四级辅导ppt.ppt

*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,听力技巧,短对话,题型,I,数字与,计,算,计算题中应注意对话中的具体数字，抓住其类型是,时间，还是价格、重量、或数量,以及其针对的相关动作或事件，在听的过程中有目的地做笔记，为以后计算做好充分的准备。以下为与数字相关的常用词汇及表达方式。数字单位 百 hundred,千 thousand 百万 million,十亿 billion 不定数目 about 接近，大约 around 在周围，差不多 almost 几乎 or so 大约 more than 比更多 less than 比更少 below 在以下，不及 under 未满，少于,时刻表述,3:15 a quarter past three（英）或three fifteen（美）9:30 half past nine（英）或nine thirty（美）15:00 fifteen oclock（英）或three p.m（美）00:10 ten past midnight（美）,年、月、日的读法 2004年10月13日 October the thirteenth two thousand,and four 前天 the day before yesterday 后天 the day after tomorrow 每隔一天 every other day或every two days 每天 daily 每周 weekly 每月 monthly 每年 annual,分数和小数的读法,1/3 one third 2/5 two fifths 4.45 four point four five,与价格、货币相关的词汇,美元 dollar,美分 cent,英镑 pound,便士 penny,欧元 European dollar/euro,钞票 bill 硬币 coin,零钱 change,$17.56,seventeen dollars fifty-six cents/seventeen fifty-six,打折 on sale/discount/off,七折 30%off,半价 half price,两倍 double,三倍 triple,与容量、重量、长度相关的词汇,加仑 gallon,品脱 pint,盎司 ounce,夸脱 quart,磅 pound,英尺 foot/feet(pl.),英寸 inch,码 yard,英里 mile,电话号码的读法,8848390 double eight four eight three nine zero/o,三位数的读法,147 one hundred and forty seven,等值转换,等值交换题,必须通过换算计算出结果，而并非运用原文中的线索直接加减乘除，所以,考生,一定要对英语中的代用词相当的敏感，,对,以下英语中常用的代用词务必,熟悉,。,时间的代用词,quarter 一刻钟、四分之一、季度,a dozen 一打、十二个,score 二十,monthly 一月一次,daily 一日一次,weekly 每周一次,fortnight 两星期,decade 十年,century 世纪、百年 millennium 千年,倍数、货币的代用词,double、twice 两倍,fivefold 五倍,half 一半,a quarter 25美分,a dime 10美分,a nickel 5美分,II,地点,与方向,地点场景题是历年四级考试中必考之题，做这类题时，应根据其对话内容，抓住其中的关键场景特点，以此辨认对话发生的场所。如：通过class,examination,teacher等词断定谈话是在学校，通过waiter,menu,tip等词判断对话发生在饭店。另外注意相关地点及场所的名词前的介词，如：in a bank,at the airport,on the floor。,对话各场景必备词汇,校园,campus,dorm,library(renew the books,overdue,pay a fine),lab,canteen,roommate,semester,term,exam,course,credit,resume,tutor,graduate,presentation,lecture,paper,scholarship,assignment,essay,租房买房,move into a new apartment,cant put up with the noise,have a room to let/for rent,furnished,furniture,electric appliances,dryer,maintenance man,tenant,inexpensive in the rural area,expensive in the urban area,location,heater,shower,银行,open an account,cash the check,buy travelers check,draw/deposit money,balance,savings,家庭,darling,sweet heart,fix the washing machine,grocery,mow the lawn,have a bath,in a mess,dinning room,机场,board,flight,check in,boarding pass,seat belt,airline,passport,luggage,baggage,交通,due to arrive,non-stop train,postpone,delay,break down,traffic jam,flat tire,speeding,block,医院,take ones temperature,have a fever,have a sore throat,toothache,cough,physician,surgeon,nurse,operation-room,emergency-room,ward,prescribe,pill,capsule,餐馆,menu,a table for two,a table in the corner,a table by the window,on diet,treat,order,course,wine,dissert,reserve,旅馆,check in/out,make a reservation,register,reception desk,all are booked,vacant room,single room,double room,各种,工作场景,job interview,part-time job,recruit,apply for the position,resume,promotion,raise salary,fire/dismiss,complain about ones job,turn down the offer,dull,exhausting,challenging,stimulating,be qualified for/be up to(胜任),reference letter,III,职业,与,身份,利用四个答案来扩展联想相关的信息词汇，提前作好准备。