英汉翻译.pptx

英汉翻译02Introduction1 Definitions of Translationn语内翻译语际翻译符际翻译（intra-lingual/inter-lingual/inter-semiotic translation）n1 Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor.n2 Translating is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual in another language.n3 Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message,first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.n4 Translation is an art that involves the recreation of a work in another language for readers with a different background.2 History of Translationn中国翻译简史n 1 东汉末年到宋代佛经翻译阶段；2 鸦片战争到1949年；3 新中国成立后。n西方翻译简史n1 罗马对希腊文明的继承；2 基督世界对两希文明的继承；3 伊斯兰文明对希腊文化的转换；4 文艺复兴时期的翻译；5 启蒙时代的翻译；6 现代性的翻译。3 Purpose of Translationn1 To contribute to the understanding and peace between nations,groups and individuals;n2 To transmit knowledge in plain,appropriate and accessible language,in particular in relation to technology transfer;n3 To explain and mediate between cultures on the basis of common humanity,respecting their strengths,implicitly exposing their weakness;n4 To translate the words great books,the universal works in which the human spirit is enshrined and lives;n5 As a general aid or as a skill required in the acquisition of a foreign language.4 Classification of Translation1文学翻译 Literary translationn小说 n诗歌 n散文n戏剧n童话n传记n2 Written (whole text literature or adapted translation or even rewriting)n3 Machine Translationn非文学翻译 Non-literaryn公文n商务n法律n医学n科技n学术 nOral(simultaneous or consecutive interpretation)5 Strategies of Translationn1 直译与意译(literal translation vs.liberal translation or word-for-word translation vs.free translation)n n2 归化与异化(domestication vs.foreignization or naturalization vs.alienation)nThe former aims at a transparent fluent style in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for readers of the translation;the later deliberately breaking target conventions by retaining some foreignness or exotic flavor of the original.nFor instance,Hong Lou Meng by Yang Hsien-yi vs.A Dream of Red Mansions by David Hawkes.n3 语意翻译与交际翻译（semantic translation or communicative translation）6 Criteria of Translationn1The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work;The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original;The translation should have all the ease of the original composition.n2 Faithfulness;expressiveness;elegance.n3 To achieve the spirit of the original;n4 The idea of conversion aiming at perfection;n5 The theory of functional equivalence or dynamic equivalence.n6 The test of a real translation is that it should not read like translation at all.n7 What we want to have is the truest possible feel of the original,hopefully evoking the same response as the source text attempted to evoke.7 上周参考译文n耶稣降生后第二世纪，罗马帝国拥天下之沃野平川，生民教化，世莫有二。历朝军威，余烈犹存；军纪严明，军士奋勇，故边疆远及八荒，守卫无虞。法制文治，立法宽而执法严，故州郡一心，协洽无懈。庶民安居乐业，生活富足，且及奢侈逸乐矣。古时所订宪法，予民自由，是时仍受尊重，但仅有其表而已。中枢国会，名义上享有最高主权，然政府行政之权，已委诸皇帝。纳尔凡帝，特莱强帝，海德梁帝，又安东尼前后二帝，兹五帝者，德行高而治国有方，凡八十年，是罗马帝国之盛世。本书第一、二、三诸章，述五帝民富国泰之治；第四章起，自安东尼后帝逝世，叙罗马帝国衰落之经过，覆亡之缘由；追溯往史，揭其梗要。盖此乃欧洲史上翻天覆地不可磨灭之变化，其影响所及今日各国犹感觉之。(许国璋/译）8 课内练习nIt is sometimes said that there is no task more complex than translation,a claim that can be readily believed when all the variables involved are taken into account.Translators not only need to know their source language well;they must also have a thorough understanding of the filed of knowledge covered by the source text,and of the any social,cultural,or emotional connotations that need to be specified in the target language if the intended effect is to be conveyed.The same special awareness needs to be present for the target language,so that points of special phrasing,local expectations,and so on,can all be taken into account.课后练习nOf all the founding fathers,Benjamin Franklin may have been the most widely accomplished.His work as a scientist and inventor made him the most famous American of his day,not just in North America but all across Europe.He was the nations first and perhaps its greatest diplomat,the central figure behind two essential achievements-the alliance with France that was crucial to the American victory in the Revolutionary War and the treaty with Britain that brought that was to a close.He was a political thinker,the architect of designs for representative government,and a political activist,a forceful polemicist,and tireless pamphleteer.As if all that werent enough,he was a considerable literary figure,the author of an enduring autobiography and father of an endless line of shrewd comic characters,from Silence Dogood to Poor Richard.nYet among the great early figures of the American republic,Franklin,this perennial overachiever,still seems the most human.Less majestic than George Washington,less cerebral than Thomas Jefferson,more down to earth than John Adams,he can appear at times not so much a founding father as a founding uncle,funny,intimate and easygoing.Though he ended his life as a man who felt at home in the most aristocratic circles of Paris,he remains for us the quintessential American Everyman,born in modest circumstances but possessed of a surplus of energy and ambition and a willingness to work his way up in a new society that made it possible for men of exactly his kind to thrive.In other words,he was the American middle class personified,or at least the embodiment of the qualities the middle class likes to see in itself-practicality,ingenuity,business sense and a confidence that stops short of hubris.Hes the tradesman as statesman.And thats one good definition of an ideal American type.