通悟语法系列2代词和介词.ppt

第,2,讲,代词和介词,(,一,),代词,考点,1,人称代词、物主代词及反身代词,【,考题小练,】,1.This is 18-year-old,Musa,Bockaries,story about,how first aid saved _(he)life.,2.They are afraid I might fall off my bike and hurt,_(I).,his,myself,3.My mother always gave me some advice,but I,seldom took _ seriously.,it,【,考点精讲,】,人称代词,/,物主代词和反身代词一览表,代,词,数,人称代词,物主代词,反身,代词,人称,主,格,宾,格,形容词性物主代词,名词性,物主代词,单,数,第一人称,我,I,me,my,mine,myself,代,词,数,人称代词,物主代词,反身,代词,人称,主,格,宾,格,形容词性物主代词,名词性,物主代词,单,数,第二人称,你,you,you,your,yours,yourself,第三人称,他,he,him,his,his,himself,她,she,her,her,hers,herself,它,it,it,its,its,itself,代,词,数,人称代词,物主代词,反身,代词,人称,主,格,宾,格,形容词性物主代词,名词性,物主代词,复,数,第一,人称,我,们,we,us,our,ours,ourselves,第二,人称,你,们,you,you,your,yours,yourselves,第三,人称,他,们,they,them,their,theirs,themselves,1.,人称代词的排列顺序,两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原则,:,一般的排列顺序为,:,单数二三一,即,you,he/she/it and I;,复数一二三,即,we,you and they,。如果犯了错误,承担,责任时说话者通常把第一人称放在前面。,2.,含有反身代词的习惯用语,devote oneself to,致力于,dress oneself,自己穿衣,enjoy oneself,过得愉快,help oneself to,随便吃,随便用,make oneself at home,不拘束,say to oneself,心里想,seat oneself,坐下,teach oneself,自学,【,题组训练,】,1._(he)invention was designed to improve the,manufacturing process of a printing factory.,2.You may find _(you)exposed to small,pockets of action.,His,yourself,3.I saw senior citizens in _(they)70s or 80s,climbing a step at a time just to fulfill one last,requirement to be a true Chinese.,世纪金榜导学号,4.Green tea is known for _(it)high level of,cancer-fighting chemical.,their,its,考点,2,it,的用法,【,考题小练,】,1.She remembered how difficult _ was to choose a,suitable Christmas present for her father.,2._ is necessary for the young to master two foreign,languages.,it,It,【,考点精讲,】,it,的基本用法,1.,指天气、时间、距离、环境等。,*,It,s early spring,but it is already very hot.,2.,代替前面提到过的事物、群体、想法或代替指示代,词,this,that,。,*,Although he didnt like the movie,he decided to see,it,anyway.,【,辨析,】,替代词,one/ones/the one/the ones/that/those/it,的用法,替代词,用法,one,替代上文出现的单数可数名词,表泛指,与所替代的名词属于同一类,但不是同一事物,相当于“,a/an+,单数名词”。,ones,one,的复数形式,替代上文出现的复数名词,表泛指,与所替代的名词属于同一类,但不是同一事物。,替代词,用法,the one,替代上文出现的可数名词单数,表特指,与所替代的名词属于同一类,但不是同一事物,相当于“,the+,单数名词”。,the ones,the one,的复数形式,替代上文出现的复数名词,表特指,(,有后置定语时相当于,those),与所替代的名词属于同一类,但不是同一事物。,替代词,用法,that,指代与前面提到的相类似但不是同一个事物的名词,;,指代特指的可数名词单数或不可数名词。指代可数名词单数时,相当于,the one,。一般不和冠词连用,其后总有修饰语。,those,替代上文出现的复数名词,(,尤其是有后置定语时,),表特指,与所替代的名词属于同一类,但不是同一事物。,it,替代上文提到的“同一”事物,不能带任何修饰语。,3.,当说话者不清楚或没必要知道说话对象的性别时,可用,it,来表示。,*,What will you call it if,it,is a boy?,4.,用作形式主语或形式宾语,代替不定式、动名词或,从句。,(1)it,作形式主语的常用句型,:,It+be+,adj,.,(+for,sb,.)to do,sth,.,常用于此句型的形,容词有,:easy,difficult,hard,necessary,unnecessary,possible,等。,It+be,+,adj.,(+of,sb,.)to do,sth,.,此句型中的形容词,描述的是人的品德、特征。能用于该句型的形容词有,:,kind,nice,wise,silly,polite,impolite,friendly,foolish,clever,等。,It is no good/no use/useless doing,sth,.,It+be,+,名词词组,(a pity/a fact/no wonder/.)/,adj.,+that,从句,(2)it,作形式宾语的常用句型,:,主语,+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep.,+,it+,adj,./n.,(for/of,sb,.)to do/,从句,主语,+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep.,+,it+important/necessary/natural/essential+that,.,(should).,【,点津,】,某些及物动词或短语后不能直接跟从句。