高考英语复习第三部分阅读理解专题十六主旨大意.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,专题十六主旨大意,1/45,-,2,-,考情概览,考试说明指出:任何一篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。有时从文章第一个段落,甚至第一个句子即可得出文章主旨要义,从这一段或这个句子读者会知道文章描述是谁或什么,(,即文章主题,),亦会了解作者希望读者了解主题方面哪些内容。有时,文章主旨要义则需从文章字里行间进行推断。这类试题主要考査考生略读文章、领会大意能力,它对考生归纳、概括能力有一定要求。,主旨大意题主要测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字深层了解及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意能力。普通针对某一语段或某一语篇主题、标题或目标设题。,2/45,-,3,-,1,.,主旨大意题常见命题方式有以下几个,(1)The best title for this passage is,.,(2)The passage/the first paragraph is mainly about,.,(3)What is the main idea/topic/purpose/subject of the passage?,(4)Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage?,(5)The passage chiefly discusses/deals with,.,(6)Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?,(7)The passage mainly tells us that,.,(8)The main idea of the first/second/third/.paragraph probably is,.,(9)What,s the first/second/third/.paragraph concerned with?,(10)What does the author try to express in Paragraph.?,3/45,-,4,-,2,.,主旨大意题解题策略,(1),归纳文章大意,任何一篇文章都有自己中心思想。不少文章在全文或各段开头便展示出文章中心思想。首先,抓住每个段落中心关键点,将每个段落中心归纳综合,即可得到整篇文章中心思想。每个段落中心关键点往往是经过主题句(Topic Sentence)来表达。考生应采取略读法,以搜寻各段主题句为目标,快速扫视全文,防止逐词了解,把注意力集中在找主要信息上,而不是过分注意细节事实。普通来说,文章主题或中心都在第一段或最终一段表明。某一段主题句也常出现在段首或段尾,在寻找主题句或中心段时,要注意语篇特点。有些文章无显著主题句,但字里行间无不表达主题。这就要求考生在阅读过程中依据文中所叙述事实或者提供线索来概括总结主旨大意。,4/45,-,5,-,【典例分析】,(,天津卷,A),Suppose you,re in a rush,feeling tired,not paying attention to your screen,and you send an email that could get you in trouble.,Realisation will probably set in seconds after you,ve clicked“send”.You freeze in horror and burn with shame.,What to do?Here are four common email accidents,and how to recover.,Clicking,“,send,”,too,soon,Don,t waste your time trying to find out if the receiver has read it yet.Write another email as swiftly as you can and send it with a brief title explaining that this is the correct version and the previous version should be ignored.,5/45,-,6,-,Writing,the,wrong,name,The sooner you notice,the better.Respond quickly and briefly,apologising for your mistake.Keep the tone measured:don,t handle it too lightly,as people can be offended,especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of their culture(i.e.incorrect ordering of Chinese names).,Clicking,“,reply,all,”,unintentionally,You accidentally reveal(,透露)to the entire company what menu choices you would prefer at the staff Christmas dinner,or what holiday you,d like to take.In this instance,the best solution is to send a quick,light-hearted apology to explain your awkwardness.But it can quickly rise to something worse,when everyone starts hitting“reply all”to join in a long and unpleasant conversation.In this instance,step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down.,6/45,-,7,-,Sending,an,offensive,message,to,its,subject,The most awkward email mistake is usually committed in anger.You write an unkind message about someone,intending to send it to a friend,but accidentally send it to the person you,re discussing.In that case,ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry.Explain your frustrations calmly and sensibly see it as an opportunity to clear up any difficulties you may have with this person.,40,.What is the passage mainly about?,A.Defining email errors.,B.Reducing email mistakes.,C.Handling email accidents.,D.Improving email writing.,主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了四种常见电子邮件事故,并给出了对应补救办法。故选,C,项。,7/45,-,8,-,(2),概括文章标题,文章标题(title)是文章眼睛,经过这双“眼睛”我们能够略知文章大意。给文章加一个适当标题,首先要把握好文章大意。不能把文章某一段大意看作整篇文章大意,更不可把文章细节看成文章大意,从而给文章加上一个观点片面标题。文章标题实际上是对文章大意最简练概括,标题与文章大意息息相关。,其次,给文章一个适当标题还应抓住文章主题句。因为文章大意和文章主题句总是一脉相承,抓住了主题句就抓住了文章灵魂。,再次,给文章加标题应注意文章体裁和写作目标。叙事类文章是为了记叙一件事或一个人物,表示作者某种感情,所加标题应表示叙事类文章特点。说明文是为了说明一个事物或过程,标题应表示说明文特点。对于一些幽默类文章,应挖掘其深层含义,所给标题应表示文章幽默特点。,8/45,-,9,-,【典例分析】,(,全国,卷,D),The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.Silences may be thoughtful,or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say.A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness,uneasiness,or worry.Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable;therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(,间隙)with conversation.Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person,s needs.,9/45,-,10,-,Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people,just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do.Therefore,when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops,what may be implied(,暗示)is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.In these cultures,silence is a call for reflection.,10/45,-,11,-,Other cultures may use silence in other ways,particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power.For example,Russian,French,and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion.However,Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her.In still another use,persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect,particularly to an elder or a person in authority.,11/45,-,12,-,Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing.Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient,s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily.A nurse who understands the healing(,治愈)value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.,12/45,-,13,-,35,.What may be the best title for the text?,A.Sound and Silence,B.What It Means to Be Silent,C.Silence to Native Americans,D.Speech Is Silver;Silence Is Gold,主旨大意题。通读全文内容可知,文章主要说明缄默含有文化特异性,在不一样文化中,缄默表示含义和作用各不相同。所以,B,项最具概括性。,13/45,-,14,-,(3),总结段落大意,每个段落通常都有个中心,中心思想通常会在首句表达出来,这就是常说段落主题句。采取归纳法段落,细节表述在前,归纳概括在后,主题句会在段尾;采取演绎法段落,先提出观点,后举例子,由普通到特殊,主题句会出现在段首,这种情况主要出现在说明文和议论文中;若作者采取由特殊到普通,然后再由普通到特殊方式,主题句会出现在段中。有时候,作者没有明确写出主题句,需要读者依据段落内容去归纳概括本段大意。,14/45,-,15,-,【典例分析】,Working with a group of baboons(,狒狒)in the Namibian desert,Dr.Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology,Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box.Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task,while others had to learn for themselves.To work out how brave or anxious the baboons were,Dr.Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake.,15/45,-,16,-,She found that personality had a major impact on learning.The braver baboons learnt,but the shy ones did not learn the task although they watched the baboon perform the task of finding the novel food just as long as the brave ones did.In effect,despite being made aware of what to do,they were still too shy to do what the experienced baboon did.,The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones.The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not,even though they spent more time watching.,16/45,-,17,-,This,mismatch,between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals,something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things.The findings are significant because they suggest that animals may perform poorly in cognitive(,认知)tasks not because they aren,t clever enough to solve them,but because they are too shy or nervous to use the social information.,The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning.If some individuals are unable to get information from others because they don,t associate with the knowledgeable individuals,or they are too shy to use the information once they have it,information may not travel between all group members,preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning.,17/45,-,18,-,What is the first paragraph mainly about?,A.The significance of Dr.Carter,s research.,B.The purpose of Dr.Carter,s research.,C.The design of Dr.Carter,s research.,D.The results of Dr.Carter,s research.,段落大意题。通读第一段内容可知,该段主要介绍了艾蕾西娅,卡特博士研究狒狒学习能力方案是怎样设计。答案为,C,项。,18/45,-,19,-,A,B,C,(,天津卷,C),This month,Germany,s transport minister,Alexander Dobrindt,proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(,自主驾驶车辆).They would define the driver,s role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.,The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the“death valley”of autonomous vehicles:the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.,19/45,-,20,-,A,B,C,Dobrindt wants three things:that a car always chooses property(,财产)damage over personal injury;that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race;and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel to check email,say the car,s maker is responsible if there is a crash.,“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,”says Dobrindt.It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers,he says.,Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers,consumers and lawyers.“The liability(,法律责任)issue is the biggest one of them all,”says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds,UK.,20/45,-,21,-,A,B,C,An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars,introduced earlier this year,insists that a human“be watchful and monitoring the road”at every moment.,But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars.“When you say,driverless cars,people expect driverless cars.”Merat says.“You know no driver.”,Because of the confusion,Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation.,Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own,says Ryan Calo at Stanford University,California.That is happening in the UK and Singapore,where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched.,21/45,-,22,-,A,B,C,That would go down poorly in the US,however.