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科技英语翻译-第9-章详解.ppt

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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,科技英语翻译-第9-章详解,科技英语翻译-第9-章详解科技英语翻译-第9-章详解Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse第1节 句子成分的译法,1.主语的译法,Care must be exercised to prevent thermal strains from introducing spurious output.,必须注意防止热应变引起乱真输出。(译为谓语),Work must be done in setting a body in motion.,使一个物体运动时,必须做功。(译为宾语),It should be emphasized that the laser is in no sense an energy source.,应当强调指出,激光器并不是一个能源。(译为无主句),Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第1节 句子成分的译法,1.主语的译法,Care,must be exercised to prevent thermal strains from introducing spurious output.,必须,注意,防止热应变引起乱真输出。(译为谓语),Work,must be done in setting a body in motion.,使一个物体运动时,必须,做功,。(译为宾语),It should be emphasized that the laser is in no sense an energy source.,应当强调指出,激光器并不是一个能源。(译为无主句),Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第1节 句子成分的译法,2.谓语的译法,Using a persons voice as an identifier,is based on,the fact that the geometry of the vocal tract differ greatly from person to person.,利用人的语音来验明身份的,依据,是每个人声道的几何形状大不相同。(译为主语),More metal,is removed,when the feed is increased.,进给量增加时,,切除的,金属更多。(转译为定语),The magnitude of the force,is found,to be inversely proportional to the distance between the conductors.,力的大小和导体间距离成反比。(省译),Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第1节 句子成分的译法,3.表语的译法,Those nearer the sun are,more rocky,those farther away more icy.,离太阳越近,,岩石块,越多;离太阳越远,则冰块越多。(译为主语),Aerodynamics is,my field of research,.,我的研究领域,是空气动力学。(主表倒译),When the switch is,on,the circuit is closed and electricity goes through.,将开关,合上,,电路就闭合,而电就接通了。(介词作表语转译为谓语),Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第1节 句子成分的译法,4.宾语的译法,Instructions and microinstructions do not have,the same format,.,指令和微指令的,格式,不同。(译为主语),Each organism owes,its existence,to genes it contains.,每个生物有机体因其含有基因而,存在,。(译为谓语),Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第1节 句子成分的译法,5.定语的译法,The,low-frequency,motions are considered to be meteorologically significant.,低频,运动在气象学上是很重要的。(顺译),The gas,to be studied,is admitted to the tube at a known temperature and at atmospheric pressure.,被研究的,气体在已知温度和大气压力下充入管中。(倒译),There are three states of,matter,:solid,liquid and gas.,物质,有三态:固态、液态和气态。(译为主语),Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第1节 句子成分的译法,6.状语的译法,At this critical temperature,changes begin to take place,in the molecular structure,of the metal.,在这种临界温度时,,金属的分子结构,开始发生变化。(译为主语),In larger amounts,ozone is unpleasant with s strong odor that irritates are eyes and lungs.,大量的,臭氧都带有一种不舒服的强烈的气味,对眼睛及肺部有刺激作用。(译为定语),Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第2节 否定句的译法,英汉两种语言在表示否定概念的词汇、语法、句型等诸多方面都存在着许多差异。英语中表示否定的形式可以说是多种多样的,否定句型有,全部否定、部分否定、意义否定、双重否定和几乎否定,。所以,在翻译否定句。特别是科技英语的否定句时,译者应格外小心。