西方文化导论Unit.ppt

asdf,Unit 6,Culture During the Renaissance,西方文化导论Unit6,The Renaissance refers to the period in European civilization towards the end of the Middle Ages,which was characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values.,The Renaissance emerged when social instability,economic sluggishness and intellectual depression became so intolerable that most of the people,especially the intellectuals could no longer accept the worsening situation.The Renaissance as a movement first started in Florence and then expanded to Venice,Rome and other Italian cities before it swept the rest parts of Europe.Painting and sculpture were the most sensitive fields to the change with their subjects and tastes,shifting from dullness,stagnation,lack of emotion and divinity to dynamics,enthusiasm and humanitarianism.,Literature and ideology soon followed,Get Started_1.2,Get Started,Get Started_1.3,Get Started,as other important areas proceeded and the movement further separated itself from feudalistic tyranny,ecclesiastic bondage and sought intellectual freedom and ideological emancipation.,The Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation,intellectual freedom and political awareness,based on cultural production and religious reformation.All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely,extending its influences to every corner of Europe,with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas,namely,painting,sculpture,poetry,fiction,drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate.,Get Started_1.4,Get Started,The Renaissance was an important stage in the historical process of the Western civilization and indicated a transitional period from the Middle Ages to the modern era in the development of Western culture.Economic and intellectual changes during the Renaissance both helped to speed up Western social and cultural development and prepared the necessary conditions for the rapid progress in political,social and ideological areas of the Modern Age.,Text Study,_main,Text Study,Text Study,I.Background to the Renaissance,II.Source,Feature and Significance of the Renaissance,III.Cultural Achievements of the Renaissance,IV.Social Ideology during the Renaissance,V.The Religious Reformation,VI.Developments of Natural Science,VII.Beginning of Modern Philosophy,VIII.Classicism and the Cultural Salon,中世纪,（,Middle Ages,）（约公元,476,年,公元,1453,年），是欧洲历史上的一个时代（主要是西欧），自西罗马帝国灭亡（公元,476,年）到东罗马帝国灭亡（公元,1453,年）的这段时期。这个时期的欧洲没有一个强有力的政权来统治。封建割据带来频繁的战争，造成科技和生产力发展停滞，人民生活在毫无希望的痛苦中，所以中世纪或者中世纪早期在欧美普遍被称作“黑暗时代”，传统上认为这是欧洲文明史上发展比较缓慢的时期。,政治上：封建专制制度的建立和完善，（领主，庄园主，骑士）,经济上：以奴隶为主的生产方式,以农民为主的半雇佣劳动制度,文化思想上：以基督教为中心和主导（唯灵主义）,查理大帝（,Charlemagne,或,Charles,the Great,公元,742-814,年），或称,为查理曼、查理、卡尔大帝，法兰克,王国加洛林王朝国王，神圣罗马帝国,的奠基人。他建立了那囊括西欧大部,分地区的庞大帝国。公元,800,年，由,罗马教皇加冕“罗马人的皇帝”。他在,行政、司法、军事制度及经济生产等,方面都有杰出的建树，并大力发展文,化教育事业。是他引入了欧洲文明，,他被后世尊称为“欧洲之父”。,Text Study,_I_1.1,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Factors that contributed to the emergence of the Renaissance:,the break-up of feudal structures,the strengthening of city-states in Italy,the emergence of national monarchies in Spain,France,and England,the thrive of many different kinds of social structures,such as guilds,civic associations,councils and monastic chapters,which were based on some form of autonomy,Text Study,_I_1.2,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,the rise of folk culture and popular literature in most European countries towards the end of the Middle Ages,changes in secular education,particularly the founding of universities culminating in the birth of a self-conscious new age with a new spirit,Text Study,_I_2.2,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,folk culture,民间文化,:,cultural activities about the ordinary people,particularly the lower class people,which often included vulgarity jokes and sarcasm of the lower class,especially against the upper-class culture which cared for order,social classes,peace and good manners of aristocracy and the royal family,Text Study,_I_2.2,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Guild,行会或协会,:,a society of people with common interests or aims,also a medieval association of merchants or craftsmen,Text Study,_I_2.2,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,monastic chapter,教会或修道院管理处,:,a Christian administrative office within the church,Text Study,_I_2.2,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Bologna University,博洛尼亚大学,:,one of the oldest universities(together with that of Paris)established in Bologna,a city in northern Italy,famous for the studies of law and other medieval and Renaissance subjects,Text Study _II_1.1,Text Study,Main Ideas,Source,:,emerged first in Italy of Florence,and then spread to Rome,Milan,Venice and Naples,later to France,Spain,Germany and England,Reasons for the emergence of the Renaissance in Italy,:,Main Ideas,(1)Italys prosperous trade and production of handicraft,which furnished a material basis for cultural development,Text Study _II_1.2,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,(2)its rich variety of urban social life coinciding with