conversion.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,conversion,By Orange,Erica,Heather,Definition,Conversion functional shift.Also zero derivation.The use of a word that is normally one part of speech or word class as another part of speech,without any change in form.Conversion has for centuries been a common means of extending the resources of English and creating dramatic effects.Conversion most often results in nouns,followed by verbs and adjectives,Page 54 A survey of English Lexicology,Definition,Alongside the term“conversion”one finds“functional shift”,“functional change”.Conversion is a special case of transposition which in its term is identified as“the use of a word in another than its normal function”,Conversion is a functional phenomenon affecting only the content side of the linguistic sign,Problems,The,first,concerns the question of how widespread conversion is most discussions of conversion focus on its use in English.,The,second,problem often discussed in relation to conversion,is how to decide a pair of words links by conversion,which is the basic word and which is derived one.,The,third,problem is the problem of the interpretation of lexemes formed by conversion.,Explanation,Shifts,(also called zero derivations)are typical of English and have been made possible through the loss of endings early in the middle English period.,Multiple class membership,:quite a few word forms come into use in more than one word class.,Complete conversion,:they participate in the full inflectional potential of the new word class.,Noun to Verb,a)Then noun is object in a paraphrase sentence,a1)intransitive verbs meaning“to hunt,catch,pick,collect”,a2)intransitive verbs meaning“to produce,make,give birth to,the entity denoted by the noun”,a3)intransitive verbs meaning“to perform the action implied in the noun”,a4)intransitive verbs meaning“to play the instrument denoted by the noun(or to make a noise as if playing it)”,a5)verbs meaning“to feel,experience,suffer,what the noun denotes”,a6)transitive verbs meaning“to copy,”“to produce a representation or simulacrum of someone or something”,Noun to Verb,b)The noun is the object complement in paraphrase sentence,c)The noun is the subject complement in a paraphrase sentence,c1)transitive verbs meaning“to take on the role denoted be the noun”,c2)verbs meaning“to behave in the manner of,to act as,to resemble,the person,animal or object denoted by the noun.”,c3)transitive verbs meaning“to cause something to be,resemble,the object denoted by the noun”or“to treat something like the noun”,d.Instrumental,Verbs meaning“to perform an action by means of what the noun denotes”,d1)Transitive,d2)Intransitive,e.Locative,e1)Verbs meaning“to put someone or something,or to be in,go(in)to,the place,container,denoted by the noun”,e2)Verbs meaning“to perform some activity in,and appropriate to,the place,container,denoted by the noun”,e3)intransitive verbs meaning“to spend,pass,the period of time denoted be the noun”,f.Transitive verbs meaning“to remove the object denoted by the noun from someone or something”,Adjective to Verb,a)Intransitive verbs meaning“to be,become,the quality denoted by the adjective”,b)Transitive verbs meaning“to cause someone or something to be,become,the quality denoted by the adjective”,c)Verbs expressing the manner in which an action is performed,Verb from Other Sources,A few verbs come from interjections,such as encore,hurrah,shoo.,Verb to Noun,Agent of action,Concrete object/result of action,b1)Object of action:from transitive verbs,b2)Concrete object/result of action,b3)Concrete result of action/;single instance or occasion,Abstract result of action,c1)Subjective,c2)Object;from transitive verbs,c3)Subjective/objective:from transitive verbs,d)Miscellaneous phrases,Nouns from other source,Conversion between noun and adjective,