初中英语词性讲解幻灯片播放版.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,词性,词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类。,1,名词,noun,2,代词,pronoun,3,形容词,adjective,4,副词,adverb,5,动词,verb,6,数词,numeral,7,冠词,article,8,介词,preposition,9,连词,conjunction,10,感叹词,interjection,student,You,happy,quickly cut,three,a,at,and,oh,实词,虚词,名词,NOUN,概念：,是表示人，事物，抽象概念等名称的词。,根据词汇意义，名词可划分为：,专有名词,和,普通名词,专有名词：,指表示人、地方、机构、组织等的专有名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。,具体说来它包括人名、国家、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。,Tony,托尼,Japan,日本,Mr.Black,布莱克先生,August,八月,Monday,星期一,the Great Wall,长城,Christmas,圣诞节,English,英语,A Tale of Two Cities,双城记,普通名词：,表示一类人、东西、抽象概念的名词。例如：,表一类人：,pupil,police,woman,boy,，,father;,表物：,box,tree,orange,water,computer,；,表抽象：,happiness,trouble,pleasure,love,life,etc.,普通名词又分为,可数名词,和,不可数名词。,(1),个体名词。如：,cup,desk,student,等。一般,可数,，有单复数形式。,(2),集体名词。如：,class,team,family,等。一般,可数,，有单复数形式,(3),物质名词。如：,rice,water,cotton,等。一般,不可数,，没有单复数之分。,(4),抽象名词。如：,love,work,life,等。一般,不可数,，没有单复数之分。,英语可数名词单复数,规则变化：,一般情况词尾加,s,。如：,map maps,boy boys,horse horses,table tables.,（在清辅音后读,/s/,，在浊辅音和元音后读,/z/,）,s,x,sh,ch,结尾的词加,es.,如：,class classes,box boxes,dish dishes,match matches.,读,/iz/,规则变化：,以辅音字母,+y,结尾的名词,变,y,为,i,再加,es,。,如：,family families,city cities,baby babies.,以元音字母,+y,结尾的名词，直接词尾加,s,。,如：,toy toys,holiday holidays,以,f,或,fe,结尾的名词,变,f,或,fe,为,v,再加,es,。,如：,shelf shelves,wolf wolves,life lives,knife knives,wife wives,leaf leaves,thief thieves.,例外：,roof roofs,规则变化：,以辅音字母,+o,结尾的名词,词尾加,es,；,如,:tomato tomatoes potato potatoes,hero heroes,以元音字母,+o,结尾的名词，直接词尾加,s,。,如,:piano pianos photo photos,radio radios zoo zoos,不规则变化：,有些名词有不规则的复数形式。例如：,child-children mouse-mice,man men woman women,妇女,tooth teeth foot feet,有些名词的单复数形式相同。例如；,deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,people,yuan,但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式，,a dollar,two dollars,注意：,一些以,man,，,woman,结尾的合成词，在构成复数时，与,man,，,woman,的变化形式相同。,如：,policeman policemen,Englishman Englishmen,Frenchman Frenchmen.,中日不变 英法变 其余,s,加后面,名称,总称,(,谓语用复数,),一个人,两个人,中国人,the Chinese,a Chinese,two Chinese,瑞士人,the Swiss,a Swiss,two Swiss,澳大利亚人,the Australians,an Australian,two Australian,s,俄国人,the Russians,a Russian,two Russian,s,意大利人,the Italians,an Italian,two Italian,s,希腊人,the Greek,a Greek,two Greek,s,法国人,the French,a Frenchman,two Frenchmen,日本人,the Japanese,a Japanese,two Japanese,美国人,the Americans,an American,two American,s,印度人,the Indians,an Indian,two Indian,s,加拿大人,the Canadians,a Canadian,two Canadian,s,德国人,the Germans,a German,two Germans,英国人,the English,an Englishman,two Englishmen,瑞典人,the Swedish,a Swede,two Swede,s,英语不可数名词,不可数名词一般,没有,复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。,如：,a bag of rice two bags of rice,a piece of paper three pieces of paper,a bottle of milk five bottles of milk.,名词的所有格,1.,不以,s,结尾的名词所有格：,the boys bag,mens room,2.,以,-s,结尾的名词所有格：,Teachers Day,3.,职业名词、称呼名词的所有格表地点,the barbers,Mr Greens,the doctors,（,office,），,my uncles,（,house,）,4.,并列名词不共有,:Johns and Marys rooms,（两间）,并列名词共有,:John and Marys room,5.,时间、距离、地点,five minutes walk,；,ten meters long,；,the worlds population,6.,抽象名词后用“,of+,宾格”作定语；,the music of the film,；,the help of him(Lucy),；,the development of China,；,the door of the house,7.,多重所有格突出局部,a friend of Lucys mothers,；,two classmates of my sisters,8.