lecture 9.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Allusions,Outline,I.Introduction,II.The Origins of Allusions in English,III.The Origins of Allusions in Chinese,IV.The Suggested Practice on Interpretation of Allusions,in allusion to,针对,.,而言,暗指,make(an)allusion to,间接提到,暗指,-,典故,I.Introduction,Definition,:According to,Websters New Collegiate Dictionary,allusion is defined as“an implied or indirect reference,esp.when used in literature”.In some Chinese dictionaries,allusions is defined as“some expressions used in poems which are quoted from the ancient stories or have some origins”.As it is rich in cultural meanings,its application can add splendor to the writings,and its translation thus has attracted much attention from the scholars.,And.,Functions of allusions:it not only enriches language,but also vivify and easy the communication.Besides,allusions also reflect the rich cultural heritage of the people who speak the language.,More,Literature review,:many papers concerning the allusions are produced,for example,Lie(2008)explored the origins of English allusions from several aspects.Chen(2006)invested the translation of the allusions in Chinese poem“Moored on,Qinhuai,River”,from Relevance theory.Wang(2005)dealt with the transplant and compensation of Chinese allusions to English.All the research has enriched our understanding to allusions.,II.The Origins of English Allusions,2.1 some involve events or characters from the treasure house of English literature,especially from Shakespeare.The following examples fall into this category.,A Shylock,Romeo,Juliet,Sherlock Holmes,Frankenstein,Uncle Tom,Waterloo,Catch-22 situation,.,More,2.2 Another common source of allusions of English is legends and mythology,mostly from Greek and Roman mythology.For example,a Herculean task,an Achilles heel,a Pandoras box,a Damocles sword,and so on.,2.3 Religion is another source of allusions.,For examples,a Solomon,a Judas,thirty pieces of silver,a kiss of death,.,More.,2.4 some other allusion are from the sports,the most troublesome are those that involve recent or contemporary events,personalities,products,etc.,For instance,to not get to the first base,to have two strikes against someone,to carry the ball,an armchair quarterback,to be down and out,to hit below the belt,play ones trump card(s),squeeze play,to swallow the bait,an Ivy Leaguer,as American as apple pie,.,中文典故举例,围魏救赵,见于,史记,孙子吴起列传,战国时，魏将庞涓率军围攻赵国都城邯郸。赵求救于齐，齐王命田忌、孙膑率军往救。孙膑魏军主力在赵国，内部空虚，就带兵攻打魏国都城大梁，因而，魏军不得不从邯郸撤军，回救本国，路经桂陵要隘，又遭齐兵截击，几乎全军覆没。这个典故是指采用包抄敌人的后方来迫使它撤兵的战术。,公元前,354,年，魏国军队围赵国都城邯郸，双方战守年余，赵衰魏疲。这时，齐国应赵国的求救，派田忌为将，孙膑为军师，率兵八万救赵。攻击方向选在哪里？起初，田忌准备直趋邯郸。孙膑认为，要解开纷乱的丝线，不能用手强拉硬扯，要排解别人打架，不能直接参与去打。派兵解围，要避实就虚，击中要害。他向田忌建议说，现在魏国精锐部队都集中在赵国，内部空虚，我们如带兵向魏国折都城大梁猛插进去，,占据它的交通要道，袭击它空虚的地方，它必然放下赵国回师自救，齐军乘其疲惫，在预先选好的作战地区桂陵迎敌于归途，魏军大败，赵国之围遂解。孙膑用围攻魏国的办法来解救赵国的危困，这在我国历史上是一个很有名折战例，被后来的军事家们列为 叁十六计中的重要一计。围魏救赵这一避实就虚的战法为历代军事家所欣赏，至今仍有其生命力。