认知语言学优质获奖课件.pptx

Haga clic para cambiar el estilo de ttulo,Haga clic para modificar el estilo de texto del patrn,Segundo nivel,Tercer nivel,Cuarto nivel,Quinto nivel,*,Levels of Categorization,Levels of Categorization,Conceptual hierarchies,Categorization and composite word forms,Basic level categorizes and basic experiences,Conclusion:,folk taxonomies are characterized by,gaps,inconsistencies,and,alternative paths,.,Conceptual hierarchies,Type-of hierarchies,Part-whole hierarchies,Type-of hierarchies,vs,Part-whole hierarchies,Type of relationships:,extensive and rigid(,严格旳,),scientific classifications,Experiential type-of hierarchies:,folk taxonomies,Part-whole hierarchies,(or partonomies)are based on a relationship of continuity and connectivity between entities in the real world.,Kitchen appliance,refrigerator,cooker,kitchen,house,town,building,room,p/w,t/o,p/w,p/w,t/o,p/w,p/w,p/w,p/w,t/o,t/o,Type-of(t/o)and part-whole(p/w)relationship involving the categories,kitchen,house and town,Type-of hierarchies,vs,Part-whole hierarchies,Part-whole superordinates,assemble,things on the basis of their,conceptualized co-presence in time and space.,Type-of superodinates,collect,things on the basis of,conceptualized similarities,.,Part-whole and type-of relationships,are alternatives from which speakers can choose according to their needs in specific speech situations.,Categorization and composite word forms,Type-of and part-whole compounds,The emergence of new basic level categories from compounds,The myth of the simple subordinates,Type-of and part-whole compounds,Type-of and part-whole compounds,Part-whole compounds,see examples,:“Apple juice”,“Coat collar”(p101,p103),Part-whole compounds:,categories such as coat collar are conceived as parts or accessories(,附件,)of the wholes represented by the first element of the compound(coat),whose conceptual weight overrides the type-of relationship(a type of collar)in the minds of the ordinary language user.,The emergence of new basic level categories from compounds,The emergence of new basic level categories from compounds,Figure2.14,:,Attribute links of the subordinate category WHEELCHAIR,Conclusions:,1.The more source categories are involved in the structuring of a composite category,the smaller the contribution of the individual cognitive category becomes.,2.,A new,self-supporting basic level has been created,if the number source categories reaches a level that makes it difficult to handle the all,parasitic(,寄生,),categorization becomes irrelevant,the attributes are thought to be attached to the compound category itself.,The myth of the simple subordinates,Look at these subordinate words:,Daisy :days eye,(flower),Dime :decimus(the tenth),(money),Terrier :terra(earth),(dog),The myth of the simple subordinates,Conclusion:,Most simple or unanalyzable subordinates are in fact not simple in terms of underlying cognitive categories,but are based on an,expressed modifier category,and an,unexpressed implicit(,隐性旳,),head category,.,The myth of the simple subordinates,Rose:,Not only is subordinate,to,flower,but also is basic level status for this cognitive category,Two basic,tenets(,原则,)of the cognitive approach:,Cognitive units are not,discrete.,2.Cognitive or folk taxonomies can be,inconsistent,by admitting competing superordinates.,Basic level categorizes and basic experiences:,Action categories,Event categories,Properties,Static and locative relations,Action categories,The first:,lying,Authors of the study:,Coleman&Kay(1981),The dimensions,for the cognitive category,lie,:,Factual falsehood,Falsity of belief,Intention to deceive,Method:,fictitious stories“dinner party”,“a childs denial”,Conclusion:,The meanings of the verb,lie,can be understood as a cognitive category with prototypical instances which satisfy all three criteria and less prototypical instances that do not.,Action categories,EAT,Three important criteria:,Large bundles of correlated attributes,Structured as prototype categories,High potential for gestalt perception,Conclusion:,The meanings of the verb,eat,can be understood as a cognitive category with prototypical instances,Action categories,Walk:,Action categories,Conclusions:,Verbal compounds are extremely rare in English.,There is no a uniform gestalt for subordinates in action category.,Many of the action categories seem closer to the basic level than proper subordinates.,Event categories,Event category:,action or object(or organism)categories are fused into categories of a secondary,but still very basic,nature.,Perspective from partonomies:,PARTY,WELCOME,SMALL TALK,BUFFET MEAL,BRINKING,FAREWELL,DANCING,CONCLUSION:,it is,partonymic links(part-whole relationships),that seem to provide the texture for,event categories.,Properties,Basic levels categories or basic experiences?,Basic levels,categories,The category structure of properties depends on the object and organism categories.,Properties,Results:,It is helpful for the understanding of collocational possibilities and restrictions of the adjective.,Less certain:Whether they can be regarded as sufficient proof for Dirven and Taylors claim that TALLNESS is cognitive category with a prototype and rich cognitive structure.,2.Cognitive experiences,Properties may reflect basic experiences,which can be seen on a par(,原则,),with the bodily experiences of wholes and parts.,Static and locative relations,Prepositions:,up-down,in-out,front-back,Conclusion:,Prepositions reflect basic experiences.,For,properties,locative and static relations,the analysis in terms of prototype categories is only one possibility.An alternative interpretation of these properties and relations is based on the notion of image schema.,References,：,温格瑞尔,(Ungerer,F.),(,德,),施密德,(Schmid,H.-J),认知语言学入门,=An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics:,英文,-,二版，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，,2023.10(2023.10,重印,),(,德,),弗里德里希,温格瑞尔，,(,德,),汉斯,-,尤格,施密特著；彭利贞，许国萍，赵微译，认知语言学导论,.,第二版，上海：复旦大学出版社，,2023.4,吴世雄，陈维振，范围理论旳发展及对认知语言学旳贡献,J,外语教学与研究,1996,(4):14-19.,张再红，范围理论旳发展及其对语义研究旳贡献,J,华中科技大学，,2023.,