into someone in the street,theyll say sorry”.如果他们在街上撞到某人，他们会说“对不起”。8bump 不及物动词“碰，撞”，常与介词 against，into 连用。bump into“撞上；偶然碰见”。He bumped against the door.他撞到门上了。The car bumped into a tree.汽车捡在一棵树上。Just now I bumped into our English teacher.刚才我碰到了我们的英语老师。bump 可数名词“碰，撞击；（因碰撞而引起的）肿块”。We heard a bump in the next room.我们听到隔壁房间发出一声控击声。There is a bump on his head.他的头上有肿块。24.If youre in their way,they wont touch you or push past you.如果你挡了他们的路，他们不会碰你或推开你过去。in ones way“挡住某人的路”。A group of sheep are in our way.一群绵羊挡住了我们的路。Dont be in his way.Let him go.不要挡住他的路，让他走吧。on ones way(to）“在去的路上”。I met Tom on my way to school.在上学的路上，我遇见了汤姆。in the way“妨碍，挡道”。9Your hobby got in the way of your studies.你的爱好妨碍了你的学习。25.touch 此处为及物动词，意为“触摸，碰”。Dont touch the things in the museum.不要难博物馆里的东西。He touched a hot pot and burnt himself.他碰到了热锅，烫到了自己。26.Theyll say”excuse me”and be polite enough to wait till you move.他们会说“劳驾”，然后很有礼貌地等着，直到你让出路为止。excuse 及物动词“原谅，宽恕”。excuse me“劳驾”。Excuse me for coming late.请原谅我来迟了。Excuse me,can you help me with my homework?打扰了，你能帮我做作业吗?27.till 连词“到时，直到为止”。用于肯定句时，主句中用延续性动词，指动作或状态持续到 til 表示的时间为止，“直到为止”。用于否定句时，主句中的动词一般是非延续性的，表示的动作直到 till 所表示的时间才发生，“直到（才）”。She waited here till you came back.她在这里等你回来。Dont go away till I come back.我回来之前不要走开。till 介词，“直到为止”，用于肯定句，与延续性动词连用；用于否定句中，与非延续性动词连用，“直到（才）”。I had been in Beijing till last week.我在北京一直待到上星期。Tom went to sleep till midnight.汤姆直到半夜才去睡觉。28.British people are very polite at home as well,arent they?英国人在家里也很有礼貌，是吗?10as well“也，还有”。Tom likes music.I like it as well.汤姆喜欢音乐，我也喜欢。29.They say“please”andthank you”all the time!他们总是说“请”和“谢谢你”！all the time“一直，总是”。I am worrying about you all the time.我一直在担心你。I speak English all the time.我一直说英语。30.British people dont like to shout or laugh loudly.英国人不喜欢大声喊或者大声笑。loudly 副词，“大声地”。Someone is shouting loudly.有人在大声欢呼。loudly副词“大声地”，“喧闹”，给人以吵闹、不悦耳的感觉，与 quietly相对，用法比较正式，含一点贬义副词“声音大”，常于 laugh、read、speak、talk 等动词搭配使用，还可与 loudly 替换使用。loud形容词“大声的”，作表语或定语Who is knocking at the door loudly?在大声敲门？That music is too loud.那音乐太吵了。Dont speak so loud.不要说得这么大声。31.Just as the saying goes.正如这则谚语所说.as 连词，“正如，如同”，表方式。I have changed it as you suggested.我已按你的建议改了。11You should do as Tom told you.你应该按照汤姆吩咐的做。32.saying 可数名词，“谚语，格言”。How many sayings do you know?你知道多少谚语？There is a saying in the picture.图片上有一则诗语。33.hit someone or something by accident 偶然碰到某人或某物by accident“偶然，意外地”，通常在句中作状语，其反义词为 on purpose。I met Tom on the street by accident yesterday.昨天我在街上偶遇汤姆。Was tea invented by accident?茶是偶然被发明的吗?34.She did not join the discussion.她没有参加讨论。discussion 可数名词或不可数名，“讨论”。They decided to write a report after a discussion.经过讨论之后，他们决定写一第报告。The question is now under discussion.这个问题现在在讨论中。discuss 及物动词“讨论”，discuss sth.with sb.