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,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,BILINGUAL COURSE,Horticultural,Science,YAO Qing,yaoqscau,020-85286902(O),BILINGUAL COURSE,第1页,Contents,Introduction to Horticulture(2h),Classification of Horticultural Crops(4h),Anatomy of Horticultural Crops(6h),Growth Environment of Horticultural Crops(6h),Plant Physiology of Horticultural Crops(4h),Propagation of Horticultural Crops(2h),Mineral Nutrients and Fertilization of Horticultural Crops(4h),Organic Horticultural Practice(4h),第2页,HOMEWORK-1st,Choose one of your favorite horticultural crops and describe its classification according to its scientific name,seasonal growth cycle,kind of stem,stem growth form.,Please also include pictures for illustration.,See the example on the next slide.,Email to yaoqscau.,第3页,荔枝（litchi,lychee）,The,litchi,(also known as,lychee),is the sole member of the genus,Litchi,in the soapberry(无患子)family,Sapindaceae(无患子科).It is a tropical and subtropical fruit tree native to southern China,Taiwan,Bangladesh and Southeast Asia,and now cultivated in many parts of the world.,scientific name:,Litchi chinensis,seasonal growth cycle:perennial,kind of stem:tree,stem growth form:erect,第4页,Questions,Translate the following Chinese into English.,界,门,纲,目,科,属,种,Kingdom,Division,Class,Order,Family,Genus,Species,第5页,Chapter 3,第6页,Anatomy of Horticultural Crops,Glossary,Annual rings,Epidermis,Organelles,Bark,树皮,Epigeous germination,Parenchyma cells,Cell,Foliage leaves,Parthenocarpy,Chromosome,Hardwood,阔叶材,Plant anatomy,年轮,表皮,细胞器,子叶出土萌发,薄壁细胞,细胞,营养叶,单性坚固,染色体,植物形态,第7页,Complete flower,Plasma membrane,Heartwood,Complex tissue,Hypogeous germination,Plastid,Compound leaves,Imperfect flower,Meristems,Compression wood,应压木,Incomplete flower,Prop roots,完全花,质膜,心材,复合组织,子叶不出土萌发,质体,复叶,不完全花,分生组织,不完全花,支持根,第8页,Tap root,Simple leaves,Tension wood,应拉木,Vascular plant,Simple tissue,Wood,木材,Tissue,Softwood,针叶材,Turgor pressure,Xerophytes,Totipotency,Genome,直根，主根,单叶,维管植物,简单组织,组织,膨压,旱生植物,细胞全能性,基因组,第9页,Conducting tissue,Inflorescence,Reaction wood,应力木,Culm,茎秆,Differentiation,Sapwood,边材,Sclerenchyma cells,Collenchyma cells,Secretion,Primary vegetative body,Vascular cambium,疏导组织,花序,分化,厚壁细胞/skli,-/,厚角细胞/k,-/,分泌,初生营养体,维管形成层,第10页,Whole plant,Organs,Tissues,Cells,Organelles,Macromolecules,Levels of organization of plants,The study of plants below the level of organs usually requires the aid of special equipment such as microscopes to observe and manipulate.,The cell is the basic unit of organization of living things.,Cell:,The basic structural and physiological unit of plants and animals.,Plant anatomy:,The study of the structure of cells,tissues,and tissue systems of plants.,第11页,第12页,Cell structure,针晶,簇晶,核糖体,细胞核,核仁,大中央液泡,淀粉粒,细胞壁,细胞膜,高尔基体,叶绿体,液泡膜,线粒体,细胞质,粗面型,内质网,滑面型,内质网,高尔基,小泡,第13页,Types of plant cells and tissues,Simple tissues,Parenchyma:characterized by thin wall.,Collenchyma:having a thick primary wall.,Sclerenchyma:having two walls,primary and secondary.,第14页,第15页,Primary and secondary walls contain,cellulose,hemicellulose,and,pectin,albeit in different proportions.Approximately equal amounts of pectin and hemicellulose are present in dicot primary walls whereas hemicellulose is more abundant in grasses.,The secondary walls of woody tissue and grasses are composed predominantly of cellulose,lignin,and hemicellulose.The cellulose fibrils are embedded in a network of hemicellulose and lignin.,Cross-linking of this network is believed to result in the elimination of water from the wall and the formation of a hydrophobic composite that limits accessibility of hydrolytic enzymes and is a major contributor to the structural characterisitics of secondary walls.,第16页,Functions,The most important function of the parenchyma cells