全美顶级MBA教材《国际管理教程和案例》.ppt

,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click To Edit Master Title Style,Chapter,1,The Internationalization Process,Key Points,Rationale,Process,Dimensions,Course Content Overview,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen and Rosenzweig,Rationale,Firms become international in scope for a variety of reasons:,Desire for continued growth,Unsolicited foreign orders,Domestic market saturation,Potential to exploit a new technological advantage,The dominant reason,however,relates to performance,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide 1-2,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen and Rosenzweig,Process,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide 1-3,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen and Rosenzweig,Internationalization is the process by which,Firms increase their awareness of the influence of international activities on their future,Establish and conduct transactions with firms from other countries.,International transactions can influence a firms future in both direct and indirect ways.Business decisions made in one country,regarding such things as foreign investments and partnership arrangements,can have significant impact on a firm in a different countryand vice versa.The impact of such decisions may not be immediately and directly evident.,Development of an awareness and appreciation for the role of foreign competition becomes integral,Dimensions of Internalization,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide 1-4,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen and Rosenzweig,Internationalization has both,inward-looking,and,outward-looking,dimensions.,The outward-looking perspective incorporates an awareness of the nature of competition in foreign markets,Includes the following modes of activities:,Exporting.,Acting as licensor to a foreign company.,Establishing joint ventures outside the home country with foreign companies.,Establishing or acquiring wholly owned businesses outside the home country.,Dimensions of Internalization(cont.),McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide 1-5,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen and Rosenzweig,Internationalization affects firms in equally important ways from an inward perspective.,The related modes of activity include:,Importing/sourcing.,Acting as licensee from a foreign company.,Establishing joint ventures(JVs)inside the home country with foreign companies.,Managing as the wholly owned subsidiary of a foreign firm.,Course Content Overview,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide 1-6,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen and Rosenzweig,The Global Business Environment,The World of International Trade,Managing Export Operations,Global Sourcing Strategy,Licensing,The Design and Management of International Joint Ventures,International Strategy Formulation,Course Content Overview(cont.),McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide 1-7,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen and Rosenzweig,The Impact of Globalization on the Organization of Activities,The Evolving Multinational,The Global Manager,Strengthening International Government Relations,Global Leadership,Ethical Challenges of International Management,Managing the New Global Workforce,Chapter,2,The Global Business Environment,Key Points,Key Variables,Population,Economic Development,Trade and Natural Resources,Foreign Investment,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen,and,Rosenzweig,Key Variables,Population,Economic Development Indices,Gross National Income -GNI,Purchasing Power Parity-PPP,International Trade and Natural Resources,Foreign Investment,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide 2-2,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen,and,Rosenzweig,Population,6 billion in 2000 estimated to grow to 8.5 billion by 2025,Half of worlds population is in Asia-Pacific region,30%of the worlds population is under the age of 15,Implications exist for the types of products demanded,Rural urban divides exist in population distribution within a country,Migration to other countries can have a major impact on overall trade and balance of payments of a country,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide 2-3,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen,and,Rosenzweig,Economic Development,The position of the G7 countries is under challenge,As of 2000,India,Mexico,Russia and Brazil have economies that are larger than that of Canada when measured using PPP,GNI levels indicate income levels,PPP restates GNI for each country with the same prices for a basket of goods and services,PPP addresses the problem of changing exchange rates,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide 2-4,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen,and,Rosenzweig,Trade and Natural Resources,Trends in the trade of manufactured products,Volume of trade in manufactured products has risen dramatically,Number of source countries has risen,Composition of the trade of many countries has changed-trade in services has increased as a percentage of international trade(,eg,.Trade in tourism),The relative value of unprocessed natural resources in international trade has declined.,A combination of technology transfer and relatively low labor costs has led to increase in the number of countries exporting fresh and processed agricultural and fishery products.,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide 2-5,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen,and,Rosenzweig,Foreign Investment,Foreign direct investment has become one of the major means by which companies operate internationally,FDI is highly concentrated among a relatively few countries.,Three-fourths of FDI flows are among the high-income countries in Europe,Japan,and North America.,Of the FDI flows to lower-income countries,about two-thirds is concentrated among 10 countries,Heightened awareness of interconnectedness and environmental issues has raised both ethical and legal problems for,MNEs,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide 2-6,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen,and,Rosenzweig,Chapter,3,The World of International Trade,Key Points,A Framework for Trade Analysis,Absolute and Comparative Advantage,New Theories of International Trade,Other Factors affecting International Trade,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen,and,Rosenzweig,A Framework of Trade Analysis,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide 3-2,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen,and,Rosenzweig,The Social,Technological,Economic and Political(STEP)system,and its effects on comparative and competitive advantage,Countries abroad as markets for exports and sources of imports.,Trade and nontarriff barriers to trade and government incentives to promote trade.,Linking producers and buyers through trade intermediaries.,The STEP system,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide 3-3,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen,and,Rosenzweig,Each firm operates within the social,technological,economic,and