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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,LOGO,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Paragraph Development by Cause and Effect,1/42,Observe the above picture and list the causes and effects of the phenomenon?,2/42,Procedure,Steps for writing a cause and effect essay:,1)Distinguish between cause and effect.,2)Develop your thesis statement.,(127),3)Find and organize supporting details.,4)Using appropriate transitions.,Chronological（按年代次序排列）,Order of importance,Categorical（按类别次序）,3/42,effects,Therefore so,as a result,consequently,accordingly,because of this,Thus.hence,for this reason,result in,causes,due to because of,owing to as a result of,on account of for,on the ground of,Through Because,since as,on the ground that,Transitional Words and Phrases,4/42,惯用于因果分析法连接词,because,because of,for,since,due to,owing to,thanks to,as a result(of),accordingly,hence,so,thus,therefore,consequently,for this reason,For one thing,for another,The first reason is that the second one is,It is mainly(partly)because of,It is not that,but that,It is not because but because,This is why,5/42,therefore,consequently,as a result,and for this reason,通常后面接逗号,The weather was cold;therefore,Sally closed the window.The weather was cold.Therefore,Sally put on her coat.,The weather was cold.Consequently,Sally put on her scarf.,A blizzard hit the town.As a result,the schools were closed.,Since,because,置于表示原因句子前，句后用逗号.,Because the weather outside was cold,Sally closed the window.,so,前面句子后加逗号,The weather was warm,so Jim turned on the air conditioner.,6/42,高级句型,Two major factors contributed to,devastating summer flooding along the Yangtze River and its tributaries.,First,erosion resulting from excessive deforestation in the upper reaches of the river and,second,heavy silting which raised the riverbed in the main channel.两个主要原因造成了夏季长江及其支流特大洪水。第一，过分砍伐引发河流上游侵蚀，第二，严重泥沙淤积抬高了主干道河床。,Greed,and,a total lack of social consciousness,have been cited as major reasons for,the dramatic rise corruption.人们认为贪婪和社会意识彻底缺乏是造成腐败急剧增加主要原因。,7/42,Identifying the reasons for an emerging phenomenon which involves several complicated factors is far from an easy task,.,For example,some,scientists,attribute,environmental deterioration,to,a series of natural factors,while others place the blame solely（独自，单独）on,inappropriate human behavior.,高级句型,8/42,要找到包括许多复杂原因新现象原因远非一件易事。比如，一些科学家把环境恶化归结为一些自然原因，而另一些人把责任都推在人类不适当行为上。,9/42,The explanation for the phenomenon of,the rising teenage suicide rate,involves many complicated factors.,Some attribute,the rise,to,an overemphasis on early success,others point to,mounting peer pressure,and still others to,confusion over changing social values.对上升少年自杀率解释包括很多复杂原因。有人把上升原因归结为过分强调少年时期成功，有人指出是因为不停增加同伴之间压力，还有些人认为是对不停改变社会价值迷茫造成。,高级句型,10/42,Try to recite all the useful sentence structures I provide you.,11/42,Types of the,Cause-Effect Pattern,12/42,Ca,u,sal Chain,13/42,Jims father has a bad temper,and he often beat,s,Jims mother and the kids.(family violence),Jims mother leaves Jims father,taking the children with her.,14/42,With only Jims mothers income,the family has less money,so the family experiences financial problems.,Jims mother moves in with her boyfriend to help the family finances.,15/42,Jim feels unwanted in his new home and runs away.,a homeless child,16/42,cause,effect(cause),effect(cause),effect(cause),effect,Causal Chain,the most immediate effect,17/42,18/42,Cause因-Effect果,19/42,Peer Pressure,Since I attend college,I feel more and more peer pressure,.,While I used to be a top student in senior high school,and was always praised by teachers and envied by peers,now I find there are a lot of talented peers in college and I am temporarily and relatively poor in academic performance.,Therefore,I feel that I have changed from a hero to a zero.,contemporary,20/42,Cause&Effect Relation,Topic:peer pressure,Cause,used to be a top student in senior high,school,praised by teachers,envied by,peers;a lot of talented peers in,college,poor in academic performance,Effect,from a hero to a zero,21/42,22/42,What has sparked the increasing interest in,exercise?,For one thing,people have gained a greater awareness of the need for physical fitness.,For another,the constantly improving standard of living enables Chinese people to patronize the increasing number of recreational venues.,The main thing perhaps centers on,the healthcare and psychological benefits exercise provides.什么引发了人们对锻炼越来越浓兴趣？首先，人们愈加清楚地意识到保持身体健康必要性。另首先，不停提升生活水平使中国人能够支付增加娱乐支出。