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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Chapter 3Diction,吴宜涛 /3,1/35,CONTENTS,词义选择,语境作用,单词翻译（英译汉）,2/35,Using the right word at the right time is rather like wearing appropriate clothing for the occasion:it is a courtesy to others,and a favor to yourselfa matter of presenting yourself well in the eyes of the world.,The Right Word at the Right Time,词语选择是指在翻译过程中，基于,对源语文本准确了解,在目标语中选择恰当词语或表示法，使之,符合译文语境,表示需要。,3/35,要做到在翻译中能够准确选择精当词语，必须把握以下两点：,正确对待翻译时所使用词典。英汉两种语言词义不但仅是点对应，也不但仅是在一个平面上线性交叉对应，而是成立体交叉对应关系。所以在翻译时，译者寻求不只是词义静态对应，而是要在这种立体交叉词义关系中,寻求动态对应,。,4/35,要搞清英汉两种语言差异。英语词汇所包含意义往往含有游移性（vacillant）和灵活性（flexible），表达在,英语词汇意义多依据各自前后搭配和语境改变,。当代汉语词语涵义范围比较狭窄，词义比较准确、固定，其伸缩性和对上下文依赖性比较小。当代汉语里一词多义现象远没有英语那样普遍。,5/35,你身材很美。,Your figure is beautiful.(,X,),You have a fair figure.,生活水平,standard of life(,X,),quality of life,严密控制,close control(,X,),strict/rigid control,好票,good tickets(,X,),good seats,强硬政策,strong policy(,X,),tough policy,6/35,(1)There are over,vagrants,in the city.,(2)There are over,people with no fixed address,in the city.,(3)There are over,homeless,in the city.,这三句话所指代完全是同一群人，即它们含有相同指示意义，但它们在读者心目中所引发联想却不一样。第一句中“vagrant”是“无业游民”、“流浪者”之意。第三句中“homeless”是“无家可归者”意思。第一句因使用“vagrant”而使得该句有了否定内涵意义(negative connotation)，第三句因使用了“homeless”使得该句有了必定内涵意义(positive connotation)。第二句使用了一个不偏不倚表示方式“people with no fixed address”，不带任何感情色彩，所以，该句含有中性内涵意义(neutral connotation),惯用于法律文件中，以示法律客观公正性。,7/35,语境作用,During his visit to China this year,George Bush will meet his,counterpart,and discuss the Sino-US relations of the future.,在今年来中国访问期间，乔治,布什将会见胡锦涛主席并就中美未来关系进行讨论。,8/35,我们对这件,事,当然有讲话权。,Of course we have a say in the,matter,.,真是,想不到事,。,What a,surprise,!,这绝不是轻而易举,事,。,Its by no means an easy,job,.,这不是,开玩笑事儿,。,This is no,joke,.,这本新书出版是今年文化界,大事,。,The new book was the cultural,event,of the year.,各族人民代表共聚一堂，商讨国家,大事,。,Representatives from different nationalities gather in the same hall to discuss,affairs,of the state.,9/35,High,:,high commander,高级指挥员,high limit,最大程度,high wind,劲风,high life,上流生活,high spirit,高昂情绪,high tea,午后茶,high explosive,烈性炸药,10/35,Sophisticated,:sophisticated man,老于世故人,sophisticated columnist,老练专栏作家,sophisticated novel,思想内容深奥小说,sophisticated device,先进装置,sophisticated weapon,尖端武器,sophisticated medicine,成份复杂药,sophisticated oil,掺假油,11/35,His plane,developed,engine trouble only seven miles after take-off.,他飞机在起飞后只飞行了七英里就,发生了,机械故障。,As young Goddard grew into manhood,he,developed,tuberculosis.,年轻戈达德长大成人时,患上了,结核病。,It is believed that before writing was,developed,people in China used to keep records by putting a number of stones together.,人们认为，在,出现,书写之前，中国人常把石头放在一起来记事。,12/35,A hypothesis is a specific statement,developed,by a scientist from observations.,一个假设是由科学家经过大量观察而,得出,详细结论。,As early as his second film,Chaplin had,developed,his own manner of acting the one that was to become world famous.,早在演第二部电影时，卓别林就已,形成了,自己演出格调，这就是他以后闻名于世那种演出格调。,Inspired by these ideas,in 1752,Franklin,developed,a practical lightning rod.,因为受到这些思想激发，弗兰克林于1752年,创造了,很实用避雷针。,13/35,You cannot,build,a ship,a bridge or a house if you dont know how to make a design or how to read it.,build:to make(one or more things)by putting pieces together 建筑，建造，修建；营造,不会制图或看不懂图纸，就不可能,造,船、,架,桥或,盖,房子。,英语中一个动词build能够很协调地同它三个宾语a ship,a bridge or a house搭配，而汉语中却没有一个共用动词能够很地道、很通顺地同这三个宾语进行搭配,14/35,The home of your dreams,awaits,you behind this door.Whether your taste,be,a country,manor estate,or a penthouse in the sky,you will find the following pages filled with the worlds most,elegant residences,.（英语广告）,打开门，,恭候,着您就是梦寐以求家。不论您,企盼,是一座乡间,宅第,，抑或是一间摩天大楼顶屋，翻开下面几页就能够看到世界上最,高雅住宅,供您选择。