英语二学历-语言学的课件03-Phonetics.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,*,Phonetics,-Chapter Three,2026/10/25,1,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Contents,I.,Definition of Phonetics,;,II.,International Phonetic Alphabet,;,III.,Branches of Phonetics,;,IV.,Articulatory Phonetics,.,2026/10/25,2,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,语音学就是对在所有人类语言或某种语言中用来表意的语音的科学研究。,I.Definition of Phonetics,Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds which are used by all human languages or by a particular language to represent meanings.,2026/10/25,3,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,II.International Phonetic Alphabet,2.1,What is it,?;,2.2,Why do we use it?,;,2.3,How do we use it,?.,2026/10/25,4,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,国际音标字母表,2.1,What is it?,International Phonetic Alphabet(shortened as IPA)is the phonetic alphabet designed by the International Phonetic Association(also shortened as IPA)in 1888 to be used to represent the sounds found in all human languages.,2026/10/25,5,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,2.2 Why do we use it?,The first reason is that,there is,usually,a discrepancy between pronunciation and spelling,of many languages;,The second reason is that,we need an orthography,as far as linguistic study is concerned.,2026/10/25,6,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,broad/narrow transcription,宽式和严式标音,When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription,it is called a,broad transcription,.,The use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as a,narrow transcription,.,Both are,phonetic transcriptions,so we put both forms in square brackets .,2026/10/25,9,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Common Phonemic Rules,Aspiration,h,Unreleased Stop ,Flap,Dental Consonants,Velarization,Voicelessness,Vowel lengthening,Vowel nasalization,2026/10/25,10,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,2026/10/25,11,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,III.Branches of Phonetics,Articulatory Phonetics,Acoustic Phonetics,Auditory Phonetics,2026/10/25,12,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Articulatory Phonetics,（,发音语音学）:,is the study of the way in which speech sounds are made by the vocal organs;,Acoustic Phonetics,（,声学语音学）:,is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds as transmitted between mouth and ear;,Auditory Phonetics,（,听觉语音学）:,is the study of the perceptual response to speech sounds as mediated by ear,auditory nerve and brain.,2026/10/25,13,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,IV.Articulatory Phonetics,4.1,Articulatory Organs,;,4.2,English Consonants,;,4.3,English Vowels,;,4.4,Natural Classes of Sounds,;,4.5,Binary Feature Description of Sounds,.,2026/10/25,14,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Oral Cavity,（口腔）,Pharynx,（咽）,Larynx（,喉）,vocal cords&glottis,Nasal Cavity,（鼻腔）,The Four Cavities,2026/10/25,15,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,10.Larynx（,喉）,The Speech Organs,1.Lips（,唇）,2.Teeth（,齿）,3.Alveolar ridge（,齿龈）,7.Tip of the tongue（,舌尖）,4.Palate（,硬腭）,8.Blade of the tongue（,舌面）,9.Back of the tongue（,舌背）,11.Pharynx（,咽）,12.Nasal cavity（,鼻腔）,.,5.Velum（,软腭）,6.Uvula（,小舌）,.,.,.,2026/10/25,16,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Anatomy of the Vocal Tract,2026/10/25,17,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,2026/10/25,18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Anatomy of the larynx,2026/10/25,19,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Vocal Cords and Glottis,声带,声门,2026/10/25,20,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Speech production,levels,Respiration(sub-glottal activity),How do we control our breathing to help our speech communication?,Phonation(glottal/laryngeal activity),How do we control our vocal-folds to help our speech communication?,Articulation(supra-glottal activity),How do we control our articulators to help our speech communication?,2026/10/25,21,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,English Phonemes,English Consonants,English Vowels,There are 24 English consonants,.,There are 20 English vowels,.,2026/10/25,22,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,4.2 English Consonants,4.2.1,Definition,;,4.2.2,Subdivisions,;,4.2.3,Some other issues,.,2026/10/25,23,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,辅音,就是发音过程中声道闭塞或变窄，气流或被完全阻塞或受阻到产生可闻摩擦的程度时发出的音。