“of+,宾格”与“,of+,所有格”含意不同,:,the photo of my father,我爸爸的肖像,the photo of mine,我（所有的）照片,数词,Numeral,概念：,数词就是表示事物的数量和顺序的词，分,基数词,和,序数词,两种。,表示数目或数量多少的词叫基数词，如：,one,，,ten,fifteen,等；,表示数目顺序的词叫序数词，如：,fifth,second,twelfth,等。,一,.,基数词,基数词的用法：,（,1,）几十几的基数词的十位数与个位数之间要用连字符“,-”,连接。如：,eighty-five85 twenty-six26,（,2,）三位数的基数词须在百位和十位（若无十位则和个位）之间用,and,连接。如：,threehundredandsixty-five365 twohundredandsix206,（,3,）,基数词的复数形式。,表示,具体,数目,hundred,thousand,million,不用复数,表示,不确定,数目,用,复数。,即,hundreds,of,(,数百,),thousand,s,of,(,数千,),millions,of,(,数百万,)+,名词复数,可以用,many/several,修饰，但不能与具体数目连用。,1)Our country has a population of,1,300,million,people.,2)There are,three,thousand,students in our school.,3)After the war,thousands of,people became homeless,.,4)Several/Many,thousands of,trees must be planted every year.,（,4,）,“几十”的复数形式可以表示：,几十多,岁,-in+,ones,+,数词复数,年 代,-in+,the,+,数词复数,inthe1990s,20,世纪,90,年代,inonestwenties,在某人,20,多岁时,eg.,He died in his forties,四十多岁,In the nineties,most people go to work by bike.,90,年代,（,5,）,“基数词,+,名词”的合成形容词作定语，,中间有连字符“”,当中的名词用,单数,。,a 3,year,old girl a seven-,day,holiday,（,6,）,表计量,-“,基数词,+,度量单位,+,形容词”,eg.,The classroom is,7 meters long,6 meters wide,and,3 meters high,.,序数词的用法,:,(1),序数词作定语，前面要加,the,；,The,first truck is carrying a food basket,John lives on,the,fifteenth floor,She is my first English teacher.,(2),有时加,a/an,，“再一”，“又一”的意思,;,Well have to do it,a,second time,Shall I ask him,a,third time,？,When I sat down,，,a,fourth man rose to speak,They had,a,second child in 1988.,二,.,序数词,编号在,前,，名词在后，用,序,数词，前面有,the,编号在,后,，名词在前，用,基,数词，注意首字母,大写,房间号码和电话号码要一个一个分别读,第一课,第,32,页,第,305,房间,第,12,路公共汽车,the First Lesson,Lesson One,the thirty-second page Page Thirty-two,Room 305,Bus No.12,1,、编号表示法,2.,分数表示法,分子用基数词，分母用序数词。,分子大于,1,时，分母加,-s,。,1/4,one-fourth,a(one)quarter,3/4,three-fourth,s,three quarter,s,2/3,two-third,s,1/2 a(one)half,半年,half a year,半小时,half an hour,一年半,one and a half,years,one,year,and a half,分数修饰名词时，后用,of,短语。如：,1/3 one third of teachers,3/7 three seventh,s,of the boys,3.,年份、日期、时刻表达法,年,用,基数词,表示,两位一读,介词用,in,日,用,序数词,表示,介词用,on,1999 nineteen ninety-nine,two thousand and eight,1949,年,10,月,1,日 读作,:,October(the)first,nineteen forty-nine(,月,-,日，年,),the first of October,nineteen forty-nine,（日,-,月，年）,写作,:October,1st,1999(,日用缩写，月,-,日,-,年,),October 1,1999 (,日用数字,),1st,October,1999,日,-,月，年,How many people will come to Beijing next year?,Its hard to say,_ people,I think.,million of B.millions of,C.three millions D.three millions of,About _ students in our class can describe that,place in English.,A.three-fifths B.three-fifth,C.third-five D.third-fifths,B,A,Which of the following is wrong?_.,A.He is a fifteen-year-old boy.,B.He is at the age of 15.,C.He is a boy of 15.,D.He is fifteen year old.,There was no bus in that small town.We had a _.,A.ten miles walk B.ten-mile walk,C.ten miles walk D.tenth mile walk,D,B,We have known each other for _.,A.a year and half,B.a year with half,C.a year and a half,D.a year with a half,“Whats the date today?”