political(STEP)environment of the country in which it produces.,The STEP environment has a strong influence on the firm.,STEP environment influences the comparative advantage of the products it produces relative to products produced by other firms abroad.,The firms STEP environment may also influence its competitive advantage in the national market and abroad.,Trends in a STEP environment relative to the trends in the STEP environment of other countries have a strong influence on a firms ability to enter or to continue international trading operations.,Market Identification,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide 3-4,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen,and,Rosenzweig,Entails analysis of trends in demand arising from changes in population,income levels,and consumer preferences in potential export markets.,If there is a demand for the firms products in a market,the supply capabilities of domestic firms and other exporters worldwide to meet this demand at lower prices or higher quality must be assessed,.,Impediments to Trade,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide 3-5,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen,and,Rosenzweig,Government policies to restrict and to promote trade can have a decisive influence on,Trade flows,The competitive position of firms in export markets,The availability and price of imports,The ability of firms to compete with imports,Governments can also facilitate exports directly by such measures as:,Concessional export financing,Export subsidies,Differential taxation of export earnings,Financing for export market development,Trade Intermediaries,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide 3-6,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen,and,Rosenzweig,A competitive product and a receptive market are not enough;the product must be:,Transported from the factory to the point of shipment(port or airport),Transported to export market,Be received in the export market,Clear customs,Move through distribution channels to the point of sale,Sold to the customer,Be serviced after sale,International channels of distribution are often long,multilayered,complex,difficult to analyze and understand,and expensive to access or to develop.,Channel costs may represent three times the production cost of a product.,Absolute Advantage,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide 3-7,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen,and,Rosenzweig,Output,Output/Hour,X,Y,X,Y,Labour Hours,Country A,16,4,2,1,12,Country B,4,4,1,2,6,Total Output (no trade),20,8,Total Output(trade),24,12,Comparative Advantage,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide 3-8,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen,and,Rosenzweig,Output,Output/Hour,X,Y,X,Y,Labour Hours,Py/Px,Country A,12,4,4,2,5,2,Country B,7,7,1,1,14,1,Total Output (no trade),19,11,Total Output(trade),20,14,Aspects of Theories of International Trade,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide 3-9,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen,and,Rosenzweig,The theories also show that:,Trade improves the relative welfare of the factors of production that are used intensively in the exported product.,If labor and capital are immobile among sectors,then the returns to the factors of production(labor and capital)in the exporting industry will improve relative to those in the importing sector.,The welfare of consumers of the export products will decline relative to consumers of imported products.,Countries will tend to export products that use their relatively inexpensive and abundant factors of production intensively.,Trade brings about an equalization of the returns to factors of production;that is,trade tends to equalize capital costs and wage rates among countries over time.,New Theories of International Trade,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide 3-10,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen,and,Rosenzweig,Intraindustry Trade,Clusters of Interconnected Companies,Exchange of ideas among personnel.,Building of support infrastructure.,Benefits of Trade,Trade flows also influenced by:,Real Exchange Rates.,Demand conditions over the business cycle.,Real Exchange Rate,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide 3-11,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen,and,Rosenzweig,An increase in a countrys real exchange rate has many of the same effects as a reduction in its tariff rate.,A fall in the real exchange rate has the opposite effect.,Real exchange rate is important to large and small countries and for high-income and developing countries alike.,Real exchanges rates may change due to:,A gap between investment demand and domestic savings.,Short-term government macroeconomic policy.,Change in a countrys terms of trade.,Discovery of valuable natural resources.,Demand,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide 3-12,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen,and,Rosenzweig,Demand conditions over the business cycles in the domestic market and in export markets,and source countries for imports influence international trade.,If the domestic economy is expanding relative to the economies of other countries,exporters will tend to divert production to the domestic market.,If the domestic demand is slack,producers will tend to try to push excess production onto export markets.,Chapter,4,Managing Export Operations,Key Points,Steps to Managing Export Operations,Pricing in Export Markets,Stages of Export Market Involvement,Trade Intermediaries,Vital Questions to be asked,Present day export trade,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen,and,Rosenzweig,Steps to Managing Export Operations,Step 1-Segment World markets,Product Quality and Product feature segmentation,Factors influencing segmentation,Purchasing power,Consumer tastes,Weather conditions,Level and dispersion of wages and technical skills,Important factors in analysis,Emerging demand met by innovations in product technology in one country that are mirrored in other countries,Deregulation and restructuring of markets,Government policies and programs,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide 4-2,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen,and,Rosenzweig,Steps to Managing Export Operations(contd.),Step 2-Select an Entry Strategy to Promote Sustainable Competitive Advantage,Standardized product to all markets,Product-Life cycle strategy,Localized market strategy,A combination of strategies can also be followed,Step 3-Take a long-run Perspective,Initial costs must be viewed as investments,Returns on investments will not be immediate in export markets,McGraw-Hill,2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide 4-3,INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 5/e,Beamish,Morrison,Inkpen,and,Rosenzweig,Pricing in Export Markets,Strategy 1-Requiring prices in export markets that yield higher returns than are available in domestic markets,Based on the belief that export operations are more risky relative to domestic sales-can result in uncompetitive prices.,Strategy 2-Pricing to yield similar return