英语语言学A-New-Concise-Course-in-Linguistics-for-Stude.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,A New Concise Course in Linguistics for Students of English,Course Introduction,Nature of the Course,Compulsory:2 credit scores,Interesting and dull,Useful:logical thinking training(theories are weapons),Course requirements,The fields of study covered by linguistics,Basic concepts,Basic theories,Course evaluation,General Policy,regular attendance,class participation,final exam,*Note to Course Policy,Absence Penalty:5-score penalty for each absence,Contribution Award:2-5 scores for class contribution,Course Contents:an overview,Introduction(week1&3,week 2 holiday),Phonology(week 4&6,week 5 holiday),Morphology(week 7),Syntax(week 8),Semantics(week 9),Pragmatics(week 10),Language Change(week 11),Language and Society(week 12),Language and Culture(week 13),Language Acquisition(week 14),Second Language Acquisition(week 15),Language and Brain(week 16),Review(week 17),What is language?,The question,“,what is language?,”,is,comparable with,and,some would say,hardly less profound than,“,what is life,?,”,-John Lyons,The languages of the world,The origin of language,The definition of language,The defining features of language,The function of language,Discussion,1)How many languages are there in,the world?,2)How many languages can you,speak?,3)How many dialects can you speak?,4)Whats your attitude towards,dialects?,Some interesting ideas about language,(1)Children learn their native language,swiftly,efficiently and without instruction.,(2)Language operates by rules.,(3)All languages have three major components:a sound system,a system of lexicogrammar and a system of semantics.,(4)Everyone speaks a dialect,.,Some interesting ideas about language,(5)Language slowly changes.,(6)Speakers of all languages employ a,range of styles and a set of jargons.,(7)Languages are intimately related to the,societies and individuals who use them.,(8)Writing is derivative of speech.,(,胡壮麟，,2001:1-2),There are over 100 language families in the world.Top ten are as follows:,1.The Indo-European Family,印欧语系,2.The Uralic Family,乌拉尔语系,3.The Altaic Family,阿尔泰语系,4.The Sino-Tibetan Family,汉藏语系,5.The Malayo-Polynesian Family,南岛语系（马来,波里尼西亚语系）,6.The Afro-Asiatic Family,亚非语系（闪含语系）,7.The Caucasian Family,高加索语系,8.The Dravidian Family,达罗毗荼语系,9.Austro-Asiatic Family,南亚语系,10.Niger-Congo Family,尼日尔,刚果语系,The invention theory,Imitative,Cries of nature,The grunts of men working together,The Evolutionary Theory,Jack et al.(1985)in,Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics,define language as the system of,human communication,by means of a,structured,arrangement of sounds(or their written representation)to form larger units,e.g.morphemes,words,sentences.,Language is a,system,of,arbitrary vocal symbols,used for,human communication(p.7),.,System,:elements of language are combined according to rules(p.7).,Arbitrary,:there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for(p.7 last line).,Vocal,:because the primary medium for all languages is sound(p.8,para.2).,Human,:language is human specific,different from animals communication systems,such as birds songs,bee dances,and so on(p 8,para.3).,Language is Systematic,Each human language is organized into two basic systems:a system of sounds and a system of meanings.,Sound Meaning,Language is Symbolic,The conception of,sign,has evolved through a long history of philosophical discussions,dating back to the Middle Ages.,There has been a discipline to study the workings of signs.,Saussure,called it,semiology,（符号学）,and,Peirce,termed it,semiotics.,Arbitrariness,Arbitrariness does not mean that everything about language is unpredictable but that human languages use neutral symbols.,The forms of linguistic signs bear no natural resemblance to their meaning,.,The link between them is a matter of convention,（惯例）,and conventions differ radically across languages.,The concept of arbitrariness is fully explained by Saussure,According to Saussure(1959:66),the linguistic signs unites,not a thing and a name,but a concept and a sound-image,（声音形象）,.The sound-image is not the material sound but the psychological imprint,（烙印）,of the sound,the impression it makes on our senses.He regards the linguistic sign as a two-sided psychological entity that can be represented by the following drawing:,Arbitrariness,Arbitrariness is the result of the need to express and code a wide range of meanings.The speaker of a language,based upon the convention established in the speech community,associates linguistic signs with things and concepts.,Arbitrariness,Language is Primarily Vocal,Language Is Used for Communication,Language is the result of our communicative needs.Its attractiveness comes from its social utility.,Through language we can do things animals cannot.,Language allows us to talk about anything to each other within their realm of knowledge and express our communicative purposes.,We can use language to live,work,and play together.,We can also use language to tell the truth or to tell a lie.,Language enables us to communicate our general attitudes toward life and others,and create what the anthropologist Malinowski,（马林诺夫斯基）,called,“,a phatic,（交流情感的）,communion.,Design features of language(,语言的识别特征,),Arbitrariness,任意性,Productivity,多产性,Duality,二重性,Displacement,不受时空限制性,Cultural transmission,文化传递性,Design features of language,Definition,Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguishes it from any animal system of communication(p.8).,Five Features:,1.Arbitrariness,It means that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural,relationship to their meaning.,(1),Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning.E.g.onomatopoeic words,(2)Arbitrariness at the syntactic level.Syntax is less arbitrary than words,especially in so far as order is concerned.,(3),Arbitrariness and convention.Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative,and conventionality of language makes learning a language laborious(,胡壮麟，,2001:4-6).,2.Productivity/Creativity:,Speakers of a language can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences,including sentences they have never heard before.Productivity is unique to human language.,3.Duality,language is simultaneously organized at two levels or layers,namely,the level of sounds and that of meaning.,the higher level-words which are meaningful;,the lower or the basic level-sounds which are meaningless,but can be grouped and regrouped into words.,The advantage of duality lies in the great productive power our language is endowed with:,A large number of different units can be formed out of small number of elements.,For instance,tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds,around 48 in the case of the English language.,And out of the huge number of words,there can be endless number of sentences,which in turn can form unlimited number of texts.,Duality of structure is unique to human language:,Many animals communicate with special calls,which have corresponding meanings.That is,the primary units have meanings but cannot be further divided into elements.,So we say animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language,the property of duality.,Consequently,the communicative power of animal language is highly limited.,4.Displacement,Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present,real or imagined matters in the past,present,or future,or in far-away places.,5.Cultural transmission,While animal call systems are genetically transmitted,i.e.,animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of call peculiar to their species,the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted,but have to be taught and,learned,The functions of language,a tool of communication,1.Hello!,Phatic,（寒暄）,2.Get out of my way.,Directive,3.The earth revolves around the sun.,Informative,4.Do you know his hobby?,Interrogative,5.I hate her.E,xpressive,6.How do you like,Jack?,Evocative,（表达感情）,7.I thereby declare the meeting open.,Performative,The functions of language,1,Informative function,Language is the instrument of thought and people often feel need to speak their thoughts aloud as when they are working on a math problem,The functions of language,2,.,Interpersonal function,By interpersonal function people establish and maintain their status in a society.In the framework of functional grammar,this function is concerned with interaction between the addresser and addressee in the discourse situation and the addressers attitude toward what he speaks or writes about.For example,Dear Sir,Dear Professor,Johnny,yours,your obedient servant.,The functions of language,3,.,Performative function,The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons,as in marriage ceremonies,the sentencing of criminals,the blessing of children,the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony,and the cursing of enemies.,The functions of language,4.Emotive function,The emotive function of language is one of the most powerful uses of languages because it is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.It is a means of getting rid of our nervous energy when we are under stress.E.g.God,My,Dam it,Wow,What a sight!,The functions of language,5,.Phatic communion,It originates from Malinowakys study of the functions of language performed by Trobriand Islanders.This function refers to expressions that help define and maintain interpersonal relations,such as slang,jokes,jargons,ritualistic exchanges,switches to social and regional dialects.,The functions of language,6,.Recreational function,It refers to the sheer joy of using it,such s a babys babbling or a chanters chanting,verbal dueling(,对歌）,poetry writing.,The functions of language,7.Metalingual,（元语言）,function,Our language can be used to talk about itself.For example,I can use the word,book,to talk about a book,and I can also use the expression the word,book,to talk about the sign“book”itself.,(,胡壮麟，,2001:10-16).,The functions of language,General(3),Jakobson(6),Halliday(3),Descriptive(informative),Emotive,Ideational,Expressive(emotive),Conative,interpersonal,Social(interpersonal),Referential,textual,Poetic,Phatic communion,Metalinguistic,1.Which of the following words is the entire arbitrary one?,A.Crash B.Book C.Newspaper D.Beautiful,2.Children can speak before they can read or write shows that,A.language is basically vocal,B.language is arbitrary,C.language is used for communication,D.language is productive,3.All human languages are organized on two levels:the sound level,meaningless,the grammatical level,meaningful.This means language has the design feature of,.,A.creative B.changeable C.arbitrary D.duality,References,Poole,Stuart C.1999.,An Introduction to Linguistics.,Beijing:,Macmillan Publishers Ltd.and Foreign Language Teaching and,Research Press,Richards,J.C.et al.2000.,Longman Dictionary of,Language Teaching&Applied Linguistics.,Beijing:,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,戴炜栋、何兆熊，,2002,，新编简明英语语言学教程，上海：上海外语教育出版社,。,胡壮麟，,1988,，语言学教程,(,英文版,),，北京：北京大学出版,社。,胡壮麟，,2001,，语言学教程（修订版）,(,英文版,),，北京：北,京大学出版社。,陈新仁，,2007,，英语语言学实用教程，苏州：苏州大学,出版社。,