并通过场景判断身份，抓住原文中与职业相关的关键信息词且听清问的是哪方的职业或身份，以下为数类职业的相关信息词：,老师与学生（teacher and students）,homework作业,textbook课本,hand in交page页,lecture讲座,take course上课pass通过,fail不及格,mark分数read读write写recite背诵,type打字,core分数,tuition学费,医生与病人（doctor and patient）,fever发烧headache头疼cough咳嗽toothache牙痛,hurt伤prescription药方pills药片,have a rest休息,operation手术,stay in bed卧床,售货员与顾客（assistants and shoppers）,on sale减价,cheap便宜expensive昂贵,fit well合适,fashion流行,new style新款式,size尺寸,cashier（商店）出纳,customer顾客,bargain还价,discount打折receipt收据,侍者和客人（waiters and customers）,menu菜单,order订,bill账单,tip小费,wine葡萄酒,juice汁dessert甜点心,hamburger汉堡,coffee咖啡,salad沙拉,steak牛排soup汤,sandwich三明治brandy白兰地酒,whisky威士忌酒,邮局、银行职员和顾客（clerks and clients）,letter信,mail邮件,zip code邮政编码,postcard明信片,postage邮费stamp邮票deposit存放check支票,loan贷款currency货币,credit card信用卡account账目,cash现金exchange rate汇率,老板和秘书（boss and secretary）,schedule时间表appointment约会,type打字letter信件,fill in,a,form填表file文件,fax传真,图书馆管理员和学生（library staff and student）,book shelf书架,novel小说,periodical杂志borrow借,renew续借return还overdue到期未付on time按时,司机和乘客（driver and passenger）,taxi出租车fare车费,get off下车get on上车,change零钱station车站stop停,常见的职业身份提问方式：,Who is the woman most probably speaking to?,Whats the mans job?,What does the woman probably do?,What is the,profession,of the man?,人物关系,判断,人物关系经常,可以依,据,对话者的,语气用词：,夫妻、恋人常用亲昵温柔的语气：,dear darling,店员与顾客常用的客气的语气：,sir madam,Can I?What would you like to have?,下属对老板常用恭敬伏贴的语气：,Mr.Mrs.,Ok Could you please?,亲朋好友常用简洁随便的语气：,Hi!Whats up?,Some water?,父母、老师教训子女、学生常用严厉的语气：,Dont you remember?What are you doing?,医生询问病人的语气：,You need take Whats the trouble with you?,常,考,人物关系：,夫妻(husband wife),父子(father son),母子(mother son),师生(teacher student),同学(schoolmate/classmate),同事(colleague),老板与秘书(boss secretary)雇主与雇员(employer employee),医生与病人(doctor patient),房东与租房者(landlord/landlady tenant),服务员与顾客(waiter/waitresscustomer),主人与客人(host/hostess guest)警察与司机(policeman driver),管理员与借阅者(librarian reader),IV 提供与请求,题,这类题型的特点是一方提供帮助，另一方则表示感谢、接受或拒绝；或一方请求帮助，另一方则表示同意或拒绝。做好这类试题的关键是要辨清对话中的请求或提供部分，因为问句的问题往往是问对话的一方做了什么、提出了什么和要求什么。必要时需作些笔记。例如：,You will heare:,W：Could you give me a lift？,M：Its rather crowded,but you can get in.,Q：Whats the mans attitude?,You will read:,A,.eager to lift the car,B,.agree to take her,C,.refuses her request,C,.gets on the elevator,听懂男方说的话是答对题的关键，听的时候如果能意识到Its rather crowded部分是干扰句,but you can get in.才是答案的根据，考生就能够知道正确答案,B,了。,V,态度,与反应,态度,反应,题,的,正确答案,并非一定与原文完全一致，有时其答案在表达了,与原文中的观点态度一致,的基础上，采用了,替换的语言,，,增加了考生做题的难度。,做这种题型除了理解对话中的大意之外，还需,注意问题中问的是男士还是女士的观点,，以免张冠李戴。这类题往往选项中会给出相关线索，如四个选项都出现“she”，可以推测此题是考有关女士的观点，所以在听原文中应注重Woman的阐述；如果四,个选项都出现“she would”，则问题是男士建议女士怎么做，则应着重听男士的话；如四个选项都出现“his house”，可以推测此题是考对话双方对他的房子的看法，所以在听原文时应注重双方在对房子的观点上,。