simplewordstress.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Lecture 8,Simple Word Stress,Contents,The Nature of Stress,Levels of Stress,Placement of Stress within the Word,Simplified Models,Revision Questions,What are the four types of peak for weak syllables?,/,i,u,a syllabic consonant,Name the syllabic consonants and exemplify them.,Dark/l/,/n/,and/r/.,The syllabic/n/occurs in a weak syllable,but it does not occur:,After/l,t,d,/or after“nasal+plosive”.,Pronounce the following:,/,k,tl,/,m,dl,/,k,pl,/,tr,bl,/,str,gl,/,n,kl,/,/,p,nl,/,p,:,sl,/k,:,nl,/,m,D,dl,/,pe,dl,/,me,tl,/,/,re,tn,/,g,:,dn,/,f,:,sn,/,d,zn,/,D,p,r,e,n,/,/,D,fn,/,se,vn,/,v,n,/,h,p,n,/,:,b,n,/,/,s,l,n,/,/,kr,s,t,n,/,p,d,n,/,b,n,d,n,/,l,n,t,n,/,history wanderer momentary,flattery secretary lavatory ordinary,/,n,nl,/,l,trl,/,v,nr,/,vetrn,/,The Nature of Stress,What are the characteristics of stressed syllables that enable us to identify them?,2 different ways of approaching this question:,-the point of view of,production,:,-,more muscular energy&high,subglottal,pressure,-the point of view of,perception,:,-,the common characteristic of all stressed syllables:,prominence,.,The 2 points of view are closely related,but are not identical.,From the point of view of perception,the common characteristic of all stressed syllables:,prominence,.,What contributes to prominence?(,P.86),Loudness,响度,Length,音长,Pitch,音高,Quality,音质,Generally the four work together in combination.The strongest effect is produced by,pitch,and,length,.Loudness and quality have less effect.,By phonetic characteristics,English syllables are classified into,strong,syllables and,weak,syllables.By prominence,English syllables are divided into,stressed,syllables,and,unstressed,syllables,.,Strong syllables can be either stressed or unstressed;but weak syllables are unstressed in all cases.,stressed(/,f,U,t,U,/),strong syllables,unstressed(/,fel,U,/),weak syllables unstressed(/,bel,i,/,/,me,tl,/),Levels of stress:,Primary stress(),Secondary stress(),Unstressed syllable(no mark),Read the following words:,photograph photographer photographic,/,f,U,t,gr,f,/,f,t,D,gr,f,/,f,U,t,gr,f,k,/,It is worth noting that unstressed syllables containing/,/i,U,/u,/or a syllabic consonant will sound less prominent than an unstressed syllable containing some other vowel.E.g.:,poetic /,p,U,et,k,/pathetic /,p,et,k,/,domain /,d,U,m,e,n,/decide /,d,s,a,d,/,metro /,me,tr,U,/meddle /,me,dl,/,Placement of stress within the word,In order to decide on stress placement,it is necessary to make use of some or all of the following information:,1.Simple or complex,2.Grammatical category,3.,Number of syllables,4.Phonological structure,Can you summarize the rules of stress listed in the textbook?,-monosyllables receive primary stress when pronounced in isolation,-2-syllable words:P89,-3-syllable words:P90,Your comments on the rules?,Too complex and many exceptions.,2 Simplified Models:,According to number of syllables:,a.,The only syllable in a monosyllable,单音节词,receives the stress when the word is pronounced alone.,b.words of two or three syllables are generally stressed on the first syllable,e.g.:,u,sage,ob,ject,peo,ple,pro,cess,won,der,sy,llable,te,rrible,pro,minent,qua,lity,se,veral,c.Words of four or more syllables are usually stressed on the last syllable but two,e.g.:,A,me,rica,in,te,lligent,par,ti,cular,ne,ce,ssity,According to phonological structure:,the length of peak,:the syllable containing a long vowel or a diphthong tends to be stressed.,the quality of peak,:if the peak is sonorant,the syllable tends to be stressed.,the rhyme:,if the rhyme is composed of more phonemes,the syllable tends to be stressed.,Assign stress to the following:,/,hlb,d,/,/h,:,ldn,/,/,he,m,/,/,m,rnd,/,/,ma,ri,/,/,U,pi,t,/,/,p,D,tu:n,/,p,ns,nbi,/,/,trnzkt,/,de,fe,/,/,hl,b,d,/,/,h,:,l,dn,/,/,he,m,/,/,m,rn,d,/,/,ma,ri,/,/,U,pi,t,/,/,p,D,tu:n,/,p,n,s,nbi,/,/,trn,zkt,/,de,fe,/,Transcribe the following words&assign stress to them:,debate razor propose season,argue coffee quality analysis,attract react resurrect attention,Reference:,debate razor propose season,/,d,b,e,t,/,r,e,z,/,pr,p,U,z,/,si:,zn,/,argue coffee quality analysis,/,:,gju,:/,k,D,fi,/,kw,D,l,ti,/,nl,s,s,/,attract react,ressurrect,attention,/,trkt,/,ri,kt,/,rez,rekt,/,ten,n,/,Exceptions:,in,tellect,sa,tellite,a,libi fellow,/,n,t,lekt,/,st,la,t,/,l,ba,/,fel,U,/,Further Problems:,Alternative stress patterns,Stress shift,Generative phonology(Chomsky and,Halle,),This school tries to design a set of phonological rules on the basis of which we can generate or produce decent language.,“Every rule leaks.”,There are no hard-and-fast rules in the field of language.(David Crystal),Homework,Transcribe the following words and assign the word stress:,democracy retort advantage testimony appliance catastrophe monotony synonymy apparatus represent recommend transcribe,N.B.:,Do not copy from the dictionary.,Preview the following chapter(Chapter 11).,What is the rule for compound word stress?,When does stress shift occur?,