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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2015-9-22,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2015-9-22,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2015-9-22,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2015-9-22,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2015-9-22,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2015-9-22,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2015-9-22,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2015-9-22,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2015-9-22,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2015-9-22,#,Section B,1,7,Hoping for the better,UNIT,Rays of hope in rising rudeness,To master the reading skill,To,understand,the text,To practice the phrases and patterns,To,learn about essay writing,Objectives,Warming-up,Reading skills,Text study,Comparative study,Contents,Unit project,Rays of hope in rising rudeness,Section B,Warming-up,Lead-in,Background information,Rays of hope in rising rudeness,Section B,1.,What could“a random act of kindness”be according to the song?Try to give examples of a random act of kindness in your daily life.,Listen to the song,Random Acts of Kindness,and discuss the following questions.,Tips,Tips,2.,What are the benefits of being kind to others?,Lead-in,Tips,Lead-in,If something is random,its unplanned.So,a random act of kindness means that you do something for someone that you havent planned to do,just to be nice.Examples are given in lines like“For those about to die,we salute you;for those about to cry,we love you;for those of us who live in fear of Happy Christmas and new year,I raise a toast to you.”,1.What could“a random act of kindness”be according to the song?Try to give examples of a random act of kindness in your daily life.,Listen to the song,Random Acts of Kindness,and discuss the following questions.,In our daily life,a random act of kindness could be anything from giving a stressed parent a hug to offering to share lunch with a friend.,Just as a famous saying“roses given,fragrance in hand”goes,the benefits of being good to others are as follows:to boost the givers wellbeing,to shift the dynamics of the whole community,to make the giver significantly more popular with their peers,and tohelp to discourage social problems such as bullying.Since a random act of kindness can make you feel good and doesnt cost anything,it is worthwhile to perform small and simple altruistic(,利他的，无私心的,)acts.,Lead-in,2.What are the benefits of being kind to others?,Tips,Listen to the song,Random Acts of Kindness,and discuss the following questions.,1.What do you know about Random Acts of Kindness Foundation?,2.,What is the goal of the Foundation?How does it work?,3.,How can a person contribute to the World Kindness,Movement?,Tips,Tips,Tips,Background information,1.What do you know about Random Acts of Kindness Foundation?,the US based nonprofit organization,established in 1995,the powerful belief in kindness,providing resources and tools that encourage acts of kindness.,Background information,Tips,2.What is the goal of the Foundation?How does it work?,The Foundation inspires people to practice kindness and to pass it on to others.It provides free educational and community ideas,guidance,and other resources to kindness participants through its website.,Background information,Tips,3.How can a person contribute to the World Kindness,Movement?,People in participating nations promote kindness within their countries and are creating a global network of kindness and compassion.,Background information,Tips,Reading skills,Presentation of the skill,Reading skill practice,Rays of hope in rising rudeness,Section B,When you are making a guess about the meaning of a new word in your reading,you can use context clues to help you.You might not be able to guess the exact meaning of a new word every time,but you may be close enough to get the meaning of the sentence containing the new word.The following are six context-based clues that are useful for you to figure out the meaning of a difficult or unfamiliar word.,Presentation of the skill,Finding out word meanings,Finding out word meanings,Presentation of the skill,5 context-based clues,Synonyms,Antonyms,Definition or explanation,Examples,Root words,prefixes,and suffixes,To understand an unfamiliar word,you can look for its synonym in the context,which may be a familiar word to you.Words like“similarly”,“as well as”,“both and”,and“likewise”show that synonyms or comparison clues are likely to follow.For example:,Presentation of the skill,Synonyms,Taking out the garbage was an onerous task;,likewise,washing dishes can be a hard job.,Prof.Smiths lectures are so riveting.,Similarly,Prof.Wilsons classes are very interesting,too.,The meaning of“onerous”is likely to be similar to“hard”as indicated by the signal word“likewise”.And the meaning of“riveting”is likely to be similar to“interesting”as indicated by“similarly”.,Presentation of the skill,Synonyms,Antonyms,You