,【例1】2001.1,W:Professor Whites presentation seemed to go on forever.I was barely able to stay awake.,M:How could you sleep through it?Its one of the best I have ever heard on this topic.,Q:What does the man think of Professor Whites presentation?,A)He finds the presentation hard to follow.,B)He considers the presentation very dull.,C)He thinks Professor White has chosen an interesting topic.,D)He speaks highly of the presentation.,【解析】四个选项都出现“he”，可以推断这题考的就是男士的观点，应对男士的话加以关注。,男士说到“Its one of the best”意为最好之一，与D选项高度评价相对应。A、B都是女士的观点，C说讲得有趣，原文没有提到。,【例2】2001.1,W:The man at the garage thinks that I take good care of my car.,M:So do I.I cant see any scratches on the outside and the inside is clean too.,Q:What does the man think of the womans car?,A)Her car can stand any crash.B)Her car is not as good as his.,C)Her car is maintained as well as his.D)Her car is kept in good condition.,【解析】四个选项都出现“her car”，可以推测此题是在考对她的车有哪些看法，所以应注意相关车的信息。第一句话女士说修理场工作人员认为自己“I take good care of my car（车保养的很好）”，男士回答“so do I”，内外都很干净，所以D是男士的观点。,要,熟悉表示观点态度的常见词语,：,赞成：approve,agree,prefer,wise,reasonable,favorable,反对：disapprove,disagree,unwise,ridiculous,foolish,赞赏：admire，appreciate，think much of,think highly of,喜欢：love,enjoy,fascinating,be fond of,be keen on,厌烦：dislike,bored/boring,be tired of,关心：concerned,careful,care about,怨恨或生气：hate,hatred,angry,anger,initiated,害怕或担心：fearful,frightened,worried,nervous,批评或讽刺：critical,criticize,ironic，find fault with,失望或灰心：disappointed,discouraged,后悔或遗憾：regret,regretful,pity,shame,漠然或热情：indifferent,detached,careless,enthusiastic,积极或消极：active,positive,negative,自信或自负：confident,arrogant,proud,乐观或悲观：optimistic,pessimistic,VI 逻辑-因果,作为常见的逻辑关系题型，,因果,型,考题的正确答案,有时,是经过对有关信息的变换，,呈现的,是一种解释性语言。因此，做题时，不要以原文的重现作为选择的标准，而应加以,理解，转换,，找出与原文整体相关的选择项才是正确答案。这就要求考生在听的过程中，不仅听表面词句，还要开动脑筋，挖掘句子含义，并进行有效归纳。,因：because、because of、for、as、since、in that、on account of、,now that、,thanks to、owing to、result in、give rise to,果：so、so that、therefore、thereby、as a result、hence、thus、consequently、accordingly because、as、due to、on account of、in that、sothat、suchthat,表达,先后顺序,通过时态上也可体现出因果关系。如：,M：I was very sorry to hear about Bills being fired.I know hewas sick a lot and that he usually got to work late.,W：Oh，it wasnt that.Bill made a big error in accounting.Even though it wasnt really his fault，his boss was very angry.,Q：Why did Bill lose his job?,Bill被解雇的原因是made a big error in accounting.,VI,逻辑,转 折,所谓转折，代表意思的改变，往往答案关键线索之处在转折词的后面。当你听到原文中出现显性转折词but（四级听力出现频率最高，考生应注意其在句子里面的发音连读和爆破）,or,otherwise,however,anyhow,，while、whereas、on the other hand,等，及隐性如：In fact,to tell the truth,frankly speaking,to be honest,sounds great,Id love to,Im afraid to,Thats great等，就需对前面的信息180度大转弯，再来判断正确答案。,【例1】2000.6,W:Did you visit the Television Tower when you had your vacation in Shanghai last summer?,M:I couldnt make it last June.But I finally visited it two months later.I plan to visit it again sometime next year.,Q:What do we learn about the man?,A)He saw the big tower he visited on TV.,B)He has visited the TV tower twice.,C)He has visited the TV tower once.,D)He will visit the TV tower in June.,【预测】选项是关于谁去了TV tower没有，去过几次的干扰。,【解析】男士说去年6月，没有游览成电视塔，很多同学看见否定就掉进这个陷阱（couldnt），后面but转折的话才是要点，提到两个月后去了，计划明年还去一次，所以实际只游览了一次。因此选C。