《新编英汉笔译教程》第四章词义的确定引申和褒贬.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第四章词义的确定、引申和褒贬,一、词义的确定,（一）根据上下文确定词义,（二）根据冠词的有无确定词义,（三）了解文化背景知识确定词义,二、词义的引申,三词义的褒贬,Marriage is a university in which a man loses his,bachelor,s degree and a woman gets her,master,s degree.,婚姻是一所大学。在这所大学里，男人失去了单身汉资格，而女人成了一家之主。,英国语言学家艾里克,帕特里奇,(Eric Partridge),说,:,Words do not have meanings;People have meanings for words.,“,词本无义,义随人生”,一、词义的选择,（一）根据上下文选择词义,判断一词多义的手段主要是看词的联立关系（,the frame of words,）,即从词的组合、搭配中判断词义。由于一个词语不是孤立的，而是置身于一篇文章中的，一篇文章是上下密切相关的有机体，因此要受到来自各方面因素的影响。,英国哲学家,Wittgenstein,说,“,The meaning of word is its use in the language.”,Firth,则更进一步说,“,Each word when used in a new context is a new word.”,Last,1,）,He is the,last,man to come.,他是最后来的。,2,）,He is the,last,man to do it.,他决不会干那件事。,3,）,He is the,last,person for such a job.,他最不配干这个工作。,4,）,He should be the,last,to blame.,怎么也不该怪他。,5,）,He is the,last,man to consult.,根本不宜找他商量,6,）,This is the,last,place where I expected to meet you.,我怎么也没想到会在这个地方见到你。,翻译要准确，并不是靠去死记住单词的各种意义。只要围绕中心意义（,central meaning,）,通过上下文来调整它的次要意义（,secondary meaning,）。,另外,要确定词义,准确翻译,掌握词项的习惯搭配也是很重要的。,fat pork,多脂肪的猪肉,/,肥猪肉,fat income,优厚的收入,a fat pig,肥壮的猪,fat kitchen,贮足食物的厨房,soft music,轻音乐,soft drink,软饮料,soft money,纸币,soft fire,文火,soft heart,软心肠,soft head,无主见者,soft water,软水,soft light,柔光,soft ware,软件,Picture,The park is a,picture,when the flowers are in bloom.,花开时公园里景色如画。,The book gives a good,picture,of everyday life there.,那部书对那儿人们的日常生活描写得很生动。,The,picture,is much clearer with the new aerial.,装上新天线后画面清晰多了。（电视清晰度）,Have you seen her latest,picture,?,你看过她最新拍的电影了吗？,Are you,in the,picture,now?,你现在知道是怎么回事了吗？（实情）,story,：,（,1,）,This war is becoming the most important,story,of this generation.,这场战争行将成为这一代人的最重大的事件。,(2)It is quite another,story,now.,现在的情况完全不同了。,(3)The girls,story,is one of the saddest.,那个姑娘的遭遇算最惨的了。,(4)The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV.,报道中对他的渲染减少了，不久就从美国电视上销声匿迹了。,但即使是同一个意思也有不同的表现方法,在翻译的时候要考虑到上下文,选择确切的措辞,如,:,He spoke,slowly,.,他慢条斯理地说,He is,slow,of speech.,他口齿不伶俐,The police were,slow,in coming.,警察姗姗来迟,We enjoyed a,slow,Sunday at home.,我们在家里悠闲地度过了一个星期天,He waved his hand,slowly,in contempt.,他懒洋洋地挥了挥手,一副不屑一顾的样子,Ill be slow about accepting those terms.,我不会轻易接受那些条件,（二）根据冠词的有无选择词义,Every one can be successful,which is not,out of the question,but,out of question,.,每个人都能成功，这不是不可能的，而是毫无疑问的。,She is dressed,in pink.,她穿着粉红色的衣服。,She seems to be,in the pink.,她看起来身体非常健康。,My watch is behind,time,.,我的表走慢了。,My watch is behind,the time,.,我的表过时了。,That style of dress is,in,fashion,.,那种衣服的式样流行。