英语考试写作课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语考试写作课件,英语考试写作课件英语考试写作课件Chapter 5,The Whole Composition,Chapter 5,The Whole Composition,1.Purposes,1.To make students aware of the importance,of writing and different writing ways in,both Chinese and English.,2.To help them get full understanding of,writing ways as a whole.,3.To develop their writing skills and,strategies in class.,2.The Gist of the Chapter,The basic aim of a writing course is to develop the,ability to write whole compositions,such as essays,theses,and papers.Their compositions will mainly,be prose dealing with facts.In this chapter,we,shall first discuss the necessary steps in writing a,composition,and then the four common types of,compositions students should learn to write.,3.The Content of Text,1.Steps in Writing a Composition,Writing is like building.Before beginning,to build a house,the workers usually have a,plan before them and have prepared enough,material.A writer should also work out a,Plan and collect enough material before he,writes the first sentence of his composition.,3.The Content of Text,2.Planning the Paragraph,The general purposes of most academic writing are:,A.To explain material to a specific audience and/or,B.To persuade a specific audience that a,judgment is valid to achieve such objectives,a paragraph must be:,A.Supported B.Unified C.Coherent,3.The Content of Text,3.Supporting in the Paragraph,How can you explain/define/illustrate,your topic?,Explain ,Define with specific details,Illustrate,3.The Content of Text,4.The four basic techniques of support are facts:,Each,following paragraph consists of a topic,sentence that is followed by supporting,sentences.The topic sentence in each para-,graph is supported by factual material such,as:,Numbers;Statistics;Easily verifiable,reasons,3.The Content of Text,Milk:The Perfect Food,Milk,is one of the most important sources,of nutrition for human being and animals.,Milk is the first food provided for newborn,babies because milk contains a large,variety of nutritional constituents,and at,the same time it is easily digestible.,3.The Content of Text,Milk,is,about,13%s,olids;,and the solids,contain,3.3%p,rotein,5%c,arbohydrate,4%f,at,and many,v,itamins,and,m,inerals.,Milk protein contains all of the,e,ssential,a,mino,a,cids like casein and lactobacillus.,3.The Content of Text,Lactose is the principal carbohydrate of,milk,and it is interesting that milk is the,only source of lactose in nature.Milk,contains all of the,known,vitamins:,A,B,D,E,and,K.,For all of these reasons,milk,consumption is the keystone of human,beings and animals.,Exercises,1.What is each author communicating in,the paragraphs above(that is,what is the,purpose of each paragraph)?,2.Circle the controlling ideas in each topic,sentence.What questions did you expect,the paragraph to answer?,3.Underline the supporting facts in each,paragraph.,3.The Content of Text,5.The four basic techniques of support are,Examples:,Another technique of support,is the use of examples.Below are two,topic sentences that are supported in the,paragraphs that follow them primarily,by several examples(that is,illustration).,3.The Content of Text,Advertisements are one of the most,frustrating parts of watching television.,In the first place,the advertisements waste,time.,For instance,about 15 minutes is lost,by watching the advertisements during a,good movie.,3.The Content of Text,In the second place,the advertisements,interrupt the viewer.,For example,the,viewer may forget the situation of a show,during the advertisement.,Ever worse,during a good movie,the watcher loses,his feelings when the advertisements,comes on,3.The Content of Text,and that has bad psychological influences.,In the third place,the advertisements make,many products look more appealing than,they really are.,For example,an expensive,car is made to seem luxurious,3.The Content of Text,or a bad product like deodorant is made,to look very good by showing a beautiful,amazing lady taking a shower.,Accordingly,the television viewer must be aware and,critical of the advertisements in order to,endure them.,Exercises,1.Circle the controlling ideas in the topic,sentence of the paragraph above.,2.Is the topic sentence a statement of,opinion or an intent?Or both?,3.Put a star(*)in the margin where,examples occur in each paragraph.,4.What concluding techniques are used,in each paragraph?,3.The Content of Text,6.The four basic techniques of support,are physical description:,Another way to support a topic sentence,is by using physical description;that is,words and phrases that appeal to the five,senses:,Sight;Smell;Hearing;Touch;Taste,3.The Content of Text,Read the paragraph below carefully.Underline,the words or phrases that appeal to one or more of,the five senses:,On the,wedding day,in Java,flowers,play,an important part in the traditional,ceremony.,3.The Content of Text,At the entrance to the house,many,plants,set on the left and the rights of,the