此,时须先用,it,作形式宾语,然后接从句,有此用法的动词,(,短语,),有,:like,dislike,hate,appreciate,depend on,rely on,count on,see to,等。,*,I hate,it,when people talk with their mouths full.,5.it,的固定搭配,When it comes to.,当涉及,make it,成功,;,确定时间为,(,后接时间类名词,),believe it or not,信不信由你,take it for granted that.,认为,是理所当然的,【,题组训练,】,1.In addition,it is always wise to compare your,results with _ of other group members.,世纪,金榜导学号,2.In China,_ is said that climbing the Great Wall is,one of the biggest accomplishments any Chinese can,make during their life time.,those,it,3.Another reason why homework is important is that,_ can help you practice the days lessons.,it,考点,3,不定代词,【,考题小练,】,1.As is announced in todays newspaper,we have,launched _ man-made satellite.,2.I got this bicycle for _:my friend gave it to,me when she bought a new one.,another,nothing,3.I wanted to do _ special for Dr.Johnson at,his retirement party.,something,【,考点精讲,】,1.both,all,either,any,neither,none,的区别,都,任何,都不,两个人或物,both,either,neither,三个或三个以上的人或物,;,不可数名词,all,any,none,2.one,another,the other,some,others,the others,的区别,一个,/,一些,另外一个,/,一些,剩余的一个,/,一些,单数,one,another,the other,复数,some,others,the others,3.someone/somebody/something,anyone/anybody/,anything,everyone/everybody/everything,no one/,nobody/nothing,的区别,某,任何,每个,所有,没有,人,someone/,somebody,anyone/,anybody,everyone/,everybody,no one/,nobody,物,something,anything,everything,nothing,4.every,each,的区别,词性,功能,意义,every,限定词,定语,三个或三个以上中的每一个,强调“整体”,each,代词,限,定词,主语、宾语、同位语、定语,两个或两个以上的人或物中的每一个,强调个体,【,点津,】,every,可用来表示每隔,而,each,不可以。,5.many,much,few,little,a few,a little,的区别,(1)many,修饰或替代可数名词复数,;much,修饰或替代,不可数名词。两者都表示“许多”。,(2)few,修饰或替代可数名词复数,;little,修饰或替代不可,数名词。用于否定句,表示“几乎没有”。,(3)a few,修饰或替代可数名词复数,;a little,修饰或替代,不可数名词。用于肯定句,表示“一些”。,*,He can speak,a little,French,but he knows,little,English.,【,题组训练,】,1.We can change our faces by interacting with others,and doing so in a pleasant manner will aid our,attractiveness and make _ interested in us.,others,2.Lang Ping challenged her players to support one,_ through the ups and downs,and to grow,from each defeat and triumph on the pressure-packed,Olympic stage.,世纪金榜导学号,another,(,二,),介词,考点,1,常见介词的用法,【,考题小练,】,1.Researchers say we can accurately judge 90%_ a,strangers personality simply by looking at the,persons shoes.,of,2.In India,for example,most people traditionally eat,_ their hands.,3.Years afterward,the noblemans son was stricken,_ a serious disease.What saved him?Penicillin.,with,by,【,考点精讲,】,一、表示地点的介词,1.,表示地理位置的,in,on,to,。,in,表示在某范围内,on,指“与,毗邻”,to,指在某环境,范围之外。,*,Changchun,is,in,the northeast of China.(,长春是中国,的组成部分,),*,Mongolia is,on,the north of China.(,蒙古与中国接壤,),*Japan is,to,the east of China.(,中国和日本是隔海相望,的,),2.,表示“在,上”的,on,和,in,。,on,只表示在某物的表面上,而,in,表示占去某物一部分。,3.,表示“穿过,”,的,through,和,across,。,through,表示从内部通过,与,in,有关,;across,则表示从一,端至另一端在表面上通过,与,on,有关。