科技英语写作英语句型.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,一,It,作形式主语,二 不定式短语,三 分词句型,四 含动名词的句型,五 情态动词,六 关系词,七 连接词,八 比较级句型,赖世雄,.,九 假设语气,英语重要句型活用指南,.,特殊句型,清华大学出版社，,1993.,十一 其他,一,It,作形式主语,1 It is to,不定式,（不定式短语）,It is,interesting,to look,at the stars.,（看星星很有趣。）,It is,not difficult,to study,the micro-domain size and the interfacial thickness of block copolymers using SAXS.,（利用,SAXS,来研究嵌段共聚物的微区尺寸和界面厚度并不困难。）,2 It is reported that,（据报道,）,It is reported that,the car accident,took place some-time yesterday.,（据报道，那场车祸是昨天某个时间,发生的。）,It can be seen that,if one wants to obtain detailed morphological information,several characterization techniques must be used.,（可见人们如期获得详细形态信息，则必须使用几种表征技术。）,It,也可代替由疑问词引导的从句。,例如：,It will be reported,when,the meeting will take place.,（会议在何时举行将会公布。）,3 It seems(appears)that,（似乎,，好像,）,It seems that,nobody know what,had happened.,4 It takes,to,不定式,It takes,me five months,to,write this book.,（写这本书花了我,5,个月时间。）,5 It is clear(,插入一些成分,)that,在,that,前插入一些成分，例如：,However,it is clear,from,the d,C,p,/d,T,versus temperature data,shown,in Figure 3.14 for the miscible blend and the physical mixture,that there are differences.,（但从示如图,3.14,相容共混物和物理混合物的,d,C,p,/d,T,随温度变化的数据明显可见，这两者是有不同的。）,二 不定式短语,6,表示目的、结果,目的,He studied hard,to pass,the examination.,（他努力用功,以,通过考试。）,To help,summarize the above discussion,Table 3.1 gives a comparison of the applications of the DSC,DMTA,SAXS,SANS,microscopies and solid-state NMR techniques to the study of multi-component polymeric materials.,（表,3.1,列出,DSC,、,DMTA,、,SAXS,、,SANS,、显微术和固体,NMR,技术在研究多组分聚合物材料方面的应用，以兹比较，这将,有助于,总结上述讨论。）,结果,only to,竟然（表示与预料相反的结果）,He rushed all the way to the station,only to,miss the train.,（他一路冲往车站，结果还是错过了火车。）,7,too,to,太,而不能,It is,too,dark in this room for me,to,read,a book.,=It is,so,dark in this room,that,I cannot read a book.,（房间太暗，使我无法看书。）,三 分词句型,8,以分词,having,表示原因；以现在分词,（或过去分词）表示伴随的行为或状态。如：,Having,a bad cold,I cant go to school today.,（因为重感冒的缘故，我今天无法上学。）,The children went away,singing,a song.,（孩子们唱着歌离开了。）,Dressed,in white,she attended the party.,（她穿白服饰参加舞会。）,Compared,to supercooling,superheating is far less common phenomenon because the molecular mobility increases with temperature,therefore reducing the chances of its occurrence.,They report that water acts as a plasticizer,decreasing,the glass transition temperature of dry silk fibroin.,四 含动名词的句型,9,worth+v.-ing,值得,Paris is a city,worth visiting,.,（巴黎是值得参观的城市。）,It is worth while to ,（做,是值得的）,It is worth while to,learn English.,（学英语是值得的。）,By+v.-ing,Controlling,particle growth rate is possible through knowledge of a materials properties and,controlling,of the reaction by changing the time and temperature.,By identifying,the properties of material and,adjusting,the reaction time and temperature,it becomes possible to control the particle growth rate.,10,prevent,from+v.-ing,避免，使无法,Illness,prevented,me,from,going,to school.,（生病使我无法上学。）,11,动名词作宾语,Do you remember our,meeting,in Tokyo,three years ago?,（你记得,3,年前我们在东京见过面吗？）,五 情态动词,12,可将情态动词前置构成疑问句,Can,the MTDSC developments already,introduced in this chapter play a role,in revealing,in more detail,the morphologies of IPNs?,（在本章业已介绍的,MTDSC,的进展能够,起到更翔实地揭晓,IPN,形态的作用吗？）,六 关系词,13,which,可代替前面整个句子,He doesnt study,which,was mentioned,before.,（前面已经提过，他不用功。）,From the synthesis point of view,IPNs can be classified,broadly,into two general types:(a)sequential IPNs where,a polymer network is formed,which,is then swollen by the monomer,plus a crosslinking agent and an activator,which,is then polymerized in situ to form the second network;,（从合成的观点，,IPN,通常可分为两种类型：（,a,）序列,IPN,（,sequential IPN,），先是形成聚合物网络，然后用单体将其溶胀，再加上交联剂和活性剂，再后原位聚合形成第,2,网络；,）,14,当插入介词短语,for,from,such as,时，可使,that,远离其先行词,It is desirable to establish widely applicable,and readily available,methods,for,the characterization of multi-phase polymeric materials,that,can overcome the disadvantages of the above techniques.,（期望建立广泛应用并易于得到的方法来表征多相聚合物材料，这些方法可以克服上述技术的缺点。）,Events,such as,the loss of small amounts of residual solvent,which,can occur when studying blends,affect the reversing signal very little(see Chapter 1),but can have significant effects on the heat flow signal in conventional DSC.,（诸如失去少量残留溶剂的现象（观测共混物有可能出现这种现象）对可逆信号的影响很小（见第,1,章），而对传统,DSC,的热流信号却有显著影响。）