,4.2.1,Definition,A,consonant,is a speech sound made by a closure or narrowing in the vocal tract so that the airflow is either completely blocked,or so restricted that audible friction is produced.,2026/10/25,24,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,4.2.2 Subdivisions,4.2.2.1,Places of articulation,（,发音部位）:,It means the part of the vocal tract at which the airstream is constricted,obstructed or blocked;,TABLE,2026/10/25,25,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Place,where,sounds are produced,2026/10/25,26,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,4.2.2.2,Manners of articulation,（,发音方式）:,It means the way the airstream is obstructed as it travels through the vocal tract.,2026/10/25,27,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,4.2.2.1,Places of articulation,Bilabials（,双唇音）:,p b m,w;,Labiodentals（,唇齿音）:,f v;,Interdentals（,齿间音）:,;,Alveolars（,齿龈音）:,t d n s z l r;,Palatals（,硬腭音）:,j,;,Velars（,软腭音）:,k g,;,Glottal（,声门音）:,h.,2026/10/25,28,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,4.2.2.2 Manners of articulation,Stops（,爆破音）:,Oral stops:,p,b,t,d,k,g;,Nasal stops:,m n,;,Fricatives（,摩擦音）:,f,v,s,z,h,;,Affricates（,破擦音）:,;,Liquids（,流音）:,l r;,Glides（,滑音）:,j,w;,Voiceless,vs.Voiced Sounds（,清/浊音）.,Stops,are the sounds in which the airflow is briefly but completely stopped in the,oral,cavity.,Fricatives,are the sounds produced with so narrow a constriction in the vocal tract as to create sound through friction.,Affricates,are the sounds produced by a stop closure followed immediately by a slow release characteristic of a fricative.,Liquids,are all of the apico-alveolar sounds that release the airstream from one or both sides of the mouth.,Glides,are sounds produced with little or no obstruction of the airstream that is always preceded or followed by a vowel.,Voiceless,sounds are those produced with open,non-vibrating vocal cords;while,voiced,sounds with vibrating vocal cords.,.,2026/10/25,29,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Manners of articulation,(Median)Approximant,(,中）通音,:an articulation in which one articulator is close to another,but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced.i.e.w,r,j,Lateral(approximant),边（通）音,:obstruction of the airstream at a point along the center of the oral tract,with incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth,such as l in English.,2026/10/25,30,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Table of English Consonants,Places,Manners,Bilabials,Labiodentals,Interdentals,Alveolars,Palatals,Velars,Glottal,Stops,Oral,p,t,k,b,d,g,Nasal,m,n,Fricatives,f,s,h,v,z,Affricates,Liquids,l,r,Glides,w,j,Voiceless bilabial stop,Voiced bilabial stop,Voiceless alveolar stop,Voiced alveolar stop,Voiceless velar stop,Voiced velar stop,bilabial nasal,alveolar nasal,velar nasal,voiceless labiodental fricative,voiced labiodental fricative,voiceless interdental fricative,voiced interdental fricative,voiceless alveolar fricative,voiced alveolar fricative,voiceless palatal fricative,voiced palatal fricative,glottal fricative,voiceless palatal affricate,voiced palatal affricate,lateral（,旁流音）,retroflex（,卷舌音）,bilabial glide,palatal glide,.,2026/10/25,31,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,2026/10/25,32,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,2026/10/25,33,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,The pronunciation of/p/and/b/,2026/10/25,34,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,The pronunciation of/t/and/d/,2026/10/25,35,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,The pronunciation of/k/and/,g,/,2026/10/25,36,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,2026/10/25,37,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Allophonic variations of/p/,AllophoneOccurrence Example,p,h,Aspirated release in initial word and stressed positionspoke,p,-,Unreleased in word final position top ten,p,Unaspirated release in clusters,esp.after/s/spot,p:Lengthening,when arresting/p/is followed by a releasing/p/Stop Pete.,p,Nasal release,before a syllabic nasalStop him.,2026/10/25,38,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Allophonic variations of/b/,AllophoneOccurrence Example,b-Unreleased in word final position rob,b:lengthened when arresting/b/is followed by a releasing/b/Rob Bob,b,Nasal resonance,before a syllabic nasal Rob him.,2026/10/25,39,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Allophonic variations of/t/,AllophoneOccurrence Example,t,h,Aspirated release in initial word and stressed