语言学语言及文化.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Language and Culture,语,言,與,文,化,语言的历史和文化是相辅而行的，他们可以互相协助和启发。,-Palmer,An Introduction to Modern Linguistics,7.1.1,How Does Language Relate to Culture?,7.1.3,Case Studies,7.1.4,To Which Extend Do We Need Culture,Content,7.1.1 How Does Language Relate to Culture,What has happened in the field of linguistics over the past century?,Since the beginning of the,18th century,the linguistic inquiry of language has been either,comparative and historical or structural and formalized in nature,.,Change was observed at the start of the,the,20th century:,AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ORIENTATION,人类学向导,in the study of language was developed both in England and in North America.,What characterized this new tradition was its study of language in a,sociocultural,context,社会文化的背景,.,England,While,Bronislaw,Malinowski,and,John P.Firth,can be regarded as the pioneers of this movement in,England,Franz Boas,Edward Sapir,and,Benjamin Lee Whorf,are naturally seen as the,representatives of a parallel,but independent tradition from,North America,.,As early as in the 1920s,a school of,ANTHROPOLOTICAL STUDY OF LINGUISTICS,came into being,in England,.,Examples:,Malinowski,:the meaning of a word greatly depended upon its occurrence in a given context,or rather,upon a real language situation in life.,Firth,developed his own theory of,CONTEXT OF SITUATION,which suggest the creativity and diversity of linguistic,idiosyncrasy,特质,in language use;what his theory emphasized is quite similar to a more updating sociological,axiom,公理,in language use.,“,who speaks(or writes)what language(or what language variety)to whom and when and to what end,”.,American,From the 1920s to the 1940s,when engaged in a demanding but significant task the reconstruction of American Native language,anthropologists such as Boas,Sapir,and Whorf came to know the significance of culture in the study of language use(the study of the relationship between language and culture).,Their anthropological approach to the study of language and culture laid a firm foundation in the history of linguistic development.,ETHNOGRAPHY OF COMMUNICATION:an authoritative research framework of our time in a linguistic study of,social and cultural factors.,1,Speech community,2,Situation,event and act,3,Mnemonic SPEAKING components,Benjamin Lee,Whorf and his famous hypothesis,假想,concerning language,thought,and culture(SAPIR WHORF HYPOTHESES):,Our language helps mould our way of thinking and consequently,different languages may probably express speakers unique ways of understanding the world.,1,On the one hand,language may determine our thinking patterns;,2,On the other,similarity between languages is relative,相对的,.,Eugene,Nida,a well known linguist and translation theorist claims that,as translators,if we want to do a good job in CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION,there are five types of sub-culture we should be fully aware of:,1,ecological culture,2,linguistic culture,3,religious culture,4,material culture,5,social culture,7.1.3 Case Studies,Kaplan(1966),claims that the structural organization of a text tends to be culturally,specific,.,Rich date have been gathered to indicate that phonological differences or dialectal accents reveal more than geographic origins of speakers.,2.A cross-cultural study of the meaning of,some idioms or metaphorical uses in a given,social