科技英语摘要Writing-Abstract&summary.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,科技英语摘要Writing-Abstract&summary,科技英语摘要Writing-Abstract&summary科技英语摘要Writing-Abstract&summary1.Abstract writingContents,Definition of the abstract,Types of the abstract,Economy of words,How to write the abstract:,The Formalized Structure of the abstract,“5 steps”of writing the abstract,“5-A”Strategy of writing the abstract,1.Abstract writing,Contents,Definition of the abstract,Types of the abstract,Economy of words,How to write the abstract:,The Formalized Structure of the abstract,“5 steps”of writing the abstract,“5-A”Strategy of writing the abstract,Abstract,I have the strong impression that scientific communication is being seriously hindered by poor quality abstracts written in jargon-ridden,mumbo-jumbo.,Sheila M.McNab,(,mumbo-jumbo,uncountable,informal,technical language that is difficult to understand and seems to have no sense,),*a bunch of legal mumbo-jumbo,Abstract,A descriptive,summary abstract is a table of contents in paragraph form,;it is a general map for readers.,Michael Alley,1.Definition of the abstract(1),An Abstract should be viewed as a miniversion of the paper.The abstract,should provide a brief summary of each of the main sections of the paper,:,Introduction,Materials and Methods,Results and Discussion,.,Generally speaking,the abstract,should not exceed 250 words(100-200 words),and should be designed to,define clearly,what is dealt with in the paper.,1.Definition of the abstract(2),The abstract should:,(1)state the,principal objectives,and,scope,of the investigation,(2)describe the,methodology,employed,(3)summarize the,results,and,(4)state the principal,conclusion,.,1.Definition of the abstract(3),Most of the Abstracts should be written,in the past tense,because it refers to work done.,The abstract,should never give any information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper.,References to the literature must not be cited in the Abstract.,2.Types of abstracts(1),Informative abstract,(more detailed,and may include quantitative details),信息性/报道性/资料性摘要,Indicative/descriptive abstract,(brief and qualitative,indicating what kind of research has been done),指示性/说明性/描述性摘要,Informative-indicative abstract,报道-指示性摘要,2.Types of abstracts(2),An effective discussion of the various uses and types of abstracts was provided by McGirr(1973),whose conclusions are well worth repeating:,“When writing the abstract,remember that it will be published by itself,and should be self-contained.That is,it should contain no bibliographic,figure,or table references.”,2.Types of abstracts(3),The language should be familiar to the potential reader.Omit obscure abbreviations and acronyms.,Write the paper before you write the abstract,if at all possible,.,Unless a long term is used several times within an Abstract,do not abbreviate the term.,Wait and introduce the appropriate abbreviation at first use in the text(probably in the Introduction).,2.1 Informative abstract,信息性/报道性/资料性摘要,An informative abstract is designed to,condense the paper,.It can and should,briefly state the problem,the method used to study the problem,and the principal data and conclusions,.Often,the abstract,supplants the need for reading the full paper,;without such abstracts,scientists would not be able to keep up in active areas of research.This is the type of abstract that is used as a“heading”in most journals today.,2.2 Indicative abstract(1),指示性/说明性/描述性摘要,Another common type of abstract is the,indicative,abstract(sometimes called a descriptive abstract).This type of abstract,is designed to indicate the subjects dealt with in a paper,making it easy for potential readers to decide whether to read the paper.,However,because of its descriptive rather than substantive nature,it can seldom serve as a substitute for the full paper.,2.2 Indicative abstract(2),指示性/说明性/描述性摘要,Thus,indicative abstracts should not be used as“heading”abstracts in research papers,but they may be used in other types of publications(,review papers,conference reports,the government report literature,etc.);,such indicative abstracts are often of great value to reference librarians.,2.3 Informative-indicative abstract,报道-指示性摘要,An informative-indicative abstract is a combined form that bears a specific information about the,principal findings and results,and general information about,the rest of the document,.This type of abstract offers,fewer details,instead,giving emphasis to,the authors chief contribution,.,2.4 Structured abstract,(结构式摘要),(1),目的,(,Objective,),:研究的问题、目的或设想等;,(2),设计,(,Design,),:研究的基本设计,样本的选择;,(3),单位,(,Setting,),:开展研究的单位;,(4),对象,(,Patients,Participants,),:研究对象的信息;,(5),处置,(,Interventions,),:处置方法;,(6),主要结果测定,(,Main Outcome Measures,),:实验过程;,(7),结果,(,Results,),:研究的主要发现;,(8),结论,(,Conclusions,),:主要结论及其潜在应用,Types of structured abstract,New England Journal of Medicine,4 Parts:,Background,Methods,Results,Conclusions,The Lancet,(,The,Lancet,is,the,worlds leading general medical journal