,4.above,below,over,under,on,beneath,的区别。,above,在某物的斜上方,below,在某物的斜下方,over,在某物的正上方,under,在某物的正下方,on,在某物的上面,(,两者接触,),beneath,在某物的下面,(,两者接触,),二、表示时间的介词,1.,表示时间的,at,in,on,(1)at,表示片刻的时间。例如,:at noon,at midnight,at,the end of,at the age of,at Christmas,等。,(2)in,表示一段的时间。例如,:in the morning,in,October,in 1998,in summer,in the past,in the,future,等。,(3)on,是指在特定的某一天或某一天的上午、下午和,晚上。例如,:on,Monday,on Christmas morning,等。,2.,表示时间的,since,for,from,(1)since,表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程,常与现,在完成时连用。,We have not seen each other,since,1995.,(2)“for+,时间段”,表示行为或状态持续的时间。,I have been teaching in the school,for,ten years.,(3)from,表示从时间的某一点开始,不涉及与现在的关,系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。,I hope to do morning exercises,from,today.,3.,表示时间的,after,和,in,(1)after,表示在某一具体时间点之后,after,短语和过去,时态或将来时态连用。,after,有时也可以表示在一段时,间之后,(,常用在过去时态里,),。,After,years of neglect and decline the city was cleaning,itself up.,(2)in,短语和将来时态连用。,Well be back,in,three days.,三、表示“除了”的介词,1.besides,指“除了,还有,再加上”,也可用,in,addition to,。,I think she has many good qualities,besides,being very,beautiful.,2.except,指“除了,减去,”,不能放在句首。,We all passed the exam except Tom.,3.but,与,except,意思相近,表示“除了,外”,经常用在,no,all,nobody,anywhere,everything,anything,等,和其他疑问词后面。,I never saw him reading,anything but,the newspaper.,4.except for,表示“除了,之外,只是”,表明具体原,因。,His composition is good,except for,a few spelling,mistakes.,四、表示“方式和方法”的介词,1.as,like,两者都可表示“如,像”,as,表示“如,像”时,可以用作介词,也可用作连词。,like,表示“如,像”时,通常用作介词,但是在口语中也可用,作连词。,like,含有“好像是”之意,意指“实际上不是”。,I long to fly,like,a bird in the sky.,They were all dressed,as,clowns.,2.,介词,by,in,with,(1)by,后接表示交通工具的名词或与交通工具密切相关,的名词,(,如,air,water,land,road,等,),名词用单数,其,前面不加冠词和任何修饰语。,(2)in,通常指使用某种语言、某种字体等。,(3)with,指使用有形的工具、物体或身体的某些部分。,【,点津,】,(1)“by+,交通方式”,中间不加冠词,;,如果中间,加冠词或形容词性物主代词,则介词要用,in,on,等。,by bike=on the bike,by train=on the train,(2)on,有时加上特定的词也表示“通过某种方式”。,on foot,步行,on a horse,骑马,五、表示原因的介词,1.because of/on account of,意思是“因为,由于”,可以放于句首或句中。,He didnt attend the meeting,because of,the heavy rain.,2.due to,意思是“因为,由于”,通常只作表语,作状语时不用于,句首。,His illness was,due to,smoking and drinking.,3.thanks to,意思是“因为,由于,多亏”,多用于句首。,Thanks to,his timely help,we finished the task on time.,4.for,意思是“因为”,常表示为了某一目的,而,but for,表示,“如果不是因为”。,He gave up smoking,for,his bad health.,【,题组训练,】,1.One of Chinas two“Golden Weeks”,this years,National Day holiday has been extended by one day as,the Mid-Autumn Festival falls _ Oct.4.,2.Industry representatives there were showing,products designed to meet Chinas growing demand,_ luxury cars,and larger vehicles.,on,for,3.Dude,youve got to run home.Youve going to be,on the radio _ 20 minutes.,4.We strongly advise you _ eating your meal so,late.Its not healthy.,世纪金榜导学号,in,against,考点,2,常见的介词固定搭配,【,考题小练,】,1.Most caves are formed _ nature under the ground,and some have entrances people can find.,2.I was born in a town called Blackburn,and lived,there till I left home _ the age of eighteen.,by,at,3.She