,He can speak and write English,in,a fashion,.,他多少会说点、写点英语，但不太好。,（三）了解文化背景知识确定词义,翻译是将一种文化环境里产生的作品移植到另一种文化环境里，因此是一种跨文化活动。整个翻译过程中，原语文化和译入语文化都在以不同方式起制约作用。,而中西文化在风俗习惯，思维方式，宗教信仰等方面有很大差异，只有了解这种文化差异，才能在翻译中确定词义进行正确表达，使译文既保持原文相关的文化色彩，又符合译入语习惯。,广州别名“五羊城”不宜译为,“,Five,一,goat city”,，,“,You old goat”,表示“你这个老色鬼”,而在中国人眼里“羊”则是一种温顺、服从的象征意义。,陈小尉教授,(,福大外语系,),认为“五羊城”宜译为“,Five-Ram city”,。,“望子成龙”应根据文化差异译为,hope ones children will have a bright future/have great ambitions for ones child/hold high hopes for ones child/mean to have ones son succeed,crocodile,是一种凶残的爬行动物。在西方传说中,鳄鱼是一面吞食捕获的动物,一面流着眼泪,以诱使更多的动物上当受骗。,crocodile tears,喻指“假仁假义、假慈悲”。,Politicians shed crocodile tears over the plight of the unemployed.,面对陷入困境的失业人群，政客们虚情假意地表示同情。,It was,Friday,and soon theyd go out and get drunk.,星期五发薪日到了,他们马上就会出去喝得酩酊大醉。,而在美国有,black Friday,之说,我们却要把它译为黑色星期五。因为在美国历史上,1869,年,9,月,24,日爆发了一轮经济危机,四年后的,1873,年,9,月,19,月又发生了另一轮危机,十分凑巧的是这两个日子均是星期五。,The United States has now set up a,loneliness industry.,美国政府建立了一种为孤寡老人服务的社会服务项目。,离开美国社会环境,这句话是很难翻译的。所谓,loneliness industry,指的是美国社会福利的一部分。由于美国社会的大量孤寡老人没人照顾,成了社会问题,于是,美国政府部门就建立一种名为,loneliness industry,的社会服务项目。,bridal shower,英语中“,bridal shower”,是指在英美等国家新娘出嫁前家人为她举行的点心茶话会,(high tea party),，一般只允许女子参加，新娘的女友常常给她赠送一些小礼品。如果将其直译为“新娘淋浴”就是误译，应根据这种风俗习惯，与中国民间风俗结合起来意译为“待嫁酒会”。,与之相对应“,bachelors party,也不宜译为“单身汉聚会”，,因为“,bachelors party”,是指新郎在娶亲前一两天所举行的茶话会或酒会，一般只允许男子参加。可以译为“告别单身汉酒会”。,二、词义的引申,在文章或句子中词义的抽象化与具体化引申这是英语中经常使用的修辞手段。英语中，特别在现代英语中，常常用一个表示具体形象的词来表示一种属性、一个事物或一种概念。翻译这类词时，一般可将其词义作抽象化的引伸，译文才能流畅、自然。,Thereismuch,woman,abouthim.,他的举止颇带女人气。,The directors,eyes and ears,are run to,everything the actor does.,导演的注意力完全放在了演员的一举一动上。,He is a,rolling stone,.,他是个见异思迁的人。,Obviously there is,much room,for improvement in the design.,显然，设计还大有改进的,余地,。,There is,a mixture of the tiger and ape,in the character of the imperialists.,帝国主义既有残暴的一面，也有狡猾的一面。,We see that surface is covered with tiny“,hills and valleys,.”,我们看到，该表面凹凸不平。,英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作具体化引伸。,Today is the,link,between yesterday and tomorrow.,今天是昨天和明天之间的桥梁。,英语中有些词在特定的上下文中，其含义是清楚的，但译成汉语时还必须作具体化的引伸，否则就不够清楚。,The car in front of me stalled and I missed,the green.,我前头的那辆车停住了，我错过了绿灯。,三词义的褒贬,语言本身虽没有阶级性，但在具体使用时不可能不为一定的阶级服务。为了忠实于原文的思想内容，翻译时必须正确理解原作者的基本政治立场和观点，然后选用适当的语言手段来加以表达。,英语中有些词本身就有褒贬意义，汉译时就应相应地表达出来，如：,He was a man of high renown(fame).,他是位有名望的人。（褒）,The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy.,他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的。（褒）,Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President.,亨利总是吹嘘说他曾同总统谈过话。（贬）,He was polite and always gave advice willingly,she recalled.,她回忆说，“他彬彬有礼，总是诲人不倦。”