can also use a familiar antonym to determine the meaning of an unknown word.So,it is helpful to locate the antonym of the unknown word.Connecting words,such as“however”,“yet”,“on the other hand”,“instead of”,“but”,“while”,and“although”are likely to introduce something opposite in meaning to what is previously said.For example:,Presentation of the skill,Antonyms,My sister is extremely neat and tidy in appearance,while,she is slovenly in doing housework.,Some business disputes can be settled out of court;,on the other hand,others require litigation.,The meaning of“slovenly”must be contrary to“neat and tidy”as indicated by“while”.And the word“litigation”most probably means“be settled in court”with the contrastive clue“on the other hand”.,Presentation of the skill,Definition or explanation,Definitions tell us directly the meaning of the unfamiliar word.The clues preceding the definition are or act like linking verbs.Examples of these verbs include“be”(“is”,“are”,“was”,“were”),“mean”,“involve”,“be called”,“i.e.”,or“in other words”.,Presentation of the skill,Definition or explanation,You may also find explanation about an unfamiliar word in the context,information youre you are familiar with and set off by commas,parenthesis,brackets,or dashes.,For example:,A,souk,is an open-air marketplace in an Arab country.,Metamemory,the knowledge about ones memory processes,is helpful in helping us store and recall information.,Presentation of the skill,Examples,You can guess the meaning of an unknown word with the help of the example(s).Examples are usually introduced by the following words and phrases:“such as”,“such”,“for example”,and“like”.For example:,Potentates,such as kings,queens,and emperors,are very powerful and wealthy people.,The word“potentate”must be people like“kings,queens,and emperors”.,Presentation of the skill,Root words,prefixes,and suffixes,Knowledge about word formation can also help you guess the meaning of an unfamiliar word.In other words,if you have a good command of the common prefixes and suffixes,you would be more likely to figure out the meaning of an unfamiliar multi-syllabic word by analyzing its word formation.,Sometimes the best way to illustrate how to do something is by,counterexample,.,Gently swing your right arm in a,clockwise,direction.,Presentation of the skill,Root words,prefixes,and suffixes,Sometimes the best way to illustrate how to do something is by,counterexample,.,Gently swing your right arm in a,clockwise,direction.,If you know the prefix“counter-”means“the opposite of something”and the suffix“-wise”means“in the direction of”,then it would not be difficult for you to work out the meanings of“counterexample”and“clockwise”.,Presentation of the skill,Beside,common sense and knowledge can be one additional skill.,You may also use your common sense or your knowledge about the real world to determine the meaning of an unknown word.This is very important,especially when none of the above five clues can be found in the sentence.For example:,Presentation of the skill,Common sense and knowledge,Common sense and knowledge,The angry driver shouted,vehemently,during his fight with the other driver.,If industrial waste water is discharged directly into a river from chemical factories without treatment,the river will be,contaminated,and people and animals that drink the river water could be poisoned.,Presentation of the skill,Common sense and knowledge,We know what“angry”means,and we know how people feel when they fight.So we can guess that the word“vehemently”in the first sentence has something to do with strong emotion or intense feeling.In the second sentence,according to our knowledge,industrial waste water without treatment can cause pollution,so“contaminate”most likely means“pollute”.,Presentation of the skill,Reading skill practice,A.workers,B.citizens,C.Students,D.tourists,1.,It is generally thought around the world that the,inhabitants,of large cities are ruder than their fellow,citizens,from smaller towns or the countryside.,B.citizens,Reading the following sentences from Text B and figure out the meanings of the underlined words.,Reading skill practice,A.helper,B.assistance,C.annoyance,D.entertainer,2.Its common to hear people on the bus or subway talking on their cell phones very loudly,being a,nuisance,to those around them.,C.annoyance,Reading the following sentences from Text B and figure out the meanings of the underlined words.,Reading skill practice,A.Odd,B.Rude,C.Impractical,D.Embarrassing,3.,Disgraceful,insults are shouted and even bottles and trash are thrown at road crews by upset drivers because lanes are restricted.,D.Embarrassing,Reading the following sentences from Text B and figure out the meanings of the underlined words.,Reading skill practice,A.business,B.strength,C.occupation,D.pattern,4.In fact,some see a new pattern emerging in big cities the“,norm,of non-involvement”as one psychologist calls it.,D.pattern,Reading the following sentences from Text B and figure out the meanings of the underlined words.,Text study,Text