“Its _.”,A.the fourth of may B.the fourth May,C.May four D.May the fourth,C,D,冠词,Article,概念：冠词是经常加在名词前面的一个,辅助词,，限制名词的意义。,冠词在句子中不能单独作一个成分，是,虚词,。,冠词的范围：,a,、,an,、,the,不定冠词,a,、,an,1,、泛指某一类人或事物中的一个或一类。,eg:,An,elephant is much heavier than,a,horse.,His father is,a,taxi driver.,2,、用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。,eg:I have read the books twice,but I want to read,a,third time.,3,、,a/an,的区别,a,用在辅音音素开头的单数可数名词或字母前，,an,用在,元音音素,开头的单数可数名词或字母前。,特殊词：,a usual boy;a useful book;a university;a one leg dog,an honest boy;an hour;an honor,an“a,e,i,o,f,h,l,m,n,r,s,x”,Exercise,I have _ apple.He has _orange.,This is _ egg.,Jim is _ honest boy and he is _,university student.,4.Do you have _ computer?,5.There is _ car in front of the house.,English is _ useful language.,He is _ unhappy boy.,My father will come back in _ hour.,There is _ beautiful flower.,There is _“u”and _ “s”in the word“use”,Please take _ seat and have _ rest,an an,an,an a,a,a,a,an,an,a,a an,a a,4.,第一次提到某人或某物而非特指时。,eg,：,There is,a,book on the desk,but the book isnt mine.,5.,用于表时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前，有“每一”的意思，相当于,every,。,eg,：,three times,a,week;half,an,hour,6.,某些固定短语与不定冠词有搭配关系。,eg,：,have a good time;a few;,get a cold;,pay a visit;take a seat;make a living,定冠词,the,的用法,1.,定冠词,the,用来特指某人或某物，双方都知道的人或物的名词,前，或用于第二次提到的某人或某物。,Is this,the,book that you are looking for?,2.,表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前,The,sun is bigger than,the,moon.,3.,用在序数词或形容词最高级前,the young,est,/the,most,beautiful,/,the first (second,third,four,th),March is,the,third month of a year.,He is,the,cleverest boy in his class.,4.,用在某些形容词或单数名词前，表示一类人或事物。如：,the rich;the poor;the young;the old,Do you know who invented,the,computer?,The,cat,is liked by many people.,5.,用在表示山脉、海洋、江河、湖泊、群岛、建筑物、名胜古迹等专有名词前。如：,the Yellow River;the Great Wall;,the West Lake;the White House,6.,用在西洋乐器前,play,the,piano/,the,guitar/,the,violin,8.,用在方位名词前 或习惯用法,in the south /on the right/in the day/in the end,7.The+,姓的复数 表示一家人,The Smith,s,/the Green,s,_ earth goes round _ sun.,Jim is _ tallest and _ most interesting,3._man over there is my teacher.,4.There is _ orange on the table.,_ orange is mine.,5.I live on _ twelfth floor.,6._ Great Wall is _oldest building.,7.I have _aunt._ aunt is _ doctor.,8.In this exam,he is _ second.,Jim is _ boy.He is _ American boy.,_Yellow River is one of _ longest rivers.,Beijing is in _ north of China,The the,the the,The,an,The,the,The the,an The a,the,a an,The the,the,不用冠词的情况,(1),有些专有名词、抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。,如：,China;Japanese;milk;love,等。,(2),名词前已有作定语用的,this,that,my,your,whose,some,any,no,each,every,等代词时，不用冠词,如：,This is my,ruler,.,(3),复数名词表示一类人或事物时，不用冠词。,如：,They are,teachers,.,(4),表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词。,如：,Bush was made,president,of the US.,(5),一日三餐、球类活动、学科名词前。,I have,lunch,at home.,He often plays,soccer,after class.,Maths,is hard to learn.,(6),在节日、星期、月份、季节等名词前。如：,Teachers Day;Mothers Day;,on Monday;in May;in summer,等。