“与某人讨论某事”You can discuss the question with them.你可以和他们讨论这个问题。35.He did not express himself clearly.他没有清楚地表达自己（的意思）。express 及物动词“表达”。express oneself“自我表达”。名词 expression，“表达，表情，措辞”。I expressed my thanks to him.我向他表达了谢意。12You can express yourself freely.你可以畅所欲言。express 还可用作形容词，“特快的”。an express letter 快信 an express train 特快列车36.Kitty was very busy with her dancing lessons.基蒂忙着上舞蹈课。be busy with sth.“忙于某事”。Mary is busy with her homework.玛丽在忙着做作业。be busy（in)doing sth.“忙于做某事”，=-be busy with sth.My mother is busy doing housework.=My mother is busy with housework.我妈妈在忙着做家务。37.Help explain things and give us useful information.帮助解释事物并给我们有用的信息。explain 及物动词，“解释”，其后可跟名词、代词或从句。Our English teacher always explains things to us clearly.我们英语老师总是给我们解释得很清楚。explain 不及物动词，“解释，说明”。Why didnt you let him explain?你为什么不让他解释一38.Keep us safe from danger 保护我们安全免受危险keep sb.from sth.意为“保护某人免受.；阻止某人.Sunglasses can keep us from the sun.太阳镜能使我们免受阳光照晒。The rain kept us from going out.雨天使我们不能外出。stop.from doing.,prevent.from doing.keep.from doing.都有“阻止做”之意，三者同义。13No one can stop/prevent/keep us from creating wonders.没有人能阻止我们创造奇迹。39.Warn us.警告我们warn 及物动词，“警告，告诫”，warn sb.“警告/告诚某人”。Its dangerous to cross the road.Please warm the students.横穿马路很危险。请告诚学生们。He shouted to warn me.他大喊着向我发出警告。warn sb.（not）to do sth.“警告某人（不要）做某事”。He warned me to stay away from those people.他告诚我离那些人远点。We warned him not to play with fire.我们警告他不要玩火。warn sb.of/about sth“警告某人某事；提醒某人注意某事”。The police warned the children of/about the danger.警察提醒孩子们注意危险。warn sb.against doing sth.“警告/告诫某人不要做某事”。The doctor warned my father against smoking.医生告诫我父亲不要吸烟。40.No parking 禁止停车parking 不可数名词，“停车”。parking lot 停车场 parking space 停车位 free parking 免费停车（场）41.Why not?为什么不要?14Why not.?意为“为什么不？”，其后跟动词原形，这个句型还可以变成“Why dont/doesnt sb.do sth.?”，表示劝说、建议某人去做某事。Your spoken English is poor.Why not join an English club?你的英语口语很差。为什么不参加英语俱乐都？Why not come early?=Why dont you come early!你为什公不早来42.everybody will be lucky or successful sometime in their life每个人在人生中的某时都会是幸运的或成功的successful 形容词，“成功的”，在句中多作表语或定语。Its a successful computer game.这 是一个成功的电脑游戏。He is very successful.他很有成就。43.sometime 副词，“在某时”，表示将来或过去的某个时候。Mary will come to our school sometime next week.玛丽将于下周某时来我们学校。sometime（在）某时Ill visit the Great Wall sometime this year.今年某个时候我要去游览长城。15some time一段时间Ill live here for some time.我将在这里住一段时间。sometimes有时Sometimes I have lunch at school.有时，我在学校吃午饭。some times几次，几倍Ive been to the museum some times.我去过那个博物馆几次。sometime,some time,sometimes 与 some times 的含义相连为“某时”（sometime)，分开是“一段”（some time)，相连 s 为“有时”（sometimes)，分开 s 是“倍，次”（some times)。44.when one bad thing happens to you,other bad things happen soon after 当一件不好的事情发生在你身上时，不久以后另外的不好的事情也会发生）soon after“不久以后”。