positionstape,t,-,Unreleased in word final position coat hanger,t,Unaspirated release in clusters,esp.after/s/stop,t:Lengthening,when arresting/t/is followed by a releasing/t/Get ten.,t,Nasal release,before a syllabic nasalbutton,t,Dentalized before/,/eighth,Flapped,intervocalicallyletter,Glottal stop,before syllabic n or lbutton,battle,2026/10/25,40,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Allophonic variations of/d/,AllophoneOccurrence Example,d,Dentalized before an interdental width,d,-,Unreleased in word final position lead glass,d,l,Bilateral release with/l/middle,d:,Lengthened when arresting/d/is followed by a releasing/d/sad Dave,d,Nasal release,before a syllabic nasal bread and butter,2026/10/25,41,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Allophonic variations of/k/,AllophoneOccurrence Example,k,h,Aspirated release in initial word and stressed positionskeep,k,-,Unreleased in word final position take mine,k,Unaspirated release in clusters,esp.after/s/sky,k:Lengthening,when arresting/k/is followed by releasing/k/Take Kim.,k,Nasal release,before a syllabic nasalbeacon,kl,Bilateral release with/l/clock,c or kAssimilated to a front vowelkeen,Glottal stop,before syllabic n bacon,k,w,Rounded,before a rounded soundquarter,2026/10/25,42,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Allophonic variations of/,g,/,AllophoneOccurrence Example,g,-,Unreleased in word final position and some clusters flag,g,:,Lengthened when arresting/,g,/is followed by a releasing/,g,/big grapes,g,l,Bilateral release with/l/glad,g,Nasal release,before a syllabic nasal pig and goat,g,Assimilated to a front vowel geese,g,w,Rounded,before a rounded sound goose,2026/10/25,43,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,2026/10/25,44,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,2026/10/25,45,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Labiodental(,唇齿音,):/f/v/,Dental(,齿音,):/,/,Side view for the articulation of/f/v/,/,2026/10/25,46,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,2026/10/25,47,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,2026/10/25,48,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Alveolar(,齿槽音,):/s/z/,Postalveolar(,后龈音,):,/,Side view for the articulation of/s/z/,/,/,/,/,2026/10/25,49,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,2026/10/25,50,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Postalveolar(,后龈音,):,/t/d/,Side view for the articulation of/,t/d,/,Postalveolar(,后龈音,):/,2026/10/25,51,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,2026/10/25,52,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Allophonic variations of/m/,Syllabic:something,Lengthened,when an arresting/m/is followed by a releasing/m/:some more,The labiodnetal nasal,when followed by/f/:comfort,2026/10/25,53,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,2026/10/25,54,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,2026/10/25,55,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Allophonic variations of/n/,Dentalized before a labiodental/f/or/v/:invite,Velarized before/k/or/,/:think,Syllabic:button,Lengthening,when/n/arrests and releases adjoining syllables:ten names,2026/10/25,56,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,2026/10/25,57,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Allophonic variations of/r/,Devoiced as in voiceless clusters:treat,The one-tap flap/r/:very,The retroflexed/r/:right,The back/r/,before or after/k/or/,/:crate grey,2026/10/25,58,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,2026/10/25,59,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,2026/10/25,60,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Allophonic variations of/l/,Syllabic:bottle,Clear-l,made with the tongue in the classical fronted position:lease,Dark-l,(the tongue tip and blade in the post alveolar position):call,Devoiced in consonant clusters with voiceless stops:play,The post-palatal,or velar/l/:milk,2026/10/25,61,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,2026/10/25,62,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,2026/10/25,63,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Vowel diagram for/,j,/,Vowel diagram for/,w,/,2026/10/25,64,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,2026/10/25,65,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,2026/10/25,66,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,4.2.3 Some other issues,More about Stops:,Plosives-another name for oral stops;,A glottal stop,as