,【例2】2001.6,M:How did you like yesterdays play?,W:Generally speaking,it was quite good.The part of the secretary was played wonderfully,but I think the man who played the boss was too dramatic to be realistic.,Q:How does the woman feel about the man?,A)He played his part quite well.B)He was not dramatic enough.,C)He performed better than the secretary D)He exaggerated his part.,【解析】关于整个play女士觉得quite good，不要在这里上当。but 后面的是关键，“the boss”的角色太戏剧化，不像是真的，说明表演过头。所以选D。其他选项都相反。,VII 逻辑-比较,A 同级比较 the same to,B 比较级：more than、-er than,C 变化：change、alter、vary、modify、revise、increase、decrease、enhance、diminish、develop、progress、advance、improve、retreat、degenerate、continue、remain,D 差异：different、distinguish、separate、same、similar、comparable、compare to,E 超越：surpass、exceed、excel、over,F 最高级，本身有最高级含义：maximum、minimum、peak、outstanding,G 本身程度比较深：amazing、surprising、astonishing、prohibitively,H 否定+比较=最高级 No one is more outstanding than him,.,I cannot agree with you more.,VIII 计划与行动,这种题型是根据原文中的提示判断某人的行为或去向，应,注意问题中问的是谁的行为活动,，通过四个选项提前预测可能出现的四种情况，再来抓住与原文相对应信息或同义转述的正确答案。,【例1】2004.6,M:Mr.Brown asked me to tell you that he is sorry he cant come to meet you in person.He is really too busy to make the trip.,W:Thats Okay.Im glad youve come in his place.,Q:What do we learn from the conversation?,A)The man is late for the trip because he is busy.,B)The woman is glad to meet Mr.Brown in person.,C)The man is meeting the woman on behalf of Mr.Brown.,D)The woman feels sorry that Mr.Brown is unable to come.,【解析】对话中“he cant come to meet you”、“youve come in his place”和答案C中“on behalf of”为同义表达方式，都表示替某人去见某人。,【例2】2000.6,W:Where did you say you found this bag?,M:It was lying under a big tree between the park and the apartment building.,Q:Where did the man find the bag?,A)In the park.B)Between two buildings.,C)In his apartment.D)Under a huge tree.,【解析】原文中男士说到包的位置是在树下，所以选D。树的位置“between the park and the apartment building”可知A、B、C均为错误选项。,IX 内涵与推理-,暗 示 题,暗示题是考生丢分量最大的题型，因为其答案比较隐蔽，需要大家按原文所给的信息进行分析和推测，在做这种题时，头脑需冷静，不要盲目作答，其答案已在原文中给了暗示，但需要辨别哪些是陷阱，哪一个是正确选项。,【例1】2000.6,M:Would you like a copy of Professor Smiths article?,W:Thanks,If its not too much trouble.,Q:What does the woman imply?,A)She is not interested in the article.,B)She has given the man much trouble.,C)She would like to have a copy of the article.,D)She doesnt want to take the trouble to read the article.,【解析】女士在回答是否需要帮助时用到“if its not too much trouble（如果不会带来太多麻烦的话）”，暗示礼貌地接受，也是西方礼仪文化的一部分，所以选择C。,【例2】2004.1,M:Im exhausted;I stayed up the whole night studying for my midterm maths exam.,W:But why do you always wait until the last minute?,Q:What does the woman imply?,A)The man is usually the last to hand in his test paper.,B)The man has made a mess of his midterm exam.,C)The man has bad study habits.,D)The man is a diligent student.,【解析】原文中的“Why do you always wait until the last minute（临时抱佛脚）”，暗示男士总是临近考试才学习，因此选项C“他学习习惯不好”为正确答案，其他选项都不符。,内涵与推理-引申,在英语口语当中也有类似,于,汉语的成语、谚语和习惯短语，往往也出现在英语四级听力考试里面，考生需在平时英语学习过程中积累一些英语谚语和习惯短语，对西方文化、风俗要有一定的了解。,英语口语中经常出现的谚语和习惯短语：,Wild horse couldnt keep me away.