,英 文翻译,besiege Wei to rescure Zhaorelieve the besieged by besieging the base of the besiegers,III.The Origins of Allusions in Chinese,3.1 From literature,especially the four master pieces.,刘姥姥进大观园,;,智多星,;,林妹妹,;,阿,Q,3.2 From historical figures or events.,四面楚歌,;,围魏救赵,;,完璧归赵,3.3 From Chinese fables.,画蛇添足,;,守株待兔,;,对牛弹琴,;,牛郎织女,;,嫦娥奔月,3.4 From religions,八仙过海,各显神通,;,临时抱佛脚,;,做一天和尚撞一天钟,;,一人得道,仙及鸡犬,;,放下屠刀,立地成佛,3.5 From sports and recreation,马后炮,异曲同工,一唱一和,跑龙套,唱红脸,唱白脸,粉墨登场,IV.The Suggested Practice on Interpretation of Allusions,The suggested practice for Chinese interpreters or people conversing with English-speaking visitors is to give a rough equivalent or a brief explanation without going into details,so as not to distract from the main thread of the idea being discussed.,一桶水摇不响，半桶水响叮当,有人照字面译成：,The full pot of water makes no sound;the half-empty pot of water is noisy.,老外听后，也许会感到困惑。他们有自己的说法：,A little knowledge(or learning)can be(or is)dangerous.,（一知半解很危险。）或者说：,Still water runs deep.,（静水深不可测。）也可以说：,He who knows the most says the least.,（懂得越多的人，反而说得越少。）,水落石出,有人照字直译为：,As the water level sinks,the stones are exposed.,这样说，恐怕老外还是听不懂。他们的说法是：,All secrets may eventually come to light.,（所有祕密最后总会曝光。）也可以说：,Eventually,every secret will be disclosed.,这山望到那山高,有人译成：,The apples on the other side of the wall are the sweetest.,（意思是：墙那边的苹果最甜。）当然，如要译成：,If you stand on a mountain,you feel the distant mountain seems higher than yours.,老外也勉强能接受。而他们的最习惯说法是：,The grass always looks greener on the other side.,（另一边的草，看来总是绿些。）,烈火炼真金，患难见真情,有人译成：,Fire is the test of gold;adversity is the test of friendship.,这句译文，虽然很好，老外也能了解，但是他们还有另外的说法：,Liquor brings out a persons true color.,（烈酒能显示一个人真正的特色。）或者说：,Wine reveals a persons true heart.,虽然老外不用,烈火炼真金,的比喻，但有,路遥知马力,的说法：,By a long road,we know a horses strength;at times of difficulty,we discover a friends true character.,雷声大，雨点小,有人译为：,The thunder roars loudly,but little rain falls.,或者说：,All we hear is thunder,but no rain falls.,虽然这样直译比较容易理解，但是老外的说法是这样的：,Actions speak louder than words.,（行动胜于言谈。）或,All we hear is words,but there is no action.,（只动嘴不动手。）或,Actions and words should go hand in hand.,（言行必须一致。）另外，还有英语里还有这样的说法：,An empty barrel makes biggest sound.,（空洞的话说得太多,人不可貌相，海水不可斗量,有人译为：,A man can not be known by his look,nor can the ocean be measured by a dipper.,这样的译法只是直译，如果能够稍加修改，老外就能了解：,A man can not be judged by his appearance,nor can the water in the sea be measured by a bucket.,不过，老外通常的说法是这样的：,We can not judge a person by appearance only.,或,You can not judge a book by its cover.,（意思是：一本书的好坏取决于它的内容，而不是它的封面装帧的漂亮与否。）,少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲,有人译成,If you neglect study when you are young,what may happen to your old age?,这句问句会把老外问得云里雾里，因为他们沒有,学而优则仕,的思想，也不认为功课差，将来就会伤悲。他们劝告子女经常说的是,Studying/working hard can lead you to a brighter/more promising future.,（努力用功会带给你光明的前程。）当然也可以对年轻人说：,Study hard when you are young.It will pay off when you get older.,（年轻时好好努力，到老的时就会觉得学有所值。）,学如行舟，不进则退,如果直译成：,Learning is like rowing upstream;not to advance is to drop back.,老外听后，也许会感到一头雾水。