and specialty journals in Oncology,(肿瘤学),Neurology and Infectious Diseases.,),4 Parts:,Background,Methods,Findings,Interpretation,JAMA(Journal of the American Medical Association),9 Parts:,Context,Objective,Design,Setting,Patients,Interventions,Main Outcome Measures,Results,Conclusion,3 Economy of words(1),Occasionally,a scientist omits something important from the Abstract.By far the most common fault,however,is the inclusion of extraneous/irrelevant detail.,Today,most scientific journals print a heading Abstract with each paper.It generally is printed(and should be typed)as a single paragraph.,Because the Abstract precedes the paper itself,and because the editors and reviewers like a bit of orientation,the Abstract is almost universally the first part of the manuscript read during the review process.,3.Economy of words(2),Therefore,it is of fundamental importance that the Abstract be written clearly and simply.If you cannot attract the interest of the reviewer in your Abstract,your cause may be lost.Very often,the reviewer may be perilously close to a final judgment of your manuscript after reading the Abstract alone.This could be because the reviewer has a short attention span(often the case).,3.Economy of words(3),However,if by definition the Abstract is simply a very short version of the whole paper,it is only logical that the reviewer will often reach a preliminary conclusion,and that conclusion is likely to be the correct one.Usually,a good Abstract is followed by a good paper;a poor Abstract is a harbinger of woes to come.Because a heading Abstract is required by most journals and because a meeting Abstract is a requirement for participation in a great many national and international meetings(participation sometimes being determined on the basis of submitted abstracts),scientists should master the fundamentals of Abstract preparation.,3.Economy of words(4),When writing the Abstract,examine every word carefully.If you can tell your story in 100 words,do not use 200.Economically and scientifically,it doesnt make sense to waste words.The total communication system can afford only so much verbal abuse.Of more importance to you,the use of clear,significant words will impress the editors and reviewers(not to mention readers),whereas the use of abstruse,verbose constructions is very likely to provoke a check in the reject box on the review form.,4.1 The formalized structure of abstract,An abstract usually consists of the following three major parts:,Topic sentence,Supporting sentences and,Concluding sentences.,4.1.1 Topic sentence,The first sentence in an abstract is usually called the“topic sentence”.,By answering the question of“what”,the topic sentence always goes straightforwardly to the subject or the problem and indicate the primary objectives of the paper.,4.1.1 Examples(1),The,purpose,of this paper is,The,primary goal,of this research is,The,intention,of this paper is to survey,The,overall objective,of this study is,In this paper,we aim at,Our goal,has been to provide,The chief aim,of the present work is to investigate the features of,4.1.1 Examples(2),The authors are now,initiating some experimental investigation to establish,The work presented in this paper,focuses on,several aspects of the following,The problem we have outlined,deals largely with,the study of,With his many years research,the authors endeavor is to explain,why,4.1.1 Examples(3),The,primary object,of this fundamental research will be to reveal the cause of,The main objective,of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of,With recent research,the author,intends to,outline the framework of,The author attempted,the set of experiments with a view to demonstrating certain phenomena,4.1.1 Examples(4),The experiment being made by our research group,is aimed at,obtaining the result of,The main objective,of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of,Experiments on were made,in order to measure,the amount of,The,emphasis,of this study,lies in,4.1.2 Supporting sentences,The topic sentence is usually followed by more than one supporting sentences which further specify the subject to be presented.,Research methods,experiments,procedures,investigations,calculations,analyses,results,and other significant information item will be provided,in this part.,4.1.2 Examples(1),The,method used,in our study is known as,The,technique we applied,is referred to,The,procedure they followed,can be briefly described as,The,approach adopted,extensively is called,Detailed information has been acquired by the authors,using,4.1.2 Examples(2),The research has recorded valuable data,using the newly-developed method,This is,a working theory which is based on,the idea that,The,fundamental feature of this theory,is as follows,The theory is characterized by,The,experiment consisted of three steps,which are described in,4.1.3 Concluding sentences,As the ending part of an abstract,concluding sentences usually,analyze the results,explain the application,and