如何学习和记忆英语单词.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,英语单词记忆方法,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,一、如何学习英语单词,1,、,The definition of a word:,A smallest free form for human communication,it is a unity of sound and meaning and can perform a given syntactic function in a sentence.,2,、,The components of a word:,(1)Form:both the oral form(pronunciation)and the,written form(spelling).,(2)Meaning:the different kinds of meaning,(3)Its function in a sentence,1,英语单词记忆方法,一、如何学习英语单词,2.1.1 The form of a word:,*Pronunciation:,To be able to read the word correctly,not just the each syllable of a word but also the stress of that word.Pronunciation is a very basic element in learning a word,because in most cases we communicate in sounds,we speak more than we write.In other words,speaking the language is the most efficient and effective means for communication.So learning of a word starts with learning the pronunciation of it.,2,英语单词记忆方法,一、如何学习英语单词,*Spelling:,Spelling refers to how to write a word correctly.Each word in English has their own written form.After learning the pronunciation of a word,then we need to move to the spelling of it.The spelling of a word is the other direct form of a word which tells us,which word it is and what meaning it entails.,To learn the spelling of a word means to learn all the letters in it and also to learn the correct order of the letters,for it you reverse the order of the letters or if you miss a letter,you may get a different word.,E.g.friend-fiend dog-god,3,英语单词记忆方法,一、如何学习英语单词,Meaning:,Usually,we think that the meaning of a word refers to its meaning in a dictionary.But this is just one aspect of its meaning.The meaning of a word comprises several different kinds of meanings,，,like the grammatical meaning,the lexical meaning,conceptual meaning,associative meaning,connotative meaning,stylistic meaning,affective meaning,and,collocative,meaning,as shown in the following diagram:,4,英语单词记忆方法,Different Types of Word Meaning,Conceptual,Meaning,Associative,Meaning,Stylistic meaning,Collocative,meaning,Affective meaning,Connotative meaning,Grammatical,Meaning,Lexical,Meaning,Word Meaning,5,English lexicology(III),一、如何学习英语单词,From the above diagram,we know that the meaning of a word doesnt actually refer to the meaning or the meanings in a dictionary.The meaning of a words includes different aspects,all these meaning forms the meaning of that word,and they should be learned as a whole.,Here I want to stress that we need especially pay attention to the usage of a word,I mean,how to use a word correctly,not just the meaning is correct,but also the right form,as well as the right collocation.,6,英语单词记忆方法,二、如何记忆英语单词,7,英语单词记忆方法,一、英语单词记忆困难的原因,在学习一门外语时,最令人头痛的问题是记忆单词,学习英语亦不例外。无论在中小学或大学,学生抱怨最多的是记不住单词,学生所遇到的最大障碍仍然是生词多。英国学者,H.Pierson,在,1990,年,英语语言教学,杂志上撰文指出,:”,多数,(,中国,),大学生虽然已受过至少,14,年的正规英语教育,许多人却还是对读原文没有把握,.,他们的困难仅仅是由词引起的”,(,盛建元,外语界,1996/1 P48),。,8,英语单词记忆方法,一、英语单词学习困难的原因,造成这种结果的原因主要有以下几个方面,:,第一,学习英语的自然环境不够理想,只靠课内几个小时,下课后很少或及乎用不到英语。第二,课文的趣味性不够,不能吸引学生主动地去复习。第三,对学习英语的重要性认识不足,缺乏主动性和明确的学习目标。第四,记忆方法不当,对数量繁多的词汇产生畏惧心理。学习环境、教材在短期内不会有太大改变,提高认识有个过程。大家知道,科学的记忆方法能增强记忆,而好的记忆力在学习过程中是非常重要的,下面将对记单词的方法作一简要的介绍。,9,英语单词记忆方法,(,一,),分类记忆法,斯坦福大学进行的一项研究表明,把单词分门别类记忆效果要好于把单词混在一起记忆,因为在记单词时可把新学过的词同已经学过的词以某种关系联系在一起记忆,以达到复习巩固的目的。如,:,交通工具类,:,carriage/cart/car/truck(lorry)/bus/train/plane/helicopter/ship/hovercraft/spacecraft/taxi,衣物鞋帽类,:coat/shirt/dress/blouse/T-shirt/suit/jeans/trousers/shoes/sport-shoes/stockings/vest/jackets,文具类,:pen/pencil/ball-pen/color-pencil/paper/book/exercise-book/note-book/ink/brush/eraser/ruler,10,英语单词记忆方法,(,一,),分类记忆法,职业类,:doctor/teacher/worker/businessman/broker/pilot/butcher/actor/actress/driver/police-man,语言类,:,English/Chinese/Japanese/German/French/Italian,/Spanish/Arabian/Polish/Swedish/Russian/Portuguese,球类运动,:,basketball/football/table/tennis/badminton/tennis/soccer/,waterpolo,/polo/softball/cricket/rugby,11,英语单词记忆方法,二、根据构词法规律记忆单词,英语单词的构成有一定规律可循,发现并掌握该规律有助于记忆。