野马也挡不住我非去不可。,Im counting the days.我在数着天数急迫希望。,The last thing in the world.这是世上最后一件要做的事不愿意。,Day in and day out.早出晚归很忙。,Give me a hand.帮我一个忙。,【例1】2000.6,M:Prof.Kennedy has been very busy this semester.As far as I know,he works until midnight every day.,W:I wouldnt have troubled him so much if I had known he was so busy.,Q:What do we learn from the conversation?,A)The woman has trouble getting along with the professor.,B)The woman regrets having taken up much of the professors,time.,C)The woman knows the professor has been busy.,D)The woman knows the professor has run into trouble.,【预测】四个选项都是在描述woman，所以女士的话很关键。注意听辨。,【解析】男士说教授很忙，女士没有直接回答，而是说早知道就不麻烦他了，言下之意，就是不应该去打扰他，所以选B。其他选项都不符。,【例2】1996.1,W:Werent you nervous when the professor called on you in the,class?,M:Id say I was shaking all over.,Q:How did the man feel when he was called on?,A)Worried and frightened.B)Very relaxed.,C)Quite unhappy.D)Angry with the professor.,【预测】从D选项中透露出的关键词professor说明该题有可能是学校上课的场景，注意回忆该场景的单词。,【解析】女士问男士当被教授点名时是否紧张，男士未做正面回答，而是说听说被叫到时在发抖，言下之意，就是紧张和害怕，故选A。,X 假设与否定(虚拟),表示虚拟：,If I were you Id(1993,-,06)(1996,-,01)(1997,-,06)(2000,-,06),If only(1994,-,01)(2003,-,12),It would be betterif(1996,-,01),If it hadnt I might have(1996,-,06),If you try doing sth,youd(2000,-,01),I wouldnt have trouble him so much if I had know,n,(2000,-,06),I wish I could(1993,-,01)(1993,-,06),I(only)wish (1994,-,01)(1998,-,06)(2001,-,06),Its high time-(1997,-,06),天气常用词汇短语,fog,mist,downpour,shower,gale,warm up,cool down,clear,weather forecast,burning hot,freezing cold,短文应对策略,短文的基本特点：,250个单词、10-15个完整句、2分钟,33+3结构，即,3个主干意群,（文章四个基本要素，包括“时间、地点、人物、原因”情节的转折或推进文章的总结）+,3个主题句,（首句、末句、情节发展句）,3个答案句,（在15个句子中只有3-4句是出题之处）,3大类型7种题材：,说明文（Exposition）,1、科普文(Scientific),2、社会常识(Common sense),3、英美文化(Anglo-Saxon Culture)；,叙事文（Narration）,4、佚人轶事(Anecdote),5、人物传记(Biography),6、简短新闻(News briefing),议论文（Argumentation）（较少）,近年四级听力短文新动向,简单选项如数字题，年代题，时间题不再出现，选项更长更复杂,科普类文章数量呈增长趋势,细节题占压倒性优势,问题的模式化,1）,具体细节题型,According to the passage,1why,/,2what,/,3when,/,4how,/,5where,/,6who,2),主旨题型,What is the,main,idea,/,topic,of the passage?,What does the passage,focus,on,?,What does the passage,mainly,talk about?,What is the passage,mainly,about?,Which of the following is the,best,title,of the passage?,Which topic does the passage,mainly,discuss,?,What can you,infer,/,not,infer,from the passage?,What does the passage,mainly,suggest,?,Whats the,authors,attitude,towards sth?,What does the,author,think of sth？,3),排除题型,Which of the following statements is,true,/,not,true,?,Which of the following,best,describes,.?,Which of the following is,mentioned,/,not,mentioned,in the passage?,Which of the following,is,discussed,/,not,discussed,in the passage?,顺序原则,一般情况下，文章的走向和选项的走向会保持一致；,取舍原则,短文切不可拘泥细节，应该,抓住文章的主要脉络,，利用上下文，将所听到的信息进行归纳、推理、判断，以确定其内在含义。,三种能力,单词能力、,预测能力,、定位能力,为什么要预测？,尽管短文变化多端，总有规律可循，我们要,和出题老师斗智斗勇，把短文听力当作高智,商的解谜游戏，在心理上取得优势。,排除恐慌、占领先机、未闻其声、先识其 貌、知己知彼、百战不殆,什么时候预测？,利用考前,播放考试指令的时间,以及,两个问题间的停顿,，快速抢读选项,预读选项应该,从最后一篇短文往前读，,因为Section B 的 Direction 很短且选项难度也较大，所以很可能会来不及读的。但在预读选