,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第2节 否定句的译法,1.全部否定句的译法,全部否定句否定整个句子的意思。英语全部否定通常是通过否词汇,not,no,none,never,neither,nothing,nobody,等词来实现的。这些否定词不论在句子中作什么成分,其所在的句子大都要译为全部否定。,Nobody knows what proportion of aircraft accidents occur during the pilots natural night time.,还没有人知道有多大比例的飞机失事发生在飞行员的自然夜间。,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第2节 否定句的译法,2.部分否定句的译法,部分否定是指非全部否定,即句子意思的部分否定,部分肯定。这种句子的特征是由all,always,some,both,every,many,much,well,often等与否定词not搭配使用。汉译时,一般常译为“并非所有”、“并非每个”、“未必都”、“不全是”、“不都是”、“不总是”、“不是都”“并未都”、“不多”、“不常”等。如:,Not everybody is convinced the Leaning Tower of Pisa really can be saved.,并非每一个人都相信比萨斜塔真的能够免于坍塌。,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第2节 否定句的译法,3.意义否定句的译法,英语里有些句子从形式上看是肯定句,但实际上是否定句,因为句子中含有带否定意义的词或词组。这类句型在英语中非常普遍,翻译时,要注意以适当的方式表达其含义。如:,One wonders also why Nature with some snakes concocted poison of much extreme potency.,人们也不明白,为什么大自然在某些蛇身上配置如此剧烈的毒液。(动词wonder具有否定含义),Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第2节 否定句的译法,3.意义否定句的译法,英语里有些句子从形式上看是肯定句,但实际上是否定句,因为句子中含有带否定意义的词或词组。这类句型在英语中非常普遍,翻译时,要注意以适当的方式表达其含义。如:,One wonders also why Nature with some snakes concocted poison of much extreme potency.,人们也不明白,为什么大自然在某些蛇身上配置如此剧烈的毒液。(动词wonder具有否定含义),In such cases an antifriction bearing might be a poor answer.,这时如果用减摩轴承,可不是一种好的解决方法。(形容词poor具有否定含义),Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第2节 否定句的译法,4.双重否定句的译法,所谓双重否定就是否定之否定,实际上等于肯定,其语气较肯定句更为强烈。通常是由not,no,never,neither,nobody,nothing等否定词和其它含有否定意义的词获此组搭配使用而成的。,(1).直译为双重否定句,Without the laws of motion as a basis,thousands of discoveries and inventions would have been out of the question.,没有运动定律作为基础,就不可能有成千上万的发现和发明。,(2).译为肯定句,The importance of proper lubrication cannot be overemphasized.,应当特别强调适当进行润滑的重要性。,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第2节 否定句的译法,5.,几乎否定句的译法,在英语中,几乎否定虽然没有完全否定,但肯定的含义很少,通常这些句子中都含有barely,hardly,rarely,scarcely,few,little,seldom,almost no等表示几乎否定的词。汉译时,可以为“极少”、“几乎没(不)”、“很少”等。,Little information is given as to the origin of life.,关于生命起源方面的资料极少。,Curiously,Uranus has almost no such excess heat.,奇怪的是天王星几乎没有这种多余的热量。,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第2节 否定句的译法,6.否定的转移,英汉两种语言在表达否定方面有一定的差异,有些句子在英语中否定的是主语,而汉译时则否定谓语;还有一些句子在英语中否定的是谓语,而译成汉语时却否定了状语。,The motor did not stop because the electricity was off.,电机停止运转,并非因为电源切断了。(主句的否定转为从句的否定),在英语以动词think,suppose,believe,seem.Expect,feel,anticipate等作谓语且后接不定式短语的否定句中,汉译时,经常会出席否定转移的现象,即在原文中否定谓语动词,而译文中则改为否定不定式短语。,如:,Liquids,except for liquid metal such as mercury,are not considered,to be good conductors of heat.,除了液体金属和水银外,其他液体则被认为是不良导热体。,有些表示否定意义的介词短语如:under no circumstances,on no conditions,in no circumstances等,在汉译时通常要将否定介词宾语转移为否定谓语。,如:,Under no circumstances can energy be created of destroyed.,在任何情况下,能量既不能创造,也不能消灭。,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第2节 否定句的译法,7.