词缀法,(affixation),是一种主要构词方法之一,即加前缀或后缀构成新词。,1.,根据词缀法记单词,1),前缀,dis,-,表示“不、分离、除去、剥夺”的意义,记住这些前缀的意义,在遇到带有该前缀的生词时,可猜测其意义。如,:,12,英语单词记忆方法,二、根据构词法规律记忆单词,disagree/dislike/displease/disable/disadvantage/disapprove/disarm/disbelieve/disclose/discomfort/disconnected/discontinue/discourage/discover/dishonest/disorder/distrust/dissatisfy,2),前缀,over-hyper-super-,表示“太、过度、超过、超”,如,:,overwork/overeat/oversleep/overestimate/overdone/overload/over-careful/overcharge/overconfident/overcrowded/overtime/overweight/oversupply/hyperacid/hypercritical/hyper-pure/supermarket/supernatural/superpower/superconductor/superheat/super-high frequency/superman/super-profit/supersonic.,13,英语单词记忆方法,二、根据构词法规律记忆单词,一般来讲,前缀不改变词性,但前缀,en-,往往改变词性,如,:enlarge/enable/,enpower,/endanger/enclose/encase/enchain/encode/encourage/enforce/enrich/enslave,而后缀改变词性,下面举一些表示”人、者、家、员、师”的后缀为例。,3),后缀,-,er,achiever/addresser/addressor/adventurer/adviser/advisor/baker/banker/beginner/bomber/builder/butcher/carrier/consumer/commander/composer/customer/dancer/diver,14,英语单词记忆方法,二、根据构词法规律记忆单词,4),后缀,-or actor/author/ambassador/benefactor/calculator/collector/competitor/conductor/conqueror/director/editor/educator/governor/inspector/instructor/inventor/investigator/successor/translator/visitor,5),后缀,-,ee,addressee/employee/examinee/interviewee/payee/trainee/absentee/refugee/appointee/payee,6),后缀,-,ist,capitalist/chemist/conversationalist/dentist/fascist/geologist/Marxist/physicist/pianist/terrorist/tourist,15,英语单词记忆方法,二、根据构词法规律记忆单词,7),后缀,-,ess,actress/goddess/governess/hostess/princess/stewardess/tigress/waitress,8),后缀,-,ian,beautician/electrician/magician/musician/technician,9),后缀,-ant,accountant/applicant/attendant/dependant/participant/tenant,16,英语单词记忆方法,三、联想记忆法,联想记忆指由一个词想到与该词有某种关系的另一些词,.,1),利用词汇上下义关系进行联想英语中有些词的词义下属于另一个词,如,:baby/child/man/woman,称为下义词,(,下坐标词,hyponyms),human being,称为上义词,(,上坐标词,super-ordinate),。,(,汪榕培、李冬,),。在复习生词时,可采用上下义关系来帮助回忆学过的词,如先给出共同下义词,:car/bus/lorry(truck)/van/motorcycle/train,让学生写出上义词,vehicle,。在帮助学生复习学习用 品类的词汇时,先给出,stationery,然后启发学生联想出下义词,:ruler/pen/pencil/textbook/eraser/schoolbag/calculator.,17,英语单词记忆方法,三、联想记忆法,2),根据词汇的反义关系进行联想,英语中反义词很多,经常进行反义词的联想,可,提高词的再现率,根据教育心理学理论,再现率越高,则记忆效果越好。如,:,single/married right/wrong,male/female alive/dead true/false old/young,big/small buy/sell lend/borrow doctor/patient,teacher/student easy/difficult hard/soft,18,英语单词记忆方法,三、联想记忆法,3),利用同音不同形的词展开联想，在视觉材料上进行拼写比较,在听力材料上进行意义辨别和判断,不仅会加强记忆,对提高听力也会起到帮助作用。如,:,die/dye father/farther flea/flee flower/flour here/hear there/their know/no mail/male pair/pear buy/by son/sun sale/sail seem/seam/cease/seize/sole/soul /sow/sew/steel/steal/two/too tail/tale piece/peace plane/plain principle/principal,past/passed stationery/stationary week/weak meat/meet weight/wait whether/weather one/won,19,英语单词记忆方法,四、对比记忆法,把拼写相近,词形易混淆的词进行对照与比较,观察单词的相同和不同之处,加深印象,以达到熟记之目的。汉语教学中也常常采用该方法,如让学生通过区别来熟记下列汉字,:,毫,-,亳,拔,-,拨,端,-,瑞,盲,-,肓,崇,-,祟。,如：,mental/metal prize/price shape/sharp/fell/fall/feel drown/down/dawn proceed/precede event/even/ever construction/destruction/instruction peace/pace,number/member board/broad/abroad perform/deform inform/reform attack/attach/attack lose/loss/loose/loosen,20,英语单词记忆方法,四、对比记忆法,respect/inspect/aspect expect/except/expert,suit/suite attitude/altitude through/though,thought/thorough adapt/adopt/adept extract/abstract/exact/distract,custom/customer/costume/consume/accustom knowledge/acknowledge across/cross/,distribute/attribute describe/ascribe,access/assess/excess/excel assign/design/resign,award/reward bear/beard/beer belief/relief/betray/battery,21,英语单词记忆方法,五、中英文翻译记忆法,人们对记忆单词感到困难,其主要原因是再现率低,使用机,会少,尤其在业余时间使用英语的机会就更少。中英文翻译法,就是把用眼睛看到的、耳朵听到的有意地去翻译成英语,使,语词汇保持和再现在脑海里,防止遗忘。如,:,一个人除了八小,时的工作与学习外,还要去食堂买饭,去市场购物,去看医生,去娱乐和运动,会朋友,聊天,如果在这些活动中把所看到的文,字、画图、现象,把听到的话语、故事、笑话翻译成英语,就,会再现很多英语词汇,这样就等于营造了一个英语环境,置身,于英语世界。通过以上方式,经常再现和复习已学过的词汇,就记得住、记得牢。科学的记忆方法是和教育学、心理学、,应用语言学的研究密不可分的,上述方法的提出只是想抛砖引,玉。,22,英语单词记忆方法,