of roots and stem is the storage of food(e.g.starch)and water.The intercellular air spaces permit gaseous exchange.,薄壁组织,第17页,Functions,The collenchyma serve as supporting and strengthening tissue.In collenchyma with chloroplasts,photosynthesis takes place.,厚角组织,第18页,Functions,An important supporting tissue in plants,sclereids are responsible for the hardness of date seeds and the shell of walnut.Fibres probably play a role in the transport of water in the plant.Starch granules are stored in the young,living fibres.,厚壁组织,第19页,Complex tissues,Epidermis:the outmost layer of the plants.,Secretory tissues:tissues secreting material,either outside or inside.,Conducting tissues:an elaborate system of vessels used in conducting organic and inorganic solutes from place to place in the plant.,Apical meristems:areas of active growth located at the tips,where cells are dividing rapidly.,第20页,Functions,The epidermal cells protect the underlying cells.The waxy cuticle prevents the loss of moisture from the leaves and stems.The transparent epidermal cells allow sunlight(for photosynthesis)to pass through to the chloroplasts in the mesophyll tissue.,The stomata of leaves and stems allow gaseous exchange to take place which is necessary for photosynthesis and respiration.Water vapour may be given off through the stomata during transpiration.The root-hairs absorb water and dissolved ions from the soil.,气孔,第21页,Functions,xylem is an important strengthening tissue.,Xylem vessels and tracheids transport water and mineral salts.Starch is sometimes stored in the xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma.,木质部,管胞,导管分子,第22页,Functions,Sieve tubes transport organic compounds.Companion cells helps to regulate the metabolic activities of the sieve tube elements.The phloem fibres give the plant mechanical strength.The phloem parenchyma stores compounds such as starch.,韧皮部,筛管分子,伴胞,代谢,第23页,Cell structure,针晶,簇晶,核糖体,细胞核,核仁,大中央液泡,淀粉粒,细胞壁,细胞膜,高尔基体,叶绿体,液泡膜,线粒体,细胞膜,粗面型,内质网,滑面型,内质网,高尔基,小泡,1,2,3,4,5,6,第24页,第25页,边缘嵌合体,周缘嵌合体,扇形嵌合体,第26页,Stem,Dicot stem,In dicot stems,vascular bundles(维管束)are arranged in a circle near the outside.The phloem are found on the outside of the vascular bundle and the xylem are on the inside.There is a pith(髓)located in the center made up of mostly parenchymal cells.,第27页,Monocot stem,In most monocots the vascular bundles are arranged throughout the ground tissue（基本组织）rather than in a ring;thus it is not possible to distinguish pith and cortex(皮层)regions.,第28页,第29页,腋芽,顶芽芽痕,顶芽（带顶端分生组织）,节间,节,托叶,叶片,叶缘,叶柄,第30页,根状茎,rhizome,匍匐茎,runner,刺状叶,匍匐茎,stolon,卷须,块茎,potato,Modified stems,球茎,corm,Whats the difference between a strawberry runner and a clover stolon?,There are some adventitious roots on the strawberry ruuner,however,no adventitious roots is present on the clover stolon.,第31页,Anatomy of Horticultural Crops,Leaf,Root,Flower,第32页,Leaf,External Anatomy of the Leaf,第33页,Phyllotaxy(叶序),Phyllotaxy,is arrangement of leaves along the length of the stem at the nodes.,The Leaf:Site of Photosynthesis&Transpiration,互生,对生,轮生,叶序,第34页,alternate,-,one leaf per node,offset in opposite directions,alternating.Typical of grasses.,opposite,-,two leaves per node,set in opposite directions.,whorled,-,multiple leaves per node,set in a spiral.,第35页,第36页,角质层,栅栏叶肉细胞,海绵叶肉细胞,Internal anatomy of the leaf,第37页,A real cross section of leaf,第38页,The functions of leaf:,1.Food manufacture,2.Protection:bud scales(芽鳞),floral bracts(花苞片),sepals(花萼片),3.Storage,For details,see the textbook(P69).,Tips:,Normally,bud scales are present in the winter buds,therefore,the plant age can be estimated according to the number of the ring of bud scale scars.,第39页,a),Cuticle:,Waxy layer,water proofing,upper leaves.,b),Upper epidermis:,Upper layer of cells.No