（褒）,We were shocked by his coarse manners.,我们对他的粗暴态度感到震惊。（贬）,英语中有些词义是中立的，本身不表示褒义或贬义，但在一定的上下文中可能有褒贬的意味，汉译时就应该用具有褒贬意味的相应的词来表达。例如：,The,aggressive,nature of imperialism will never change.,帝国主义侵略的本性是绝对不会改变的。,He is an,aggressive,student who does his work quite well.,他是一个有进取心的学生，他的工作干得很出色,He is always,flattering,her by saying that she is the most beautiful woman he has ever seen.,他总是奉承她说她是他所见过的最漂亮的女人,She felt greatly,flattered,when she received the invitation to deliver a lecture.,当她接到去做演讲的邀请时，她感到非常荣幸。,作业：翻译练习,Delicate:,delicate skin,娇嫩的皮肤,delicate porcelain,精致的瓷器,delicate upbringing,娇生惯养,delicate health,虚弱的身体,delicate stomach,容易吃坏的胃,delicate vase,容易碰碎的花瓶,delicate diplomatic question,微妙的外交问题,delicate difference,细微的差别,delicate ear for music,对音乐有鉴赏力,delicate sense of smell,灵敏的嗅觉,He saw a man,sawing,trees with a saw,他看见一个人正用锯锯树。,Eat what you,can,and,can,what you,cannot,能吃的吃掉，吃不掉的就做成罐头。,That woman,walks the streets,.,那个妇女是妓女,。,Ill,report,that official.,我要检举那位官员。,The boss,gave her the sack,.,老板解雇了她。,That girl student is,in the green,.,那女学生正值豆蔻年华。,The old lady has,gone to her rest,.,那个老太太安息了。,That young man has,lost his heart,.,那个青年人处于热恋之中。,That fellow,did hard labor,for 3 years.,那个家伙服过三年劳役。,The woman,in labor,is his wife,分娩的妇女是他的妻子。,Im,not a little,afraid of snakes.,我很怕蛇。,I have,seen him through,.,我帮助他度过难关。,Dont,call him names,.,别骂他！,The little boy is,a love child,.,那个小男孩是个私生子。,He is,disinterested,in,the affairs.,他在此事上公正无私。,Every life has its,roses and thorns,.,每个人的生活都有甜有苦。,It is not right for children to,sit up,late.,孩子熬夜不好。,She tried her best to,right,her husband from the charge of robbery.,她尽力为她丈夫被控抢劫申冤。,I want you to,account for,every cent you spent.,我要你把花费的每分钱都交待清楚。,If the stove isnt,made up,it will go out.,如不添柴，炉子就会熄灭。,Society is made up of people with widely differing abilities.,社会是由具有迥然不同能力的人组成的。,They,made up,a bed on the sofa for the unexpected visitor.,他们把沙发收拾一下让这位不速之客睡。,He saw a dim,figure,moving towards him.,他隐约看见一个人影正在向他眼前移动。,The invention of machinery had brought into the world a new erathe Industrial Age.Money had become,King,.,机器的发明使世界进入了一个新纪元即工业时代，金钱成了主宰一切的权威。,The boxer was knocked out in the second round.,该拳击手在第二个回合中被淘汰了。,The Department of Justice was reluctant to bring poor cases into court.,司法部不愿意将没有把握打赢官司的案子拿到法庭上。,Other media closer to the scene dismissed Carter as a,poor loser,.,对此事比较了解的其他媒体鄙夷地认为，卡特是一个输不起的人（输了会发脾气的人）。,He writes in a round hand.,他的字写得很圆润。,His hand is out.,他的技能荒废了。,Give me a hand,please.,请帮我一下。,The office is short of hands.,这个办公室缺人手。,We have the situation well in hand.,我们能很好的把握局面。,