the emergence of more cities where manufacturing and commercial activities called for the vigorous development of cultural life,(3)the wealth of culture passed down from the artistic and architectural heritage of Rome,(,4,),the use of Latin as a common language in the Italian society,which helped to retain a good memory of classical culture,Text Study _II_1.2,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Feature,:,The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation,intellectual freedom and political awareness,based on cultural production and religious reformation.All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely,extending its influences to every corner of Europe,with more and more people getting involved.,The most striking feature of the Renaissance was doubtlessly the flourish of humanism.,Text Study _II_1.2,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Humanism,Emergence,in Italy,Predecessors,Dante,Petrarch,Chief Protagonists,Gianozzo Manetti,Leonardo Bruni,Marsilio Ficino,Giovanni Pico della Mirandola,Lorenzo Valla,and Coluccio Salutati,Demands,a.literature should represent the feelings of ordinary humans,;,b.science should produce benefits for mankind;,c.education should develop individual personality and free human feelings and intelligence from divine bondage;,Text Study _II_1.2,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Demands,d.man should become central in everything;,e.human right should be against divine right,human nature against divine nature,and individuality against medieval religious bondage.,Contributions,They inherited the fine tradition of an ancient culture by reducing or breaking down the influences of the church authorities,removing feudal obscurantism and ignorance,and expanding modern developments in ideological,scientific and cultural spheres.,Text Study _II_1.2,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Significance,:The most significant aspect of the Renaissance is its reassertion of the necessity for ideological emancipation and intellectual freedom,though it was still limited in comparison with the later attitude to the liberation of the mind,as characteristic of the Enlightenment.,Text Study _II_2.1,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Florence,佛罗伦萨,:,The capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence.It is the most populous city in Tuscany,with c.370,000 inhabitants(1,500,000 in the metropolitan area).,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study _II_2.1,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,The city lies on the River Arno;it is known for its history and its importance in the Middle Ages and in the Renaissance,especially for its art and architecture and,more generally,for its cultural heritage.A centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities,of the time,Florence is considered,the birthplace of the Renaissance;,it has been called the Athens of the,Middle Ages.From 1865 to 1870,the city was also the capital of the,recently established Kingdom of Italy.,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study _II_2.2,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Naples,那不勒斯,:,A city in Southern Italy,situated on the countrys west coast by the Gulf of Naples.Lying between two notable volcanic regions,Mount Vesuvius and the Phlegraean Fields,it is the capital of the region of Campania and the province of Naples.Naples is known internationally for its rich history,art,culture,architecture,music,and gastronomy,and has played an important political and cultural role on the Italian Peninsula and beyond,throughout its 2,800-year existence.,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Sculpture:based on solid foundation of science,Donatello,(13861466)and,Ghiberti,(3781445),Representative,Filippo Brunelleschi,(13771446),Painting:clear,simple structure with great psychological penetration,Text Study,_III_1.2.2,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,Period,Feature,Characters&Works,Early Periods,Realist tendency was visible mostly in the use of religious subject matter drawn from Biblical and mythological legends and figure.,Giotto,(12671337),Architecture:using mathematics to help solve the problem of the pillarless,dome,犹大之吻,哀悼基督,The style of scientific naturalism has been developed.The artists mastered the technique of portraying nature on the basis of an insightful assimilation of classical heritage.,Text Study,_III_1.2.3,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,Representative,the founder of Renaissance painting in Italy,famous for the intellectuality of his conceptions,the monumentality of his compositions,and the high degree of naturalism in his works,Period,Feature,Characters&Works,Later Periods,Masaccio,(14011428),Text Study,_III_1.2.4,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,The style of scientific naturalism has been developed.The artists mastered the technique of portraying nature on the basis of an insightful assimilation of classical heritage.,A poet and architect.His paintings showed the humanist spirit of the