,(7),在与,by,连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词,by car,by bus,by train,(,但,take a bus,in a boat,on the bike,前要加冠词,),(8),在某些固定搭配里，名词之前常不用冠词。如：,on foot;at home;at night;go to school;from morning till night,等。,7,、固定搭配,at first at last at noon at home,首先 最后 在中午 在家,on foot in bed in hospital go to school,步行 躺在床上 住院 上学,1.Do you like playing _ soccer?,2.I usually have _ milk for _breakfast,3.We will go to the park on _ Monday.,4.My uncle lives in _America now.,5.Leaves turn yellow in _ autumn.,6.We can go swimming on _Sunday in _summer.,7.March 8,th,is _ Womens Day.,8.His father is ill in _ hospital.,/,/,/,/,/,/,/,/,.,单项选择,(),1.English is,_,international language.,A.a B.an C,/D.the,(),2.,Look at,_,skirt.I bought it for mother on Mothers Day,isnt it nice?,Oh,what,_,nice present,！,A.a;a B.a;the C.the;a D,a;,不填,(),3.,Do you enjoy your stay in Hangzhou?,Yes.Ive had,_,wonderful time.,A./B.a C.the D.an,领悟语法,B,C,B,(,),4.We usually go to,_,school on weekdays,and sometimes go to,_,cinema at weekends.,A.,不填；,the B.the;the,C.the;,不填,D.,不填；不填,解析：考查冠词。,go to school,固定用法,go to a/the cinema,也是固定用法，,a/the cinema,表示一类事物。,A,(),5.Lets have,_,break;,I want to make,_,telephone call.,A.a;a B.a;the C.the;a D.the;the,A,(),6.,_,are planning to go on vacation.,A.Blacks B.A Blacks,C.The Blacks D.The Blacks,解析：考查冠词。,the,加姓的复数形式表示“一家人”。,D,(),7.,Do you enjoy your stay in Hangzhou?,Yes.Ive had,_,wonderful time.,A./B.a C.the D.an,解析：本题考查固定短语与不定冠词搭配的关系。,have a wonderful time,玩的高兴。故选,B,B,1.MrWanghasworkedas_Englishteacherformorethan 10years.A./B.aC.anD.the 2,Howlongdoesittakeustogotoyourhometownfromhere?,I,ttakesus,_,hourormoretogotomyhometown,by,_,train.A.an;aB.a;anC.an;/D.a;/3 What,_,usefulbookitis!Yeah,ittellsyouhowtoplayguitar.A.an,；,theB.a,；,aC.a,；,theD.an,；,a 4,、,.Susanjoinedanartclubat,ageofsixandpaintswell.A.theB.anC.a 5,、,Myuncleis_engineer.Heworksveryhard.A.theB.aC.an,Exercises:,介词,概念：,介词（虚词），不能在句子中独立充当成分。它总是用于名词、代词、或相当于名词的其它词类,或短语从句前。,中考需要掌握的,11,个介词：,in,、,on,、,at,、,to,、,from,、,by,、,with,、,for,、,about,、,after,、,before,2010,March,spring,the morning,the future,7,：,30,night,the age of 19,first/last,the moment,Monday,March 5,March 5th,2010,Monday morning,holiday,Childrens Day,in,on,at,Prepositions of time,时间介词,in,：,in,1996/,in,2002/,in,1847,（年份）,in,October/,in,February/,in,March,（月份）,in,spring/,in,summer/,in,autumn/,in,winter,（季节）,in,a week,/,in,a year,在,1,周,/,年中,in,the morning/,in,the afternoon/,in,the evening,在上午,/,下午,/,晚上,in,those days,在当时,/,in,no time,立刻,/,in,the daytime,在白天,/,in,the future,在将来,/,in,one minute,在,1,分钟内,/,最后,in,the end,表示较长时间,如：世纪、年代、年份、月份、季节、周、上午、下午、晚上以及一些习惯用法中要用介词“,in”,。,一,.,时间介词,on,：,on,Monday/,on,Tuesday/,on,Wednesday/,on,Friday,on,January 1/,on,April 18/,on,May 31,on,January 1,1988/,on,April 18,2002/,on,May 31,1977,on,Monday morning/,on,Tuesday afternoon/,on,Wednesday evening,on,a winter morning/,on,a summer evening/,on,a autumn afternoon,on,the morning of May fifth,on,my birthday/,on,that day/,on,New Years Day/,on,the first two days/,on,Christmas Day,值日,on,duty/,准时,on,time,表示具体某一天或者特定（某一天上下午）的时间用介词“,on”,。