chloroplasts.Protection.,c),Palisade Mesophyll:,Tightly packed upper layer of chloroplast containing cells.,d),Spongy Mesophyll:,Lower layer of chloroplast containing cells.Air spaces around them.,e),Lower Epidermis(hypodermis):,Lower external layer of cells in leaf.,f),Vascular Bundle:,Bundle of many vessels（导管）(xylem and phloem)for transport.,g),Xylem:,Living vascular system carrying water&minerals throughout plant.,h),Phloem:,Living vascular system carrying dissolved sugars and organic compounds throughout plant.,i),Guard Cells:,2 cells surrounding stomata that control rate of gas&water exchange.,j),Stomata:,Opening between guard cells for gas&water exchange.,第40页,a)Waxy layer,water proofing,upper leaves.,b)Upper layer of cells.No chloroplasts.Protection.,c)Tightly packed upper layer of chloroplast containing cells.,d)Lower layer of chloroplast containing cells.Air spaces around them.,e)Lower external layer of cells in leaf.,f)Bundle of many vessels（导管）(xylem and phloem)for transport.,g)Living vascular system carrying water&minerals throughout plant.,h)Living vascular system carrying dissolved sugars and organic compounds throughout plant.,i)2 cells surrounding stomata that control rate of gas&water exchange.,j)Opening between guard cells for gas&water exchange.,角质层,上表皮,栅栏叶肉组织,海绵叶肉组织,下表皮,维管束,木质部,韧皮部,保卫细胞,气孔,cuticle,upper epidermis,palisade mesophyll,spongy mesophyll,lower epidermis,vascular bundle,xylem,phloem,guard cell,stoma,第41页,Factors which cause stomata to open or close,1.Light generally causes stomata to open and darkness to close.In some succulent plants,however,this trend is reversed and the plants open their stomata at night when they can take advantage of the cooler evening temperatures for gaseous exchange,thus reducing water loss.,2.Wilting or water deficit(水分亏缺)causes the stomata of a plant to close,thus preventing further water loss from the leaves.3.An increase in CO,2,(,carbon dioxide,)causes stomatal closure.4.Increase in temperature causes stomata to open.,stoma:stomata,stomas,第42页,Leaf Blade:,Wide flattened area of leaf for concentrating sunlight on photosynthetic cells.,Petiole:,Short stem that attaches leaf to main stem or branch.,Veins:,Vascular bundles within leaf for transport.,Node:,Growth region of stem where leaves or new branches arise.,Axillary bud:,Baby leaf or stem(next years growth).,第43页,Simple Leaf:One Blade,无托叶,有托叶,无叶柄,抱茎,第44页,单叶,复叶,第45页,Compound Leaf:Blade Divided Into Leaflets,Palmately Compound(Digitate):No rachis（/reikis/,叶轴）,Pinnately Compound(Pinnate):With a rachis,掌状复叶,羽状复叶,第46页,Pinnately and Palmately Trifoliate,羽状三出复叶,掌状三出复叶,第47页,Twice Pinnately Compound(Bipinnate),二回羽状复叶,第48页,Pinnatifid:Pinnately dissected nearly to the midrib,羽状半裂叶片,第49页,叶脉(,vein,)排列方式,羽状,网状,掌状,三出,平行,第50页,The Vascular System,The vascular system is distributed throughout the mesophyll,and is visible on the surface of the leaf as the,venation pattern,.,弧形叶脉,掌状叶脉,平行叶脉,羽状叶脉,网状叶脉,第51页,A cross section of the petiole reveals that the,phloem is on the bottom of each vein,and the xylem is on top,(picture it as peeling away from the stem as it grows outward from the stem).Both are primary,and do not develop from the vascular cambium.,第52页,hydrophyte,-plant evolved to thrive in very wet conditions,xerophyte/xeriphyte,-plant evolved to thrive in very dry conditions,mesophyte,-plant evolved to thrive in moderate conditions(with respect to water),Would you expect a xerophyte to have relatively few,or relatively many stomates,compared to a mesophyte?and Why?,DISCUSS,ION:,What water-saving epidermal features do xerophytes have?,Plants can be broadly classified into three categories:,1.numerous trichomes(,毛状体,)(some with secreted resins),2.thick waxy cuticle(,角质层,),3.few upper surface stomates,4.stomates recessed into grooves on