also goes to other countries where people cannot,afford this treatment and helps them _ free.,for,【,考点精练,】,一、与形容词构成的搭配,1.,be+,adj,.,+about,be anxious about,忧虑,be curious about,对,好奇,2.,be+,adj,.,+at,be angry at,因,生气,be good at,擅长,3.,be+,adj,.,+in,be absorbed in,专注于,be active in,积极于,be dressed in,穿着,be engaged in,忙于,4.,be+,adj,.,+for,be eager for,渴望,be famous for,以,著名,be fit for,适合,胜任,be ready for,准备好,5.,be+,adj,.,+from,be absent from,缺席,be different from,不同于,6.,be+,adj,.,+to,be close to,接近,be devoted to,致力于,be equal to,等于,be familiar to,对,来说熟悉,7.,be+,adj,.,+of,be aware of,意识到,be fond of,喜欢,8.,be+,adj,.,+with,be busy with,忙于,be familiar with,对,熟悉,be combined with,与,结合,be patient with,对,有耐心,二、与名词构成的搭配,1.“,at+,n,.,”,表示状态,at a loss,不知所措,at peace,处于和平中,at war,在战争中,at work,在工作,2.“,on+,n,.,”,表示状态,on exhibition/show,在展出,on fire,着火,on sale,出售,打折,on the way,在途中,3.“,by+,n,.,”,表示方式,by accident,偶然,by air/plane,乘飞机,by chance,偶然,by coincidence,碰巧,4.“,in+,n,.,”,表示方式,in cash,用现金付款,in depth,在深度上,in detail,详细地,in height,在高度上,5.“,of+,n,.,”,表示特征,(,等于相应的形容词,),of benefit,有益处的,of help,有帮助的,6.“out,of+,n,.,”,表示状态,out of balance,失去平衡,out of breath,上气不接下气,7.“,with+,n,.,”,表示方式,with delight/joy,高兴地,with difficulty,困难地,【,题组训练,】,单句改错,1.Just then,the bus stopped a short distance away,because a red light.,世纪金榜导学号,(_),在,because,后面加,of,2.The writer conveyed a positive attitude through his,works.On the meanwhile,his readers are motivated,and are themselves becoming a source of motivation,for others.(_),3.As a student,I have taken a great many of exams.,(_),On In,去掉,of,.,语法填空解题技法,【,高考试水区,】,1.(2018,全国卷,)If you are time poor,you need run,for only half the time to get the same benefits as other,sports,so perhaps we should all give _ a try.,it,2.(2018,全国卷,)When the gorillas and I frightened,each other,I was just glad to find _(they)alive.,3.(2016,全国卷,)On my recent visit,I held a lively,three-month-old twin that had been rejected by _(it),mother.,them,its,4.(2018,全国卷,)Still I was searching _ these three,western lowland gorillas Id been observing.,5.(2018,全国卷,)Corn uses less water _ rice and,creates less fertilizer(,化肥,)runoff.,for,than,【,微技能点拨,】,1.,人称、物主、反身代词,:“,成分”是关键,(1),如果句中缺少主语,则用人称代词的主格,;,(2),如果句中缺少宾语或表语,则用人称代词的宾格,;,(3),如果句中缺少定语,则用形容词性物主代词,;,(4),如果宾语或表语又反射到句子主语,则用反身代,词。,2.,“,四种方法”确定介词,(1),根据介词短语与谓语的逻辑关系,;,(2),根据语境含义结合介词用法,;,(3),根据特殊的结构关系,如接复合宾语就只能用,with,或,without;,(4),根据介词与动词等的搭配。,.,短文改错解题技法,【,高考试水区,】,1.(2018,全国卷,)The first time I went there,they,were living in a small house with dogs,ducks,and,another animals.(_),another other,2.(2018,全国卷,)They would say to us that playing,card games would help my brain.,世纪金榜导学号,(_),3.(2018,全国卷,)I had done myself homework,but I,was shy.(_),4.(2018,全国卷,)Still I was unwilling to play the,games for them sometimes.(_),us me,myself my/the,forwith,【,微技能点拨,】,1.,避免张冠李戴,注意前后人称、性别、单复数的一,致,;,2.,分析句子成分,正确使用人称代词、物主代词和反,身代词,;,3.,系统掌握,it,的用法,准确把握不定代词的用法,;,4.,检查介词用法是否误用,;,5.,检查介词搭配是否正确,;,6.,检查名词前是否有介词。,