否定的延续,在英语中有时会遇到这样的句型:主语+带否定词的谓语+and/or+谓语,即两个谓语并列,前一个谓语有否定词,而后一个谓语没有否定词,遇到这种情况,否定是否延续到后一个谓语呢?,前一个谓语有助动词或情态动词,而后一个谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则否定延续。,Carbon dioxide does not burn and support combustion.,二氧化碳既不自然,也不助燃。,前后谓语都没有助动词或情态动词,用or连接则否定延续,用and连接则要看上下文,否定有时延续,有时不延续。如:,Thomas Edison never talked about his own greatness,or seemed to think about it much.,托马斯爱迪生从不吹嘘自己有什么了不起,看来也从不多想这种事情。,前一个谓语有助动词或情态动词,后一谓语也有助动词或情态动词,否定不延续到后一个谓语。如:,Thus when coal is piled too deeply,heat formed by slow oxidation of coal within the pile cannot find a way out and may cause the pile to catch fire of itself.,因此,当煤堆得太厚,煤在堆里缓慢氧化而产生的热无法散出,就可能引起煤堆自行着火。,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第 3节 长句的翻译,科技英语大量使用复合句是其重要的特征之一。一个复合句可能有一个主句和一个从句或多个从句组合而成。英语的从句根据其在句子中所起的作用的不同而分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句三大类。下面分别讨论并列句和各类从句的具体翻译方法。,第 1 节 并列句的译法,英语并列句是由并列连词and,but,or等把两个或两个以上简单句连接起来的句子。对于并列句的译法本书曾在连接词译法的章节里从连词的角度已略有论述,本节将从并列句的角度来分析并列句的译法。,There exist neither perfect insulators not perfect conductors,for all substances offer opposition to the flow of electric current.,没有绝对的绝缘体也没有绝对的导体,因为一切物体对电流都有阻力。,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第 3节 长句的翻译,科技英语大量使用复合句是其重要的特征之一。一个复合句可能有一个主句和一个从句或多个从句组合而成。英语的从句根据其在句子中所起的作用的不同而分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句三大类。下面分别讨论并列句和各类从句的具体翻译方法。,1.并列句的译法,英语并列句是由并列连词and,but,or等把两个或两个以上简单句连接起来的句子。对于并列句的译法本书曾在连接词译法的章节里从连词的角度已略有论述,本节将从并列句的角度来分析并列句的译法。,There exist neither perfect insulators not perfect conductors,for all substances offer opposition to the flow of electric current.,没有绝对的绝缘体也没有绝对的导体,因为一切物体对电流都有阻力。,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第 3节 长句的翻译,2.名词性从句的译法,英语名词性从句包括主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句和同位语从句四种,他们在句子中的功能相当于名词或名词短语。英语中引导名词性从句的连接词有三种:,连接代词:who,whoever,whom,whose,what,whatever,which,whichever,连接副词:when,where,why,how,从属连词:that,whether,if,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第 3节 长句的翻译,2.名词性从句的译法,主从:,主语从句时指在主句中充当主语成分的句子。主语从句主要有两种形式:一种是从句位于主句主语的位置上,即主语从句+谓语+其它成分;另一种是以it 为先行词作形式主语,真正的主语从句在主句的谓语之后,即 it+谓语+主语从句。,That heat flows from a hotter to a cooler body is a process of energy transfer tending to equalize temperature.,热从高温物体流向低温物体是一个能量传递过程,它使温度趋于平衡。,It matters much to efficiency where the machine is set up.,机器到底安装在什么地方与效率关系极大。,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第 3节 长句的翻译,2.名词性从句的译法,宾从:,在主句作宾语成分的句子叫做宾语从句。英语的宾语从句有两种,一种是动词后的宾语从句(包括不定式,分词,动名词厚的宾语从句);二是介词后的宾语从句。翻译宾语从句无论是动词宾语从句还是介词宾语从句大都采用顺译法,即照原文顺序翻译。,Failure can be prevented by ensuring that all wiring is properly insulated.,防止这种事故的办法是保证使导线完全绝缘。,Turning electric energy into the energy of motion is only part of what the electromagnet does for us.,把电能转换为动能只是我们利用电磁铁的一个方面。,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第 3节 长句的翻译,2.