civilian class.,Michelangelo,(14751564),Representa,-,tive,A prolific artist and scientist.The most representative works are:,The Virgin of the Rocks,;,Mona Lisa,and,The last Supper,.,Period,Feature,Characters&Works,Later Periods,Leonardo,da Vinci,(14521519),Text Study,_III_1.2.5,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,The style of scientific naturalism has been developed.The artists mastered the technique of portraying nature on the basis of an insightful assimilation of classical heritage.,Paintings:,Genesis,Final Judgment,Sculpture:,David,Best known work:,the giant ceiling fresco of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican,Rome,Michelangelo(14751564),Representa,-,tive,Period,Feature,Characters&Works,Later Periods,Text Study,_III_1.2.6,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,The style of scientific naturalism has been developed.The artists mastered the technique of portraying nature on the basis of an insightful assimilation of classical heritage.,Famous for his prodigious output,even temperament,and preference for classical harmony and clarity.,Fresco Works:,The School of Athens,;,The Virgin Mary,.,Period,Feature,Characters&Works,Later Periods,Raphael Sanzio,(14831520),Representa,-,tive,Text Study,_III_1.2.6,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,The style of scientific naturalism has been developed.The artists mastered the technique of portraying nature on the basis of an insightful assimilation of classical heritage.,Known as Titian in Venice.His subject matter was of wide varieties,ranging from civilian life to religious tales and Greco-Roman myths.,Works:,The Assumption of the Virgin,Period,Feature,Characters&Works,Later Periods,Tiziano Vecellio,(14771576),Representa,-,tive,Text Study,_III_1.3.1,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,Literature,Decameron,Giovanni Boccaccio,(13131375),Francesco Petrarch,(13041374),Dante,Sonnets in Latin,including:,Africa,The Canzonmere,etc.,Italy,Representative Figures,Nationality,Character&Works,The Divine Comedy,including three sections:Inferno,Purgatory,and Paradise.,Text Study,_III_1.3.2,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,Spain,Well known novel:,Don Quixote,Miguel de Cervantes,(15471616),Michel Montagne,(15331592),Francois Rabelais,(14941553),Prose:,Essais,France,Representative Figures,Nationality,Character&Works,Gargantua and Pantagruel,Text Study,_III_1.3.3,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,Geofrey Chaucer,(13401400),England,Representative Figures,Nationality,Character&Works,Canterbury Tales,contains 24 stories and a general prologue.The book expresses a strong sense of humanist value besides the use of poetic technique,such as diphthong rhyming skill.,He is the most accomplished writer during the Renaissance.He produced 37 plays and over 100 poems,including,A Mid-Summer Nights Dream,and,Twelfth Night,(in his early phase);tragedies including,Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,Macbeth,and,Anthony and Cleopatra,(in his 2nd phase);and plays,related to myths such as,The Winters Tale,and,The Tempest,(the 3rd phase).,Text Study,_III_1.3.4,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,William Shakespeare,(15641616),England,Representative Figures,Nationality,Character&Works,He was both scientist and man of letters.Total 58 pieces in his,Essays,made him the first essayist in English literature.,Text Study,_III_1.3.4,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,Francis Bacon,(15611626),England,Representative Figures,Nationality,Character&Works,Text Study,_III_1.4.1,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,Architecture,Five dominant types of architecture during the Renaissance:Tuscan,Doric,Ionic,Corinthian,and Composite.,Music,Attitudes towards music:Martin Luther insisted that music must be simple,direct,accessible and an aid to piety,and it was only a tool for a certain purpose.Comparatively,John Calvin insisted upon the supremacy of the Biblical text,and warned against the voluptuous and disorderly influence of music.,The most influential composers were,Josquin,Des,Prez,(14451521)and Palestrina(15251584).The latter was a professional Italian composer,who was best known for his noble polyphonic sacred choral works,including,The Mass Dedicated to Pope Marcellus,etc.,Text Study,_III_1.4.2,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,Text Study _III_2.1,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study,Sistine Chapel,西斯廷教堂,:,the private church in the Vatican for Pope,famous for the magnificent designs and frescoes made by Michelangelo during the Renaissance,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study _III_2.1,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study _III_2.2,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study,Mannerism,风格主义,:,It is a period of European,art that emerged from the later years of the Italian,High Renaissance around 1520.It lasted until,about 1580 in Italy,when a more Baroque style,began to replace it,but Northern Mannerism,continued into the early 17th century,through