这样修改一下，表达可以清晰一些：,Learning seems like rowing upstream,（逆流）,;if one does not advance,one will fall back.Learning is like rowing against the current,（激流）,if one does not advance,one will retreat.,更直接的说法是：,If you dont make progress,you will fall behind.,一日为师，终身为父,有这样的译法：,He who teaches me for one day is my father for life.If you are my teacher for even one day,you will be my teacher(mentor)all my life.He who teaches me may be considered my father-figure for life.,这几种译法意思都是,老师即使对我只有一天的教诲，也会让我一生都受用不尽,。外国人也有他们表达师生关系的谚语，如：,Teach others to fish and they will fish for a lifetime.,（授人以鱼，不如授人以渔。）,Give a man fish,he will have a meal;teach him to fish,he will have food all his life.,口蜜腹剑，笑里藏刀,有人译为,His mouth is honey;his heart is a sword.,外国人听了会对这样的比喻摸不着头脑，如果要形容某人,口蜜腹剑，笑里藏刀,，我们可以说,with honey on ones lip and murder in ones heart,或者,honey-mouthed but dagger-hearted.,也可以更直接的译成,He is an evil man who has a mouth that praises and a hand that kills.,忠言逆耳，良药苦口,有人译成：,Faithful words are contrary to the ears;good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.,也有人反译为：,Bitter words are medicine;sweet words bring illness.Good advice often jars on the ears;bitter pills have good effects.,这些说法，老外也会,一知半解,不如直接一点说成：,Honest advice may be distasteful to the recipient.Honest advice is hard to accept.Truth is a hard pill to swallow.,更简单的说就是：,Truth hurts.,近墨者黑，近朱者赤,有人直译为：,one who stays near vermilion gets stained red,and one who stays near ink gets stained black,（,vermilion,是朱砂或鲜红色的意思。）也有人译成：,When you touch black,you become black;when you touch red,you become red.,这种说法，恐怕老外一时无法理解真正含意。不过他们倒有这么说：,One takes the behavior of ones company.,（一个人的行为，往往受到朋友的影响。）或,One takes on the attributes of ones associates.,（,attributes,复数時是指品质、特性；,associates,指朋友、同事）简单的说，就是：,Watch the company you keep!,（小心交朋友！）,或者也可以说成：,As he who lies with dogs will ride with fleas,how could your son learn anything good by mixing with those people?,（你儿子跟那些人混在一起，能学出个好来？）,英语典故举例,drop the other shoe,就是源于这个故事，其确切意思是指,结束悬念或公布结果等,。此成语用在不同句子中应根据具体情况灵活翻译，请看下例：,They look so worried because they are waiting for the other shoe to drop.,他们看起来很著急因为他们正在等著公布结果。,Turn the corner,成语,Turn the corner,在英美应用得十分广泛，它来自于人们的日常生活经历。开车的人可能都有过这样的经历：当你在狭长的路上行进时，感到无比的压抑，亟欲离开这个令人不快的地方时，突然转过一个弯，眼前豁然开朗或者出现一片崭新的景象，顿时神清气爽。这就像中国的一句古诗所说：山穷水覆疑无路，柳暗花明又一村。,Turn the corner,也由此来表达“渡过难关，出现新局面的含义。,She was very ill but seems to have turned the corner now.,她曾病得很重,但现在看上去已好转了。与,Turn the corner,意思相对的成语有,force/drive into a corner,，表示“处于困境，无法逃脱。,show ones colours colour,这个词再简单不过，相信即便是国一的学生也能脱口而出：,颜色！,不过在本成语中，,colour,可不表示什么颜色，否则，你肯定无法理解，一个人怎么能亮出自己的颜色。作复数讲时，,colours,有如下意思：,colours,可表示舰艇上五颜六色的旗帜,colours,还表示,立场,。例如：,Stick to your colors.,坚持你的立场。,另外，,colours,也可用来表示,本质，本性,。例如：,I believe that he will show his true colors someday.,我相信他总有一天会现出原形的。看了上面这个例句，千万别认为这个成语,(show ones colours),只用于贬意。其实，它也可以表示优良的质量。,Exercises,1.,这项任务非常艰巨,但他还是设法完成了,.,2.,他原本是这一职位最佳侯选人,他有能力,有经验,但他有个致命弱点,就是他的坏脾气,.,3.,本拉登依然在逃,这一事实让布什政府如头悬利剑,坐立不安,.,4.,他对她一见钟情,制定了一个追求她的周密计划,不过他第一回合就败了下来,.,5.The project needs powerful leadership,wed better ask Michael to carry the ball.,6.He tried every means to save his shop from closing,yet he was down and out.,