Unit-7-Mixed-Economy-财经专业英语教程(第四版).ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Mixed Economy,Unit 7,Para 1,Mixed economy is an economic system in which both the private sector and state direct the economy,reflecting characteristics of both market economies and planned economies.Most mixed economies can be described as market economies with strong regulatory oversight,and many mixed economies feature a variety of government-run enterprises and governmental provision of public goods.,Para 2,The basic idea of the mixed economy is that the means of production are mainly under private ownership;that markets remain the dominant form of economic coordination;and that profit-seeking enterprises and the accumulation of capital remains the fundamental driving force behind economic activity.,However,unlike a free-market economy,the government would wield considerable indirect influence over the economy through fiscal and monetary policies designed to counteract economic downturns and capitalisms tendency toward financial crises and unemployment,along with playing a role in interventions that promote social welfare.Subsequently,some mixed economies have expanded in scope to include a role for indicative economic planning and/or large public enterprise sectors.,The term is also used to describe the economies of countries which are referred to as welfare states,such as the Nordic countries.Governments in mixed economies often provide environmental protection,maintenance of employment standards,a standardized welfare system,and maintenance of competition.,Para 4,As an economic ideal,mixed economies are supported by people of various political persuasions,typically centre-left and centre-right,such as social democrats or Christian democrats.Supporters view mixed economies as a compromise between state socialism and free-market capitalism that is superior in net effect to either of those.,Philosophy,Para 5,The term mixed economy is used to describe economic systems which stray from the ideals of either the market,or various planned economies,and mix with elements of each other.As most political-economic ideologies are defined in an idealized sense,what is described rarelyif everexists in practice.Most would not consider it unreasonable to label an economy that,while not being a perfect representation,very closely resembles an ideal by applying the rubric that denominates that ideal.,market economy,Para 6,A market economy is an economy in which decisions regarding investment,production and distribution are based on supply and demand,and prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system.The major defining characteristic of a market economy is that decisions on investment and the allocation of producer goods are mainly made through markets.This is contrasted with a planned economy,where investment and production decisions are embodied in a plan of production.,Para 7,Market economies can range from hypothetical laissez-faire and free market variants to regulated markets and interventionist variants.In reality market economies do not exist in pure form,since societies and governments regulate them to varying degrees.Most existing market economies include a degree of economic planning or state-directed activity,and are thus classified as mixed economies.The term,free-market economy,is sometimes used synonymously with market economy,but it may also refer to laissez-faire or Free-market anarchism.,Para 9,The term,market economy,used by itself can be somewhat misleading.For example,the United States constitutes a mixed economy(substantial market regulation,agricultural subsidies,extensive government-funded research and development,Medicare/Medicaid),yet at the same time it is rooted in a market economy.Different perspectives exist as to how strong a role the government should have in both guiding the market economy and addressing the inequalities the market produces.,2.,Para 2,The basic idea of the mixed economy is that the means of production are mainly under private ownership;that markets remain the dominant form of economic coordination;and that profit-seeking enterprises and the accumulation of capital remains the fundamental driving force behind economic activity.这句的主语是the basic idea of the mixed economy，后边是系表结构，跟了三个并行的that表语从句，用分号隔开。第三个从句的主语是profit-seeking enterprises and the accumulation of capital，动词是remains，单三人称，这是执行主谓邻近一致的原则。,4.,Para 4,Supporters view mixed economies as a compromise between state socialism and free-market capitalism that is superior in net effect to either of those.句子骨架是view sth.as“把看作”，a compromise between state socialism and free-market capitalism，指混合经济体是“国家社会主义和自由市场资本主义两者妥协的产物”；that引出一个定语分句，其先行词是a compromise，即mixed economies，定语句的谓语是is superior to either of those，“其优势超过了国家社会主义和自由市场资本主义单方面的效益”。难点在于be superior to被in net effect 分割了。,6.,Para 5,Most would not consider it unreasonable to label an economy that,while not being a perfect representation,very closely resembles an ideal by applying the rubric that denominates that ideal.先忽略插入语while not being a perfect representation，再忽略不定式中的两个定语分句；to label an economy by applying the rubric，意思是：“给一种经济体贴上这个标签”，再把两个定语和插入语加上去：“给一个非常相像的理想的经济体，尽管不是一个完美的代表，贴上这个理想的标签”。,7.,Para 5,When a system in question,however,diverges to a significant extent from an idealized economic model or ideology,the task of identifying it can become problematic.When从句中的主语是a system in question，谓语是diverges from an idealized economic model or ideology，难点在于在diverge from中间插入了介词短语to a significant extent。全句的译文可以是：但是如果相关的体系相当程度地偏离了理想的经济思想模式，鉴定任务就变成了一个难题。,8.,Para 5,As it is unlikely that an economy will contain a perfectly even mix,mixed economies are usually noted as being skewed towards either private ownership or public ownership,toward capitalism or socialism,or toward a market economy or command economy in varying degrees.表示原因的As从句中有一个that主语从句an economy will contain a perfectly even mix，所谓的a perfectly even mix就是“绝对均匀混合”，整个as从句的汉译：“因为一个经济体要做到绝对均匀混合是不可能的”；主句中的谓语note sth.as，字面意思是“把记录成”，这里表达的意思是“实际上是”；主句的参考译文：混合经济体通常都有倾向性，不同程度地倾向于私有或公有，倾向于资本主义或社会主义，倾向于市场经济或指令性经济。,9.,Para 7,Market economies can range from hypothetical laissez-faire and free market variants to regulated markets and interventionist variants.谓语机构为range from to；hypothetical laissez-faire and free market variants为“假想的完全放任的自由市场各类变体”；regulated markets and interventionist variants为“受管制的市场和干预主义者的各类变体”,10.,Para 9,Different perspectives exist as to how strong a role the government should have in both guiding the market economy and addressing the inequalities the market produces.主语Different perspectives有一个长长的as to介词短语修饰语被放到了动词exist的后面，造成了主语和其后置修饰语的分割。全句参考译文：“政府在指导市场经济和解决市场所导致的不公正方面究竟发挥多大的作用存在着各种不同的观点”。,