comprehension,Language focus,Critical thinking,Rays of hope in rising rudeness,Section B,Text comprehension,Read the title of text B,and predict the topic of the text.And what is the writers viewpoint of the topic concerned?,What is the popular attitude towards rising rudeness in public experiences?,(para.1),Who do people generally think are ruder?Why?,(para.2),Why did the pedestrian mentioned in para.2 kick the taxi?,(para.2),What are the reasons behind those rude behaviors according to the text?,(paras.3-4),How do citizens and public officials think about each other?,(para.5),What does the sentence“sometimes,such behavior goes beyond verbal abuse”mean in the paragraph?Whats the function of it?,(para.7),Is the situation improving or not?What is the authors viewpoint?,(para.8),Questions previewing,Read the title of text B,and predict the topic of the text.And what is the writers viewpoint of the topic concerned?,Rudeness is on the rise./Rude deeds are becoming increasingly common.,The expression“Rays of hope”reveals the writers attitude:although the phenomenon becomes so widespread that it attracts public attention,there is hope that this situation would be changed.,Tips,Text comprehension,a ray of hope/light etc.:,sth.that provides a small amount of hope or happiness in a difficult situation,一线希望,/,光明等,It is much more common to use“a ray of hope”,the singular form,than“rays of hope”,the plural form.The author uses the plural form“rays”to show that the hope is quite strong rather than very slight.,Text comprehension,Notes,2.What is the popular attitude towards rising rudeness in public experiences?(Para.1),Faced with rudeness,a common element of modern life,in public,most people tend to lump it,or mind their own business,or get out of the way.,Tips,Text comprehension,不碍事,译文：,粗鲁是现代生活中常见的现象。“你不喜欢，也得忍,着”，或者“管好你自己的事”，或者“闪开”。,Text comprehension,Sentence interpretation,无奈地接受；勉强同意,做自己的事,原句,：,Rudeness is a common element of modern life.,“,If you dont like it,lump it.,”,Or,“,Mind your own business.”Or“Get out of the way.”,(Para.1,L1-2),解释,:,Rudeness is a common part of modern life.Even if you dont like it,you still have to put up with it.Or ignore it.Or move out of the way.,3.Who do people generally think are ruder?Why?,(,Para.2),It is generally thought around the world that the inhabitants of large cities are ruder than their fellow citizens from smaller towns or the countryside.The reason is that in the city,if you have a small conflict with someone,most probably you will never meet that person again,while in the countryside,the situation is quite different.,Text comprehension,Tips,4.Why did the pedestrian mentioned in para.2 kick the taxi?(Para.2),Because the taxi driver injured his knees.,Tips,Text comprehension,原句：,you will encounter taxi drivers who believe a“walk”sign at a walk way is an,automatic invitation,to,bump,their cars against pedestrians knees.,(Para.2,L3,）,解释,:,you will find taxi drivers who know that they should wait at a“walk”sign to let pedestrians cross the street,but they keep driving even if that endangers the pedestrians,.,译文：,你都会遇到那种出租车司机，他们把人行通道上的“行人通行”信号当作他们,去撞,行人膝盖的,自动邀请。,Text comprehension,Sentence interpretation,5.What are the reasons behind those rude behaviors according to the text?(Paras.3-4),Tips,Text comprehension,Different people hold different views.Some experts say that the trend began decades ago when people became resistant to traditional values and manners.Others blame fast-paced modern lifestyles for contributing to a society that has little time to be polite.The writer thinks that stress also plays a role in incident of ignorant behavior.,译文：,辛迪克拉特,说，医院里的无礼行为与人们总是在生死攸关的环境下工作所面对的压力相关。,Text comprehension,Sentence interpretation,生死攸关的,原句,：,Cindy Kludt,says rudeness in hospitals,corresponds with,the stress of people constantly working,under life-and-death circumstances,.,(Para.4,L1),解释,:,Cindy Kludt says that rudeness in hospitals is related to the stress of those who constantly work in extremely serious and stressful situations.,be related to,相关,6.,How do citizens and public officials think about each other?(Para.6),Public officials think that citizens tend to be offensive and citizens feel that government agencies are rude or mistreating them.,Tips,Text comprehension,原句：,Staff assistants in public institutions tell of rude,hostile,and sometimes threatening words from people who feel government agencies are rude or mistreating them.,(Para,.,6,L1),解释,:,Those working at public organizations mention that people say rude,unfriendly,and sometimes intimidating words to them,because these people think government organizations are rude to them or treating them in a wrong way.,Text comprehension,Sentence interpretation,译文：,公共机构的工作人员叙述说，一些人对他们说出粗鲁的、充满敌意的、有时甚至是威胁性的话，因为这些人觉得政府机构对他们表现得粗鲁或者不友善。,原句,：,As rudeness in public dealings cuts both ways,citizens perceive that public servants habitually ignore them,and they in turn treat the public servants in an offensive fashion.,(Para,.,6,L3),解释,:,Since rudeness
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