星期、某月某日、某年某月某日、含,Day,的节日、有,修饰,上午,/,下午,/,晚上以及一些习惯用法中要用介词,on,at:,at,ten oclock/,at,seven thirty.,（表示某一钟点）,at,noon/,at,night/,at,midnight/,at,dawn/,at,sunset,（在中午、晚上、半夜,一天中相对短暂的时间）,at,the age of twenty/,at,the age of thirty-five,（表示某一年龄）,at,that time,在那时,/,at,the moment,这时、那时、此刻,/,at,first,首先,/,at,last,最后,in,the end/,at,once,立刻、马上,/,at,/,on,(the)weekends,在周末,/,在一年中的这个时候,at,this time of year/,在,开始,/,结束时,at,the beginning/end of,表示时间的某一点（或表示某时刻）如：钟点、年龄、节日、中午,/,夜晚,/,子夜或其它的习惯用法中要用“,at”,。,during:,during,the week,during,those three months,during,my visit,during,the holidays/meeting,during,the spring,表示“在,的期间”要用介词“,during”,，,during,表示在特定的时间里，其后的名词前要用定冠词或者表示特定意义的代词。,since:,since,1986/,since,1977,since,last summer/,since,last week/since last month,since,then,从那时以后,since,he came here,自从他来了以后表示“自,以来”，表示从过去某一时刻到现在，用介词“,since”,。“,since”,“点时间”，主句常用现在完成时。,till/until,The park is open till 5 p.m.He didnt leave the park until 4 p.m.,表示某动作或者状态延续到某一时间终止，用介词“,till/until”,The train leaves,at,8 oclock,so youd better be there,by,8:50.,火车八点钟开，所以你最好八点五十以前赶到那儿。,He left Shanghai,at,the end of last year.,去年年底他离开了上海。（过去式）,By,the end of last year he had finished the work.,到去年年底，他已经完成了工作。,at,表示事件发生在某一时间点上；,by,表示事件发生在某一时间点前。,at,the end of+,时间,/,地点，表示时间时，一般用于,一般过去式,。,by,the end of+,时间，表示时间时，一般用于,过去完成时,。,in,the end=at last,最后,表示时间介词的比较：,today/one night/this month/that summer/last year/,next week/the day before yesterday/,the week after next,再下一周,There was a football match yesterday evening.,昨天晚上有一场足球赛。,They will go to the zoo tomorrow.,明天他们将要去动物园。,由,one/this/that/last/next,等修饰的表示时间的词组,前,不需要,用介词。,Ill visit my grandparents this week.,这一周我要去看望我的祖父母。,Please come to school earlier next time.,下次请早点来学校。,Mary is flying to France soon.She will arrive in Paris,the,morning of July 9.A.on B.in C.atThe twins were born,a Friday evening.A.on B.in C.atwe travelled overnight to Paris and arrived,5 oclock,the morning.A.on,in B.at,in C.at,onwe finish our lessons,11:30 and then have a rest,noon.A.at,in B.at,at C.in,in,practice,in+,大地方,(in the world,in Beijing,in the north,in China),at+,小地方,(at home,at school,at the bus stop/the airport),The Greens live,at,87 King Street.,on+,门牌，某层楼,(on twentieth floor),1.My uncle live _ F12 _the fifth floor.A.at,on B.in,on C.on,at2.They arrived _Beijing at 12:00 and waited for a bus _ the station to the hotel.A.at,in B.in,on C.in,at,二,.,地点介词,on,在,的上面,与表面接触,over,在,的正上方,不接触表面,under,在,下面,(,是,on,over,的反义词,),above,在,上方,below,在,下方,是,above,的反义词,1.Look!There is a bridge _the river.,A.on B.over C.above,2.Can you see the egg _ the plate?,A.on B.in C.over,in front of,是在物体,外部,的前面,例如,:,教室前有个花园。,e.g.There is a garden in front of the classroom.,in the front of,是在物体,内部,的前面,例如,:,教室前有张桌子。,e.g.There is a desk in the front of the classroom.,in front of,与,in the front of,的区别,:,at,一般指小地方；,in,一般指大地方或某个范围内。,over,above,和,on,均表示,“,在,上面,”,over,反义词是,under;above,反义词是,below;on,指两个物体表面有接触。,in front of,表示,“,在,前面,”,其反义词是,behind,;,in the middle of,表示,“,在,的中间,”,。,between,表示在,两者之间,among,表示,“,在,中,”,数目为三者或三者以上,around,表示围绕在四周。,beside,表示,“,在,旁边,”,inside,表示,“,在,内,”,outside,表示,“,在,外,”,。,Conclusion:,ne