point out the significance of the research.,4.1.3 Examples(1),In conclusion,we state that,To sum up,it may be stated that,It is concluded,that,The results of the experiment indicate,that,The studies we have performed,showed,that,The,pioneer studies,that the authors attempted,have indicated,in,We carried out several studies which have,demonstrated,that,4.1.3 Examples(2),The research,we have done,suggests,that,The investigation,carried out by,has revealed that,Laboratory studies of,did not,furnish any information about,All our preliminary,results throw light on,the nature of,4.2 Five steps for abstract writing(1),Underlining key words and sentences,Underline the key words and sentences which are often signaled by transitional devices:carefully examine the headings,topic,supporting and concluding sentences of paragraphs.,Listing essential points of the paper,4.2 Five steps for abstract writing(2),Boiling down each section to a sentence or two,Drafting the abstract,Checking the final draft,4.3 Five A(nswer)strategy(1),It will be easier for you to finish your abstract satisfactorily by answering the following questions:,Q1:What is the general knowledge of your topic in the academic field?,Q2:What research topic is the paper to focus on?,Q3:What method or material do you use to support your main point of view?,Q4:What conclusion will you draw?,Q5:What is the main conclusion of the paper?,4.3 Five A(nswer)strategy(2),Thus the abstract can be expressed by the following formula:,Abstract=A1+A2+A3+A4+A5,A1:Background,A2:Main topic,A3:Specific investigation,A4:Result and suggestion,A5:Conclusion and contribution,(1)Modern management is essentially about managing people as well as processes in a rapidly changing environment.,(2)The author presents the factors which make“strategic management”effective.,(3)A dominant factor is the organization climate which,in turn,is determined by the quality of the managers and the availability of alternatives.,(4)To improve the organization climate in which strategic management can be effective,the quality of the managers is a crucial factor.,(5)The scope for alternatives also proves an important constraint.,(6)The author suggests that the assessment of effects for management should include the use of consultants and the role of formal procedure.,(7)It is concluded that the correct judgement and optimal operation of the essential factors will enhance the effectiveness of strategic management in general.,A1 Sentence 1,A2 Sentence 2,A3 Sentence 3,4 and 5.,A4 Sentence 6,A5 Sentence 7,Example 1,With the objective of,reducing analysis time and maintaining good efficiency,there has been substantial focus on,high-speed chromatographic separations.Recently,commercially available ultra-performance liquid chromatography(UPLC),has proven to be,one of the most promising developments in the area of,fast chromatographic separations.,In this work,a new isocratic reverse phase chromatographic,method was developed using,UPLC for primaquine phosphate bulk drug.,The newly developed method is,applicable for,assay and related substance determination of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.,The chromatographic separation of primaquine and impurities,was achieved on a,Waters Acquity BEH C18,502.1 mm,1.7 m column within a short runtime of 5 min.,The method was validated according to,the regulatory guidelines with respect to specificity,precision,accuracy,linearity and robustness.Forced degradation studies,were also performed for,primaquine phosphate bulk drug samples,to demonstrate the stability indicating power of the,UPLC method.,Comparison of system performance with,conventional HPLC was made,with respect to,analysis time,efficiency and sensitivity.,Example 2,In this paper,computer networks based on TCP Congestion Control were studied.,Based on introducing,the transport layer and TCP basic mechanism,we discuss the congestion arithmetic and some idea of improving of the arithmetic,and then we also discussed,the reason of the occurrence of the congestion and the strategy of congestion control.,In this paper,the method of congestion control based on TCP was discussed,which is based on the direction of further research.,Example 3,The Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar(SHPB)technique,is based on the,one-dimensional elastic wave propagation theory,but the,dispersion of stress wave is unavoidable in tests due to the transverse inertia motion of particles in bars and specimen.Ansys/LS-DYNA,the explicit finite element program for dynamic analysis,is used to,build three-dimensional models of SHPB and numerically simulate the testing.Some influences,are analyzed in this paper,such as the influence of bar diameter on dispersion,the influence of ratio of length to diameter of specimen on stress uniformity and the influence of dispersion on test result.,The nonlinear vibration model is present for an elastic line contact couple based on elastic contact mechanics and vibration the