the leaf surface,第53页,leaves modified for very dry environments,Leaf Modifications and Specializations,Leaves show the greatest diversity of modification of all the plant organs.An overview of some of these follows,but you will encounter leaves that will amaze and astound you beyond what you see here.,Leaf structure and shape is intimately related to the environmental conditions under whch the plant evolved,but also in which it has developed.The genetic plasticity of plant organs is clearly reflected in such things as variable shapes,pigmentation and sizes of leaves and stems on the same plant that grow in sun versus shade,or other variable environments.,第54页,课堂提问,角质层,上表皮,栅栏叶肉细胞,维管束鞘细胞,木质部,韧皮部,下表皮,海绵叶肉细胞,保卫细胞,气孔,叶脉,第55页,Roots,直根系,须根系,支持根,第56页,The functions of roots:,1.General functions:anchorage(固定),nutrient and water absorption(养分和水分吸收),hormone synthesis(激素合成),2.Specialized functions:storage of carbohydrates(储存碳水化合物),aerial support(气生性支撑),propagation(繁殖),prop roots,or,brace roots,第57页,propagative roots,-have meristematic regions from where new,genetically identical plantlets can grow.These regions are not the same as nodes:they do not contain a true apical meristem.,Some plants can be propagated from a section of a root.Root cuttings of woody plants are usually taken from plants during the dormant season,when carbohydrate levels are high.Root cuttings of some species produce new shoots,which then form their own root system,whereas root cuttings of other plants develop root systems before producing new shoots.,Examples of plants that can be propagated from root cuttings include raspberry(树莓),blackberry(黑莓),rose(玫瑰),trumpet vine(凌霄花),phlox (夹竹桃),crabapple(海棠),fig(无花果),lilac(丁香花).,第58页,adventitious roots,-,are roots that grow anywhere they are not“expected.”Examples are the adventitious roots that grow from the runners of strawberry plants.Several of the root types listed above(e.g.,prop roots,aerial roots)can also be considered adventitious.,Air layering,Softwood cutting,第59页,The Cortex,Just internal to the epidermis lies the,cortex,composed primarily of parenchyma.,Comparison of the cross sections of dicot and monocot,第60页,中柱鞘,内皮层,Cortex plastids are primarily for storage(fats,carbohydrates).Only in some species with photosynthetic roots are there chloroplasts in these cells.,In woody plants,the cortex is shed off once woody growth begins(suberization).In herbaceous plants,the cortex is maintained throughout the life of the plant.,第61页,Epidermis,Dermal tissue(表皮组织),Protection of the root,Cortex,Ground tissue（基本组织）,Storage of photosynthetic products,Active in the uptake of water and minerals,Endodermis,cylinder once cell thick that forms a boundary between the cortex and the stele,contains the,casparian strip,which will be explained later when we discuss water uptake,Pericycle,（中柱鞘）,found just inside of the endodermis,may become meristematic,responsible for the formation of lateral roots,Vascular Tissue,Xylem and Phloem,Forms an X-shaped pattern in very center of root,Dicot,第62页,Epidermis,Dermal tissue,Protection of the root,Cortex,Ground tissue,Storage of photosynthetic products,Active in the uptake of water and minerals,Endodermis,cylinder once cell thick that forms a boundary between the cortex and the stele,even more distinct than dicot counterpart,contains the,casparian strip,which will be explained later when we discuss water uptake,Pericycle,found just inside of the endodermis,may become meristematic,responsible for the formation of lateral roots,Vascular Tissue,Xylem and Phloem,Forms a ring near center of plant,Pith,Center most region of root,Monocot,第63页,primary root（初生根）,root that develops directly from the radicle（胚根）of an embryo rather than from a crown
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