doorway symbolize the hopes of the,people for the young couple who will be,soon married there.,3.The Content of Text,A banana trunk laden with ripe King”,bananas,represents Gods blessing on the,b,ride and,g,room and is a symbol for the,life as,prosperous,as that of a,k,ing and,q,ueen.,Sugar,cane,because it tastes sweet,traditionally means that the couple will,have a,sweet life.,3.The Content of Text,The leaves of sedge grass,skimming and,klwirh,which are placed together,have a,meaning of rejecting danger and driving,out the evil spirit.Huge,fig trees,are,characterized by their many large leaves,which give much shade in my hot country;,3.The Content of Text,the fig tree,therefore,means that God will,protect and bless the bride and groom so,that they will always have,peace and a safe,life,（,安宁和谐的生活）.,In Indonesia the people,use the coconut tree for many purposes;,3.The Content of Text,by including the coconut fruit at the,doorway,the people hope that the,bride and the groom will grow like,a coconut tree and be just as,useful to society.,3.The Content of Text,Finally,the young,coconut,leaves,symbolize the hope that the couple will,always look,young and fresh,and remind,them that they will always have special,places in the hearts of people.,3.The Content of Text,The paragraph above describes a,wedding day in the authors country.,It uses physical description to support,the topic sentence.Write a paragraph,about wedding day in your country.,3.The Content of Text,7.The four basic techniques of support are Personal experience:,The fourth technique of support is,Personal experience.,In the paragraphs below,the authors discuss topics by using experiences from their personal lives.,3.The Content of Text,Arabic:,Traveling is the test for good,friends.,That saying came true for me,when three of my colleagues and I went,to study English at Bournemouth,England two years ago.,3.The Content of Text,I didnt take much money,so I didnt,have enough to pay my rent before I,received my first months salary.I was,very upset when the,landlord gave me,a notice,for the rent of my apartment.,It was a very nice apartment,.,3.The Content of Text,One of my friends,Azia,noticed my bad,mood,so he sent the rent immediately,and,told me that he would lend me some money,and,that he was ready to help in any way,he could.My other colleagues did nothing!,3.The Content of Text,Read the paragraph below and identify,the various techniques of support,(facts,examples,physical description,and/or personal experience)in each.,3.The Content of Text,University Costs,The international student needs much,money to study at a university in the U.S.,The cost is divided into three groups.,First,is the price of house rent;that expense,differs according to the kind of house.,3.The Content of Text,For example,a single basement room with,a small kitchen at one end and bed at the,other end costs at least$100 a month,but,an apartment with a separate bedroom,and kitchen costs at least$200 a month.,3.The Content of Text,The second,expense is the cost of food;this cost,is also various for each person.I spend at least,$230 per month,so,my daily cost for food is,about$7.,The final,expense is the cost of tuition.,This cost is especially high.I need$1,500 per,semester for tuition at this university,because,I,am an,out-of-taste”,student.,3.The Content of Text,Therefore,if I live in a house which,costs$150 and spend$230 on food,and I study English for one semester,I need at least$3,000 for the semester.,3.The Content of Text,The Point Paragraph Outline,Most academic writing you will do will,be objective;you will be explaining,academic material to your audience,and/or,persuading your audience that,your opinions are valid.,3.The Content of Text,In order to,communicate effectively,you,will follow the organizational form which,the academic audience expects.,Basically,the paragraph form for academic written,English has two characteristics:,3.The Content of Text,1.It is linear,that is,straightforward,and direct.,2.It moves from a general statement to,specific data that explains,describes,or illustrates the general statement.,3.The Content of Text,Note:,You must have material available before,you begin to arrange it.In other words,the paragraph outlining you will study in,This chapter is a process that follows the,idea generation processes you have studied,in the previous chapter.,3.The Content of Text,8.Planning the Point Paragraph Outline,The process for planning a point paragraph,outline has some steps.Following is a general,process for planning a point paragraph:,1.Choose a topic.,2.Use pre-writing techniques to,generate ideas about the topic.,3.The Content of Text,3.Construct a tentative topic sentence with,controlling ideas.,4.Think of three points you want to make,about the topic sentence.,5.for each of these points,use two or more,specific details that explain,describe,and/or illustrate that point.,3.The Content of Text,6.,Modify or change the topic sentence