名词性从句的译法,表从:,在句子中充当标语成分的句子叫做表语从句。翻译表语从句一般都可以按原文顺序翻译,即先译主句后议从句,多采用“是”的句式,但也可以灵活处理。如:,Perhaps the most common classification of material is whether the material is metallic or non-metallic.,也许,材料最常见的分类是根据它是金属还是非金属来进行的。,有时也可以先翻译后面的表语从句再译主语,如:,Part of the immune reaction against AIDS or any virus is that the lymph nodes enlarge.,淋巴肿大是对艾滋病或任一种病毒的免疫反应。,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第 3节 长句的翻译,2.名词性从句的译法,同从:,同位语从句的译法,同位语是用来进一步解释名词或代词的,同位语可以是单词、短语也可以是从句。同位语从句一般由that引导,但也可以用连接代词what,which,who,连接副词when,where,why,how或whether,if引导。同位语从句常常解释和说明的名词主要有fact,thought,theory,idea,hope,news,doubt,conclusion,question,problem,evidence,certainty,belief,rumor,mystery,suggestion,order,answer,decision,discovery,explanation,information,knowledge,law,opinion,principle,truth,promise,report,statement,message,saying,rule等。,Einstein came to the conclusion that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light.,爱因斯坦得出这样的结论,即宇宙中的最大速度是光速。,The principle that gas can function while expanding has been applied to the steam engine.,气体在膨胀时能做功,这一原理已应用于蒸汽机上。,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第 3节 长句的翻译,3.定语从句的译法,定语从句是英语中最为常用的从句之一,尤其是在科技英语中定语从句的使用更为普遍和复杂。定语从句修饰主句中的某个名词或代词。英语中定语从句主要分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,另外还有一些特殊结构的定语从句,如由as引导的定语从句,由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,由“名词(代词)+of+关系代词”引导的定语从句等。引导定语从句的次成为关系词,分为关系代词,如which,that,who,whom,whose,as等和关系副词,如when,where,why,how等。,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第 3节 长句的翻译,3.定语从句的译法,3.1 合译法,合译法就是把英语原文的定语从句译成汉语带“的”字的定语词组,这样,原英语的主句和定语从句就被合译成了汉语的单句。如:,People who live in the areas where earthquakes are a common occurrence should build houses that are resistant to ground movement.,居住在地震多发地区的人们应该建造能够抗震的房屋。(该句包含由who,where,that引导的三个限制性定语从句),3.2 分译法,当定语从句较长或者是与其所修饰的名词至今关系不很密切时,往往不大适合译为前置的“的”字结构定语,而多采用分译法,即将定语从句译为一个并列分句,并放在所修饰的次的后面。此类翻译方法就是在后置的并列分句的译文中增加了“它”“这”“这些”等代词以重复关系次所代表的含义。,The cornea is a part of the eye that helps focus light to create an image on the retina.,角膜是眼睛的一部分,它帮助在视网膜上聚光并产生物象。,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第 3节 长句的翻译,3.定语从句的译法,3.3 译为状语从句,英语的定语从句在特定的上下文中可以有不同的逻辑意义,在汉译时,完全可以按所理解的不同逻辑意义来处理。因此定语从句无论是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句,常常可以根据其在上下文中的逻辑意义翻译为原因状语从句、条件从句、结果从句、目的从句等。翻译时要注意从英语原句的字里行间去发现这种逻辑关系,并在汉译过程中加以体现。如:,The stimulation of nerve receptors causes the blood vessels(by reflex action)to dilate,which also facilitates blood flow.,对神经受体的刺激使得血管(通过反射作用)扩张,从而又有利于血流运动。,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第 3节 长句的翻译,3.定语从句的译法,3.4,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第3节 长句的翻译,3.定语从句的译法,3.4 as 定语从句的特殊译法,As引导的定语从句本不难理解,但是,当这种复合句的主句为否定句时,且as 作“像一样”解时,情况就变得复杂了,容易引起误解。翻译主句为否定句的as 引导的定语从句(包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句)时,多数情况可把主句的否定含义“转移”到as 引导的定语从句上来,通常可译为“与相反”,或译为“主句主语+并不像那样”较为固定的汉语句型。