,该广告中使用await,be,manor estate,elegant,residence均属正式语汇，代替了口语体wait,is,house,nice,place。该广告制作人选择文雅用词用意深刻：首先能衬托出该种商品高贵品质，另首先又能满足这类商品消费者考究身份、追求上乘心理需求。在译文中，所列文雅用词分别以“恭候”、“企盼”、“宅第”、“高雅住宅”译出，在语体色彩方面与原文基本对应。,15/35,单词翻译,四种情况,：,已知无疑：碰到单词是自己知道，而且把自己知道译法用在当前句子中很适当。,已知有疑,：碰到单词是自己知道，不过使用已知译法感觉有点不大对。,未知已经有：碰到单词是自己不知道，不过一查就找到了，有比较现成答案。,未知未有：碰到单词是自己不知道，而且经过普通查找依然无法得到满意答案。,16/35,We need to consider the,economics,of climate change.,economics “经济学”？,“我们需要考虑气候改变经济学”？,17/35,四步法：,疑、查、定、表,疑,：所选单词放到译文中是适当，句子通顺、意思清楚、前后连贯。不然，不要放过疑问。,查,：要想到达单词无错翻译目标必须查看英英解释。（英汉两种语言词汇之间并非一一对应）,18/35,19/35,20/35,We need to consider the,economics,of climate change.,21/35,定,“定”，即“定夺”，即确定在若干释义中哪一个适合用于本句。,1、We need to consider,the social science,of climate change.,2、We need to consider,the economic matters,of climate change.,定：2,“经济事宜”。,22/35,表,“表”，即“表述”。确定了适当意思之后就能够考虑怎样用汉字来表述。,We need to consider the,economics,of climate change.,我们需要考虑气候改变经济层面。,23/35,We are enclosing a cheque as,consideration,in accordance with our agreement last year.,常见译法,：考虑,疑,：“以支票作为考虑”？,“依据我们去年协议，我们附上支票一张作为考虑。”？,查,：,24/35,25/35,定,：把查到释义放到句子中,We are enclosing a cheque as,payment given in exchange for a service rendered,in accordance with our agreement last year.,表,：,We are enclosing a cheque as,consideration,in accordance with our agreement last year.,依据我们去年协议，我们附上支票一张作为,酬劳,。,26/35,Mediation is a process of dispute resolution that allows the parties involved to negotiate a mutually acceptable settlement,without prejudice,.,常见译法,：偏见、歧视,疑,：“调解是一个争议处理程序，能够让各方能够以不带偏见方式谈判，达成双方都能够接收处理方案。”？,查,：,27/35,28/35,定,：Mediation is a process of dispute resolution that allows the parties involved to negotiate a mutually acceptable settlement,without dismissing a legal interest or demand,.,感觉通顺，能够认定所选释义正确。,表,：,Mediation is a process of dispute resolution that allows the parties involved to negotiate a mutually acceptable settlement,without prejudice,.,调解是一个争议处理程序，能够让各方能够在,没有放弃权利,情况下谈判，达成双方都能够接收处理方案。,29/35,Homework 1,What I despised him was his,drinking,gambling,and,cursing,.,我看不起他，因为他,嗜酒,、,好赌,，,说脏话,。,英汉语言词类优势不一样,The,maintenance,of the existence of some rare animals has recently claimed world-wide attention.,保护,一些稀有动物生存，最近已引发了世界范围广泛注意。,30/35,They sat talking,for two and three hours,as Smith spilled out his fear and,frustrations,and Conley alternatively played the roles of,friend,protector,and,confidant,.,他们坐着一谈就是两三个钟头，史密斯倾吐了自己内心害怕、担忧和,种种,失意，而康利则不时地,抚慰,他，,勉励,他，,开导,他。,31/35,Given goodwill on both sides,he was confident,a way out of the current impasse,would be found.,假如双方有善意话，他相信能够找到一个方法,打破当前僵局,。,Those who are in favor please hold up their hands.,赞成请举手。,32/35,越来越多老人接收了子孙们对于迪斯科舞和爵士音乐所表现出日益浓厚兴趣这个事实。,Among the old generation,there is a,growing acceptance,of the increasing interest that their children and grandchildren have shown in disco and jazz.,33/35,一个城市若,拥有,健康、高兴市民，含有漂亮、活泼环境，充溢着友好、友善、主动进取气氛，那么这座城市必定是一个吸引游客和投资成功地方。,A city,with,healthy,friendly and pleasant people,beautiful and dyniamic surroundings,and a harmonious and positive atmosphere,will be the city of success,attracting,tourists,as well as,investors,.,34/35,木材商女儿爱伦,完成,了伦敦学业，正在赶往回家路上。汤姆和爱伦是童年搭档，所以今天他在路边等着爱伦马车,到来,。爱伦,看到,汤姆非常高兴，不禁,想起,了童年高兴时光。爱伦,归来,给汤姆原本平淡无奇生活平添了幸福和希望。,Ellen,the daughter of the timber merchant,is coming home after the,completion,of her education in London.,She and Tom were playmates when they were children,so today Tom waits by the roadside for the,arrival,of her carriage.,Ellen is overjoyed at the,sight,of Tom and happy,memories,of her childhood days come back to her mind.,The,return,of Ellen has brought Tom happiness and hope to the dull and uneventful life of Tom.,35/35,
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