to fit,the specific detail.,7.,Write a concluding sentence that summa-,rizes,offers a solution,or comes to a,conclusion,based on the information in,the paragraph.,3.The Content of Text,Topic Sentence,Students Attend the Intensive,English Program for Many Reasons,A.Graduate students,1.To pass the TOEFL,2.To gain admission to a,graduate dept.,B.Undergraduates,1.To pass the TOEFL,2.To learn academic skills,3.The Content of Text,C.Others,1.To better communicate with Americans,2.To return immediately to their countries,with better English,Concluding Sentence,Individual goals differ,but the main,goal is the same:to learn English.,3.The Content of Text,Students attend the Intensive English,Program,(IEP),for many reasons.Many,of the men and women come to the U.S.,for graduate studies in their major fields;,they go to,IEP,classes in order to learn,English well enough to,pass the TOEFL,examination and so be admitted for,graduate study,3.The Content of Text,and who have left their native countries,to attend a U.S.college or university,as,undergraduates.They,too,need,to,learn,English in order to pass the TOEFL,and,they,too,need academic English skills,to,succeed in their university work.,3.The Content of Text,Finally,there are a few students who attend,the IEP to learn English for a variety of non-,academic reasons.Some wish to be better,able to communicate with Americans during,their stay in the U.S.,3.The Content of Text,and others intend to learn as much English,as possible and then return immediately to,their countries.For each of these students,Individual goals differ,but the main goal,is the same:to learn English.,4.Exercises,1.Circle the controlling ideas in the,topic sentence of the paragraph.,2.Underline the information in the,paragraph that is repeated from,the point outline.,4.Exercises,3.Put a star(*)in the margin where,specific details have been combined,into one sentence.,4.What techniques of support are used,in this paragraph?,4.Exercises,More ways to say good-bye,Good night.,Good luck.,Have a nice weekend.,See you.,Take care.,Talk to you later.,4.Exercises,1.Writing the first draft:,It is necessary to write a first draft,in which there should be enough,space between lines for future,corrections and improvements.,4.Exercises,2.Revising the first draft:,The following checklist may be of help.,C,ontent ,O,rganization,S,entences ,D,iction,4.Exercises,3.Making the final copy:,Description,A.Description of a person,B.Description of a place,C.Description of an object,D.Description of a scene,4.Exercises,Narration,A.Context,B.Purpose,C.Organization,D.Point of view,E.Selection of details,4.Exercises,Exposition:,A.Illustration,B.Division and Classification,C.Comparison and Contrast,D.Cause and Effect,E.Definition,4.Exercises,Argumentation:,A.A debatable point B.Good logic,C.Sufficient evidence D.Clear logic,E.,Good use of the other three types of writing,description,narration and especially the,various methods of exposition,F.An honest and friendly attitude,4.Exercises,I.,同位语的写法,:,His father,John,trained as a glove-,maker and married Mary Arden,the,daughter of Robert Arden,a farmer,from the nearby village of Wilmcote.,4.Exercises,I.,同位语的写法：,他的父亲约翰是一个训练有素的手,套制造商,娶了玛丽阿尔丁为妻，她的,父亲罗伯特 阿尔丁是威尔姆特附近村,庄的一位农场主。,4.Exercises,I.,同位语的写法,:,His widow,Anne,died in 1623 and,was buried beside him.,他的遗孀,安妮,在 1623 年去世，被,葬在他的墓地旁。,4.Exercises,II.,描写人物的写法：,He,was an old man with a,white,beard and,huge,nose and hands.,他是一个,白,胡子、,大,鼻子、,大,手掌,的老人。,4.Exercises,II.,描写人物的写法：,He was a doctor and drove a jaded,white horse,from,house,to,house,through,the streets of Wines-burg.,他在,Wines-burg,行医，赶着一批白色,的老马,走街串巷，为人治病。,4.Exercises,II.,描写人物的写法：,The girl was,quiet,tall,and,dark,and to,many people she was seemed very beautiful.,这个姑娘,个子高挑、皮肤黝黑、性格文,静，,许多人认为她很漂亮。,4.Exercises,II.,描写人物的写法：,One of them,a,slender,young man,with white hands,the son of a jeweler in,Wines-burg,talked continually of virginity.,When he was with her he was never off the,subject.,4.Exercises,II.,描写人物的写法：,一个是,Wines-burg,城里的珠宝商的,儿子，,个子瘦高，双手白皙。,他喋喋不,休地谈论着女人的贞操。和她在一起,时，他从不谈论别的话题。,4.Exercises,II.,描写人物的写法：,The other,a,black-haired,boy with,large,ears,said nothing at all but always,managed to get her into the darkness,where he began to kiss her.,另一个是,黑头发大耳朵,的小伙子，跟她在一起的,时候什么也不谈，总是试图把她弄到黑暗处吻她。,4.Exercises,II.,描写人物的写法：,For a time the,tall dark,girl thought,she would marry the jewelers son.,一个,个子高挑、皮肤黝黑,的姑娘打算嫁给珠宝商的儿子。,Rich,was,not only,not,Chinese,he was also,my junior,a few years younger than I was.,里奇,不但,不是,华人，而且他年龄还比我小，比我小好几岁。,4.Exercises,II.,描写人物的写法：,And unfortunately,he looked much,younger with his,curly red,hair,smooth,pale,skin,and the splash of,orange,freckles,across his nose.,更糟的是，由于他那头,红色,的卷,发、,光洁白皙,的皮肤以及鼻子两边一片,橘黄色,的雀斑，,他看上去比我年轻了许多。,4.Exercises,II.,描写人物的写法：,He was,a bit,on the short side,compactly,built.In his,dark,business suits,he looked,nice,but easily,forgettable.,他稍微,矮了,一点，但长得,很,结实。他身穿,深色,套装，看上去很,讨人喜欢，,但很容易,被人忘掉。,4.Exercises,II.,描写人物的写法：,Emma Woodhouse,h