如:,Spiders are not insects,as many people think,nor even related to them.,与许多人所想的相反,蜘蛛并不属于昆虫类,甚至于昆虫没有近亲关系。,或:蜘蛛并不像许多人所想的那样属于昆虫类,它甚至与昆虫没有近亲关系。,但是,当as引导的定语从句位于句首,且as在从句中作主语时,一般不能“转移”其否定含义。如:,As is very natural,a body at rest will not move unless it is acted upon by a force.,静止的物体没有外力作用,就不会移动,这是很自然的。,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第3节 长句的翻译,3.定语从句的译法,3.4 as 定语从句的特殊译法,As引导的定语从句本不难理解,但是,当这种复合句的主句为否定句时,且as 作“像一样”解时,情况就变得复杂了,容易引起误解。翻译主句为否定句的as 引导的定语从句(包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句)时,多数情况可把主句的否定含义“转移”到as 引导的定语从句上来,通常可译为“与相反”,或译为“主句主语+并不像那样”较为固定的汉语句型。如:,Spiders are not insects,as many people think,nor even related to them.,与许多人所想的相反,蜘蛛并不属于昆虫类,甚至于昆虫没有近亲关系。,或:蜘蛛并不像许多人所想的那样属于昆虫类,它甚至与昆虫没有近亲关系。,但是,当as引导的定语从句位于句首,且as在从句中作主语时,一般不能“转移”其否定含义。如:,As is very natural,a body at rest will not move unless it is acted upon by a force.,静止的物体没有外力作用,就不会移动,这是很自然的。,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第3节 长句的翻译,4.状语从句的译法,英语中状语从句用的比较多,位置也比较灵活。状语从句可视情况置于主语之间,也可以置于主句之后。英语的状语从句一般由从属连词和起连接作用的词组来引导。状语从句可分为时间状语从句,条件状语从句,原因状语从句,目的状语从句,结果状语从句,比较状语从句,方式状语从句,让步状语从句和地点状语从句。,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第4节 复合长句的翻译,Scientists are learning a great deal about,how,the large plates in the earths crust move,the stresses between plates,how,earthquakes work,and the general probability,that,a given place will have an earthquake,although,they still cannnot predict earthquakes.,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第4节 篇章的翻译,科技语篇的鲜明特点:,行文方面:科技英语以客观叙述为主,故文体正式,语篇组织严谨,观点明确,逻辑性强,结构紧凑,没有插叙插议。,语法方面:科技语篇句子结构完整,且句式复杂长句多。常用的语法结构有:被动语态、非谓语动词、条件句、虚拟语气、后置定语、定语从句等。,词汇方面:科技语篇中专业术语多,复合词多,名词多为长词大词,少使用口语词汇、词组等。,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第4节 篇章的翻译,It is quite remarkable that so much of this rapid development of electrical devices and the resulting industry took place during the 19th cnetury,when the nature of electricity was not completely understood.We have already observed that for a long time,it is incorrectly believed that current flowed from positive to negative.It as not until 1897 that the British scientist Sir Joseph Thomson published a paper announcing his discovery of a subatomic particle,the lectron(first called a corpuscle).Up to that time it had been generally believed that the atom was an indivisible particle of matter.,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,第4节 篇章的翻译,更不可思议的是,在电的本质未被完全掌握的情况下,19世纪却在电气设备和相关工业方面取得了如此飞速的发展。我们注意到,很长一段时间以来人们错误地认为电流是从正极流向负极的。直到1897年英国科学家约瑟夫托马斯发表论文,宣布发现了一种亚原子微粒电子(最初称为“粒子”)之前,人们普遍认为原子是不可分的物质微粒。,Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse,The End,Cast,Student A1:,Student A2:,Student A3:,Student An:,Student B1:,Student B2:,Student B3:,Student B 34-n:,Instrutor&Student C:,Zillions of THX!,谢谢!,
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