We shall arrive soon after.我们将很快就到。They met in May and became good friends soon after.他们在五月份相遇，不久以后就成为了好朋友。45.risk losing everything all at one time 冒着同时失去一切的危险risk 及物动词，“冒险做”，其后可跟名词或动词-ing 形式。No one risks going there.没人愿冒风险到那儿去。He risked losing his train to help me buy tickets.他冒着误火车的风险帮我买嘉。Can you risk your life to save people?你会冒着生命危险去教人吗?risk 可数名词，“冒险，冒风险”。16He likes to take a risk.他喜欢冒险。46.at one time“一度，同时，在过去某个时候”。You can borrow two books at one time.你能同时借两本书。47.no pain,no gain 一分耕耘，一分收获pain 不可数名词“痛，疼痛”。He cried with pain.他疼得大叫。I felt some pain.我感到有些痛。I have a pain in my foot.我脚疼。gain 名词，“收获，收益”，反义词 loss“损失”。The gain is greater than the loss.收获大于损失。48.a friend in need is a friend indeed 患难见真情indeed 副词“真正地”。I was indeed glad to hear the news.我听到这个消息的确很高兴。indeed真正的，的确一般用于肯定或证实对方所说的话，多承接前言，也用来加强或肯定自己说话的语气really真正地，确实地主要用于强调与事实或现实不相违背，也可以表示不快、惊奇或某种含蓄的怀疑truly真正地强调客观存在的真是性，没有任何虚假 I need your help indeed.我真的需要你的帮助。Its really hot today.今天真的很热。17He is a truly good man.他是个真正的好人。49.practice makes perfect 熟能生巧practice 名词，“练习；调练；实践”。Enough practice can help improve your English.足够的练习能帮你提高类语水平。You need more practice.你需要更多的训练。practice 及物动词，“练习”，其后可跟名词、代词或动词 ing 形式。I often practice playing the piano after school放学后，我经常练习碎钢琴。practice 在英式英语中，其动词形式为 practise；在美式英语中，其名同与动词形式均为 practice。50.We should know these rules to make sure that both guests and hosts are comfortable at the table.我们应该知道这些规则确保坐在桌子边的客人和主人都轻松自在。make sure“弄清楚，务必，确信”，接 that 引导的宾语从句，有时也与 of/about 连用。I make sure that I have turned the tap off.我确信我已关上了水龙头。Please make sure of the time and place.请弄清楚时间、地点。be sure of/that.“对有把握，确信”，主语是人。He is sure of success.=He is sure that he will succeed.他确信他会成功。be sure to do sth 主语可以是人也可以是物，表示说话人的推测，有“一定，必然会”之意。18Hes sure to win.他一定会赢。It is sure to rain.天准会下雨。51.at the table“在桌子旁”，不一定在吃饭。He often reads newspapers at the table.他经常在桌子旁看报纸。at table“在吃饭”，at+名词，表示状态。Tom and his parents are at table now.汤姆和他父母正在吃饭。类似的用法还有：go to prison 入狱 go to the prison 去监狱in bed 睡觉，卧床 in the bed 在床上go to school 去上学 go to the school 去学校go to church 做礼拜 go to the church 去教堂52.We are going to hold a talk on good table manners.我们打算举办有关良好餐桌礼仪的报告。on 介词，“关于”。The book is on science.这本书是关于科学方面的。on关于侧重论述，较正式，多用于学术报告、专著、国际形势等方面的内容about关于侧重叙事，多用于个人事迹、故事内容、一般的书籍及内容浅显的问题等Do you have a book on the computer?你有一本关于电脑的书吗？I have a book about Lei Feng.我有一本关于雷锋的书。53.above all“首先，首要的是”Above all,the food is free.首先，食物是免费的。Above all，make sure you keep in touch.首要的是，你们一定要保持联系。above all首先，首要的是强调需要特别对待，类似 especially19first of all首先，开始，第一表示次序，相当于 at first after all毕竟，终究，到底表示一种让步语气Above all,make sure you keep in touch.首要的是，你们一定要保持联系。First of all，cut the apples up.首先，把苹果切碎。He is a child after all.他毕竟是个孩子。