in,La,t,in,l,n,or,bo,tt,om,b,m,in American English;,More about Glides:,A voiceless labiovelar glide,(hw)as in,wh,ich,i,in American English;,2026/10/25,67,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,More about Retroflex:,A flap（,闪音）,r,as in,ve,r,y,in British English;,Approximants（,无摩擦连续音）:,A covering term for liquids,glides and vowels.,/w/,/r/,/j/,-They are called approximants because this is an articulation in which the articulators approach each other but do not get sufficiently close to each other to produce a complete consonant such as a stop,nasal or fricative.,2026/10/25,68,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,4.3,English Vowels,4.3.1,Definition,;,4.3.2 Subdivision,:,4.3.2.1,Criteria of Vowel Description,;,4.3.2.2,The Theory of Cardinal Vowels,;,4.3.2.3,Description of Monophthongs,;,4.3.2.4,Description of Diphthongs,.,2026/10/25,69,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,元音,是口腔内没有完全闭塞或收窄程度不足以产生可闻摩擦时发出的音。,4.3.1,Definition,A,vowel,is a speech sound articulated without a complete closure in the mouth or a degree of narrowing which would produce audible friction,.,2026/10/25,70,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,4.3.2.1 Criteria of Vowel Description,The vertical position of the tongue:,High（,高）,Mid（,中）,Low（,低）;,The horizontal position of the tongue:,Front（,前）,Center（,央）,Back（,后）;,The shape of the two lips:,Rounded（,圆唇）,Unrounded（,非圆唇）;,The tenseness of the muscles involved:,Tense（,紧）,Lax（,松）.,2026/10/25,71,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,vowels,vowels,Monophthongs,semi-vowel,vowel gli,des,Diphthongs triphthongs,2026/10/25,72,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Features of Vowels,Functionally,vowels are the basis of syllables.,Physically,vowels are musical.,Articulatorily,for vowels,airstream is not obstructed,and speech organs are tense.,2026/10/25,73,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,2026/10/25,74,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,General British&General American,GBGA,kit,ship,bridge,milk,myth,busy,dress,step,neck,edge,shelf,friend,trap,tap,back,badge,hand,cancel,lot,stop,sock,possible,quality,truck,cup,suck,budge,pulse,trunk,foot,put,bush,full,good,look,wolf,:,bath,staff,brass,ask,dance,calf,cloth,cough,broth,cross,long,:,rnurse,hurt,lurk,burst,jerk,term,i:ifleece,speak,leave,feel,key,people,2026/10/25,75,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,GBGA,e,e,face,tape,cake,raid,veil,steak,:,palm,psalm,father,bra,spa,larger,:,thought,taught,sauce,jaw,broad,o,goat,soap,joke,home,know,so,u:ugoose,loop,shoot,tomb,huge,view,a,a,price,ripe,write,arrive,try,buy,choice,avoid,noise,join,toy,royal,a,a,mouth,out,house,loud,crowd,cow,(rnear,beer,sincere,fear,beard,e,e,(rsquare,care,fair,pear,scarce,vary,:,(rstart,far,bark,carve,farm,heart,:,(rnorth,for,short,scorch,born,warm,:o(rforce,four,sport,porch,borne,story,(rcure,poor,tourist,pure,plural,jury,2026/10/25,76,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,基本元音,是由英国语音学家,D,琼斯,（1881-1967）,设计发明的。它是一套标准的参照点，为人们提供了一种精确地描写语言里元音的方法,。,4.3.2.2 The Theory of Cardinal Vowels,Cardinal vowels,are a set of standard reference points,devised by the British phonetician Daniel Jones(1881-1967),to provide a precise means of identifying of vowel sounds of a language.,Cardinal Vowel Diagram,2026/10/25,77,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Cardinal Vowels,a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined,fixed and unchanging,intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.,Daniel Jones(1962)Outline of English Phonetics,2026/10/25,78,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,(Daniel Jones 1881-1967),英国杰出的语音学家。他出生于伦敦，,1903,年获得剑桥数学专业学位。其父是律师，他于,1907,年也一度操此业。,1898,年，他到伦敦一所古安法学校学习法语，发现自己学语言很在行。,1900,年他在菲埃托家乡的一所语言学校学了一个月德语，首次接触到外语教学的语音法。他通过校长的介绍认识了帕西，在,1905-1906,年从师帕西学习语音学。,1906,年他学成回国，说服伦敦大学让他开设法语语音讲座。这为当地培训外语教师发挥了作用。讲座办得很成功。他继续干下去，直至办起了语音学系并亲自任教。,琼斯是个实践语音学家，他提倡在外语教学中采用语音学方法。他写过关于多种语言的语音专著，其中包括俄语、印地语、锡兰语和汉语粤方言。他提出“基准元音”的概念，首次借助“元音四边形”图示精确而系统地对元音加以描述。他认为音位由有关系的一族语音构成。他只承认元音、辅音是音位，不承认重音、语调是音位。他的主要著作有,英语语音,、,英语语音学纲要,、,英语正音词典,、,音位的性质和功用,、,莎士比亚原著读音,、,乔叟读音片段,、,拼音改革的语音方面,。他长期担任国际语音协会会刊,语音教师,的编辑，曾任协会的助理秘书、秘书和主席。从,1926,年,BBC,设立英语口语顾问委员会时起，他一直任该会委员。他又是简化拼法学会会员，,1946,年但任主席并致力于英语拼字法改革。他为多种语言创设了拼音文字，其中有拼写非洲语言的统一记音方案。,2026/10/25,79,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,2026/10/25,80,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,Cardinal Vowel Diagram,CV1 i,CV2 e,CV3,CV4 a,CV5,CV6,CV7 o,CV8 u,Front,Center,Back,High,Mid-high,Mid-low,L