最主要可能在于锻炼带来保健和心理上好处,高级句型,23/42,Effect,Cause 1,Cause 2,Cause 3,24/42,Cause&Effect Relation,Topic:,My learning experience in junior middle school,Cause,I had a kind and patient teacher who,often praised all of the students.,Effect,Because of this positive method,I,eagerly answered all the questions I,could,never worrying much about,making mistakes.I was at the top of,my class for two years.,25/42,26/42,The deep impact of,opening to the outside world,is readily discernible in a number of areas,:the adoption of many Western habits,both good and bad;changing social and moral values;the trend towards individualism;and the introduction of state-of-the-art concepts and technology.,The key to,adopting Western way,centers on,accepting the good and rejecting the bad.对外开放深刻影响在许多方面都能看到：模仿西方习惯，包含好和坏；改变社会和道德价值观；个人主义趋势；引进已发展概念和技术。采取西方方式关键在于取其精华，去其糟粕。,高级句型,27/42,因果型段落结构,主题句“果”,“果因”型语段,主题句“因”“因果”型语段,主题句“果”，发展句分析因，再次归纳论点,“果-因-果”型语段,主题句“因”，分析带来影响,“因-果,-因-果,”型语段,28/42,There is no life on Earth,.,(S1),For one thing,Earths surface in the area of Manhattan（曼哈顿）is composed of solid concrete(混凝土)and nothing can grow there.,(S2),For another,the atmosphere is filled with carbon monoxide（一氧化碳）and other deadly gases and nobody could possibly breathe this air and survive.,(S3),topic sentence,主题,S1,effect(果),S2,S3,cause 2(因),cause 1(因),分析,主题句“果”，“果因”型语段,29/42,The rapidly emerging,sexual revolution,has been accompanied by,many disturbing trends.,Perhaps the most serious consequences center on the rapid spread of,sexually transmitted diseases(STDs),rising prostitution and the rise in AIDS cases.伴伴随快速出现性革命有很多令人烦恼趋势。最严重后果可能是性传染病快速蔓延、卖淫现象及艾滋病患者增多。,高级句型,主题句“因”“因果”型语段,30/42,The two-day weekend is sincerely popular with college students.,It,offers students more leisure time for their hobbies and entertainments,which help them relax completely after five-day hard work.,It,also,relieves the pressure on them from too many courses and assignments.,Therefore,many students try to enjoy themselves in many interesting ways such as going camping and having a potluck party.,主题句“果”，发展句分析因，再次归纳论点,“果-因-果”型语段,31/42,Although blacks had“freedom”in a legal sense,most of them still did not have any education or economic independence.,Consequently,they were helpless to participate significantly in the political process to try to improve their status.Except for farm work,most former slaves had no skills.,As a result,many blacks went back to work for the same white people who used to be their masters.,“因-果-因-果”型语段,32/42,To brainstorm and make a list of possible causes for the topic.,Girls dont do as well in math and science as boys.,Exercise:,33/42,Phenomenon,statistics,graph,Why?,Reasons,Reason,Significance,Problem,Thesis,Causes,Conclusion,Reason,Detail,Detail,34/42,Girls dont do as well in math and science as boys.There are several reasons for this.The first and most important reason is that they arent encouraged to play with toys that build up interest in math and science problems and that build skills for problem solving or understanding how things work.Girls are encouraged to play with toys that foster language and human relations skills.As a result,they can grow up not knowing how an engine works or how to build a model from directions.Second,studies have shown that teachers dont expect girls to be good at math.Even female math and science teachers pay more attention to boys in class and call on boys more often.Because teachers dont expect girls to excel,they dont try very hard,and soon girls are far behind boys in these studies.Finally,girls dont have many role models to look up to.,M,any math and science teachers are,not,women,especially in the later grades.When the media picture mathematicians and scientists,they usually picture men.As a result,girls arent inspired to choose these fields as careers.,35/42,How to write,cause-and-effect,paragraph,Sound Reasoning or logic,When discussing causes and effects,make sure your analysis is of logic.You must not take it for granted that event A causes event B simply because event A occurs before event B.In other words,you must explain clearly what really brings about a particular result.,LOGO,36/42,Possible Shift in order,In cause-and-effect writing,it seems convenient to state the effect first and then analyze the causes.The reverse order,however,is to be preferred when one cause leads to a number of effects.,LOGO,37/42,1,:,Has the cause/effect relationship been effectively addressed?,2,:Has sufficient supporting detail been included?,3,:Does the writing contain an effective opening and closing?,4,:Does the writing form a meaningful whole?,Writing and Revising Evaluating,LOGO,38/42,Why,Do,College Students Take a Part-time Job?,1.最近几年越来越多大学生加入打工队伍,2.为何大学生要打工,3.大学生打工意义,Phenomenon,Why?Reasons,significance,39/42,Reasons:,1.money,2.experience,40/42,significance,To be independent,confident.,To broaden their outlook.,To place an influence on their future life.,41/42,Percentage of College Students Taking Part-time Jobs,Trend:The number of college students taking part-time jobs is going up.,Topic,42/42,
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