“The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,”says Calo.,【语篇导读】,本文为一篇议论文。德国交通部长就无人驾驶汽车做出了一些提议,并推进了完全无人驾驶汽车运行,那么,假如无人驾驶汽车出现交通事故,应该谁负主要责任呢,?,是生产商还是车主,?,22/45,-,23,-,A,B,C,1,.What does the phrase“death valley”in Paragraph 2 refer to?,A.A place where cars often break down.,B.A case where passing a law is impossible.,C.An area where no driving is permitted.,D.A situation where drivers,role is not clear.,D,解析,词义猜测题。依据第一段最终一句可知,交通部长提议将会明确司机责任。依据第二段“.the,grey,area,between,semi-autonomous,and,fully,driverless,cars,that,could,delay,the,driverless,future.”,可知,这个提议意在处理半自主驾驶与完全自主驾驶之间不明确情形,故选,D,项。,23/45,-,24,-,A,B,C,2,.The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to,.,A.stop people from breaking traffic rules,B.help promote fully automatic driving,C.protect drivers of all ages and races,D.prevent serious property damage,B,解析,推理判断题。依据第四段中“The change,to,the,road,traffic,law,will,permit,fully,automatic,driving.”,可知,道路交通法改变将会使完全无人驾驶汽车取得许可。它将把完全无人驾驶汽车与人类司机置于一个平等法律基础。所以,他提议有利于推进完全无人驾驶汽车进程,故选,B,项。,24/45,-,25,-,A,B,C,3,.What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars?,A.It should get the attention of insurance companies.,B.It should be the main concern of law makers.,C.It should not cause deadly traffic accidents.,D.It should involve no human responsibility.,D,解析,推理判断题。依据第七段可知,当提到,“,完全无人驾驶汽车,”,时,人们期待是完全没有司机汽车,也就是说,人们认为,所谓完全无人驾驶汽车不包括人类责任,故选,D,项。,25/45,-,26,-,A,B,C,4,.Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in,.,A.Singapore,B.the UK,C.the US,D.Germany,C,解析,细节了解题。依据文章最终一段第一句“That would,go,down,poorly,in,the,US,however.”,以及,“The,idea.would,get,absolutely,nowhere,here.”,可知,在美国,完全无人驾驶汽车被用作公共设施是不太可能。故选,C,项。,26/45,-,27,-,A,B,C,5,.What could be the best title for the passage?,A.Autonomous Driving:Whose Liability?,B.Fully Automatic Cars:A New Breakthrough,C.Autonomous Vehicles:Driver Removed!,D.Driverless Cars:Root of Road Accidents,A,解析,主旨大意题。纵观全文可知,文章主要是围绕自主驾驶车辆展开讨论,并讨论了假如出现交通事故时法律责任归属问题。故选,A,项。,27/45,-,28,-,A,B,C,(,天津卷,D),Failure is probably the most exhausting experience a person ever has.There is nothing more tiring than not succeeding.,We experience this tiredness in two ways:as start-up fatigue(,疲惫)and performance fatigue.In the former case,we keep putting off a task because it is either too boring or too difficult.And the longer we delay it,the more tired we feel.,Such start-up fatigue is very real,even if not actually physical,not something in our muscles and bones.The solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to apply:always handle the most difficult job first.,28/45,-,29,-,A,B,C,Years ago,I was asked to write 102 essays on the great ideas of some famous authors.Applying my own rule,I determined to write them in alphabetical order(,按字母次序),never letting myself leave out a tough idea.And I always started the day,s work with the difficult task of essay-writing.Experience proved that the rule works.,Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle.Though willing to get started,we cannot seem to do the job right.Its difficulties appear so great that,however hard we work,we fail again and again.In such a situation,I work as hard as I canthen let the unconscious take over.,When planning,Encyclopaedia,Britannica,(,大英百科全书),I had to create a table of contents based on the topics of its articles.Nothing like this had ever been done before,and day after day I kept coming up with solutions,but none of them worked.My fatigue became almost unbearable.,29/45,-,30,-,A,B,C,One day,mentally exhausted,I wrote down all the reasons why this problem could not be solved.I tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself,not with me.Relieved,I sat back in an easy chair and fell asleep.,An hour later,I woke up suddenly with the solution clearly in mind.In the weeks that followed,the solution which had come up in my unconscious mind proved correct at every step.Though I worked as hard as before,I felt no fatigue.Success was now as exciting as failure had been depressing.,Human beings,I believe,must try to succeed.Success,then,means never feeling tired.,30/45,-,31,-,A,B,C,【语篇导读】,本文为一篇夹叙夹议文。你在完成一件事情时,是否感到过疲劳,?,其实只要我们克服了做事情两种疲劳,开启疲劳和执行疲劳,我们就能取得成功。,31/45,-,32,-,A,B,C,1,.People with start-up fatigue are most likely to,.,A.delay tasks,B.work hard,C.seek help,D.accept failure,A,解析,细节了解题。由第二段第二句“In the former,case,we,keep,putting,off,a,task,because,it,is,either,too,boring,or,too,difficult.”,可知,在前一个情况下,(,开启疲劳,),因为任务太枯燥或是太难,我们不停推迟任务开始时间。故选,A,项。,32/45,-,33,-,A,B,C,2,.What does the author recommend doing to prevent start-up fatigue?,A.Writing essays in strict order.,B.Building up physical strength.,C.Leaving out the toughest ideas.,D.Dealing with the hardest task first.,D,解析,细节了解