context,however,will definitely provide,an,optimal,最佳的,opportunity to examine the issue:,a.,This choice of observation may partially,explain why,Nida,when summarizing some,intrinsic,内在的,features of vocabulary in relation to,Semantic,语义的,translating and cultural studies,states that,words are sometimes“idiomatically-governed”and,“culturally-specific”.,b,.This observation also implies that there comes,an important new force in the pursuit of relationships,between language and culture.,7.1.4 To Which Extent We Need Culture in Our Linguistic Study,?,Ever since the early 1970s,along with the disclosure of,the notorious political scandal dubbed the Watergate,event,a bunch of derived words has been rushing into the English language.Words like“,Billygate,”,“,Debategate,”“,Cattlegate,”and“,RIcegate,”are some of these compounding forms.In this situation,it is felt that a,sociolinguistic study of the combining form-,gate,and its,derivations is necessary for us to examine the,semantic,语义的,structural,and functional development,concerning these,nonce-words,临时的,and know more about the correlation of these related factors in the study of word-formation.,After a careful study of this phenomenon,we found that,1),this,suffix,后缀,enjoys rich productivity in American English;,2),words derived form this source inevitably take on a culturally,pejorative implication,贬低的含义,to refer to“the disclosures of,misconduct,不恰当的,in high places”(Barnhart&Barnhart,1981:2364),hence,a synonym to scandals of different types,political or economical,and,3),a variety of,derivational,衍生,processes(i.e.,antonomasia,换称,conversion,转换,affixation,词缀,)can be explained in the study of the productivity of this compounding form.,英语的在地化,我,们,也,见,到了,英语,的在地化（,localization,）,变异,，亦即各地,英语,都有因,为,在,独,特生活,环,境,里运,用而,产,生的,变,化。,英,国,、美国和澳洲英语的差別，美国各地口音腔,调,的差,异,，乃至,于,美国黑人和拉丁裔特有的用,词,和语法，,还,有各,处,英美前殖民地混合了,当,地语言和,、风,俗的英语,，,都,预,示英语的,国际,化和全球化，,同时伴随,了,无法,遏止的在地化，很,难,有定,于,一尊的,标准,英语可言。,在,台湾,我,们,也可以,发,展出所,谓,的台,湾,英语，只要能和世界各地人民,沟,通即可，不必非得,学会,英国人（,伦敦,？,英格兰,？）或美国（,东岸,？加州？）人的,标准,腔调,。,Show some particular cases,语言次文化：新世代流行用语,青少年的流行用语，特別能,够,展,现,新世代语言在使用,过,程中的,变,化和混,杂,情形。這些,京,常是透,过,媒,体,（尤其是,综艺节目,）,传,播，以及消,费,文化而流行的用语，展現了,闽,南语、英语和日语的混,种,，青少年偏,爱,的,戏谑,、不按牌理出牌,风,格，以及新技,术,（例如呼叫器和,网,路）介入造成的影,响,。,出处：,2009,年央视春晚，赵本山、小沈阳等演出了小品,不差钱,。几乎一夜之间，二人转演员小沈阳连同小品中的多句经典台词，红遍大江南北。,2.,哥抽的不是烟，是寂寞！,What brother is smoking is not a cigarette,but loneliness!,出处：,7,月初，在百度贴吧里突然有人发了一张一名非主流男子吃面的图片，图片配文“哥吃的不是面，是寂寞”。之后一发不可收拾，有网友相继模仿“哥,的不是,，是寂寞”的句式，“哥上的不是网，是寂寞”、“哥爱的不是你，是寂寞”,入选理由：今年，“寂寞体”成为很多人的,MSN,、,QQ,签名，仿佛什么事情都可以化作“寂寞”两个字，它折射出现代人需要抚慰的心灵,1.,不差钱,Money is not a problem.,3,人生就像茶几，上面摆满了杯具。,Life is like a tea table,with bitter cups placed all over it.,出处：首先是易中天因为在一期,百家讲坛,中瞪大眼睛感叹了一句“悲剧啊”，结果就被网友截了图并上传到了网上，随即成为无数网友争相引用的签名档。其实，这句流行语的句式模板来自张爱玲笔下的,“,人生是一袭华美的袍，上面爬满了虱子。”,“杯具”一词诞生后，网上出现了“杯具党”，网友们又创造了“餐具（惨剧）”、“洗具（喜剧）”和“茶具（差距）”。,网,路,沟,通符,号,网,络,日,渐,成,为,重要的人,际沟,通工具，也,应运,而生新的,沟通符号,。在台,湾,，格外值得注意的是,图,像,符号,（以,键盘符号,拼出人,脸,表情），以及注音文（以,国语,注音符,号,拼字，但常省去,韵,母和四,声,）的,发,展。,表情符,号弥补,了网路,沟,通所缺乏的面孔表情,传达,的情感，注音文,则,源自网路即,时沟,通所需要的速度考量，以及久而久之形成的新世代自我辨,认风,格（,从语尾间,句或助,词,的,简,省，演,变为,全篇注音文）。,网路表情符,号,普遍受到,欢,迎，甚至成,为,某些网站,设,定好的,选项,，可以按取,选,用，不必自行,输,入。注音文卻命,运,曲折，有不少,BBS,站和聊天,区设下规范,，禁用注音文，,视之为无法,理解、幼稚搞怪,手語,在,听觉,至上的社,会里,，一般,听,人很,难,理解,聋,人的生活世界，,聋,人也缺乏,资源,來,应对这个听觉优先,的,环,境，因而,沦为弱势,族群，成,为,被,排挤,及污名化的,对,象（例如媒,体经,常,报道聋哑人偷窃,，形成刻板印象），或是成,为发挥听,人自以,为,是的,爱,心的,对,象。,听,人,学习,手,语,，不,仅经,常只是用來,娱乐,表演，而非,与聋,人,沟,通，甚且,脱离聋,人,实际,使用的手,语,（注重情境和,脉络,，以及表情,姿势,的配合），而形成直接,翻译,文字、一字一,手势,的文法手語。,Thanks,！,