,15,准关系代词,as,the same,as,(1),as,作主语,He is the same person,as,came,here yesterday.,（他就是昨天来这儿的那个人。）,If the peak position,as,is often done for a melting point,is used to determine the,T,g,it will be very easy and reproducible to use in subsequent analyses.,（就像测定熔点那样，用峰位来确定,T,g,，用于接下来的分析将会是很容易再现的。）,A better approach is to measure the molecular weight dependence of,D,in entangled polymer mixture,as,was done by Gimmore et al.,（,一个更好的方法是测量缠结聚合物混合物,D,的分子量依赖性，这是由,Gilmore,等,86,进行的。）,(2),as,作宾语,I have the same book,as,he is,reading.,（我有本书，跟他正在读的那本相同。）,(3),as,作动词,be,的表语,He is not the same man,as,he used to be.,（他已今非昔比。）,16,以,as,引起状语从句,As,a result of the sinusoidal change in temperature,the heat flow also changes sinusoidally as seen in Figure 2.,As,previously state,the same instrument is used to run both DSC and MTDSC experiments.,As,temperature increases above the lower glass transition,all bound water eventually leaves the system so that the free volume and mobility decrease giving rise to the upper glass transition of dry silk fibroin.,17,被动语态,by somebody,who,The thermal decomposition of copper(II)oxalate in argon-nitrogen mixtures of different component ratios has been studied by Lamprecht et al.(,96,),who,discovered that with decreasing the amount of argon the endothermic character of decomposition decreases and finally changes to exothermic when nitrogen becomes the main component.,七 连接词,1 8,and,用于表示一致,Study hard,and,youll pass the exam.,（要用功，那么你才会考及格。）,or,or else,otherwise,but,用于表示相反,Do it at once,or,you will regret it.,（马上办这件事，否则你会后悔。）,T,g,is commonly measured by the DSC technique,but,the use of,T,g,determination for studying polymer-polymer miscibility has its limitations.,（,T,g,一般是用,DSC,技术测量，,但,用测定,T,g,研究聚合物,-,聚合物相容性有其局限性。）,19 Not that,并非,Not that,I hate the work.Im not strong,enough for it.,（并非我讨厌这份工作，而是我无法,胜 任。）,Now that,既然,Now that,you are well again,you can,travel.,（既然你已复原，你可以去旅行了。）,rather than,并非,The obtained data indicate that crystallization occurs through molecular nucleation,rather than,the formation of an intermediate mesophase.,20,It is true that,but,固然,，但是,It is true(that),he is clever,but,he lacks,consideration for others.,（他很聪明固然是事实，但他却不,体贴别人。）,八 比较级句型,21 not so much as ,与其说是,，倒不如说是,He is,not so much,a writer,as,a scholar.,22,a.no more than,不是,，,正如,不是,He is,no more,a student,than,I(am).,(,他不是学生，正如我也不是学生一样。）,b.no less than ,和,一样,He is,no less,good at English,than,John(is).,(,他和约翰一样精通英语。,),c.not more than,没有比,更,She is,not more,beautiful,than,Marry(is).,(,她没有玛丽漂亮。,),d.not less than,至少与,一样,She is,not less,beautiful,than,Marry(is).,(,她至少与玛丽一样美。,),23,a.I have,no more than,$100.,（我,仅有,100,美圆）,b.I have,no less than,$100.,（我,刚刚好,有,100,美圆）,c.I have,not more than,$100.,（我,最多,有,100,美圆）,d.I have,not less than,$100.,（我,至少,有,100,美圆）,24,比较级,+than any other,比任何其他,都,Autumn is better for reading,than any,other,season.,（秋天比任何季节都适合读书。）,25,最高级与,not,并用，表示,“甚至,都 不,”,The richest,man in the world cannot buy,everything.,（即使是世界上最富有的人，也无法,买到一切。）,九 假设语气,26,与现在事实相反的假设语气,If,过去式动词,，,主语,+could+,原形动词,might,should,ought to,would,If I,were,a bird,I,would fly,to you.,（如果我是一只鸟，我会向你飞去。）,27,与过去事实相反的假设语气,If had+,过去分词,，,主语,+would+have+,过去分词,might,could,should,ought to,If we,had known,of your departure,we,would have seen,you off at the airport.,（如果我们事先知道你要离开，我们会到 机场送行。）,28,与未来相反,a.,可能性低,If should ,would+,原形动词,might,could,ought to,should,If he,should,come,I,would tell,him the truth.,（万一他来，我会把真相告诉他。）,b.,可能性高,If should ,will+,原形动词,may,can,ought to,should,If he,should,come,I,will tell,him the truth.,（万一他来，我,一定,会把真相告诉他。）,可将,if,从句中的,were,should,had,置于主语前，而将,if,省略。,Were,I you,I wouldnt do it.,（如果我是你，我不会做这事。）,Should,it rain,our plan would be spoiled.,（万一下雨，我们的计划就泡汤了。）,Had,he come,he would have seen Mary.,（如果当时他来了，他就回去见玛丽。）,29,as if,仿佛,She speaks English,as if,it were her,mother tongue.,（她说起英语来，仿佛那就是她的母语。）,30,If it were not for,若非,a.,与现在事实相反,If it,were,not for newspapers,we,would,get,behind the times.,（若不是有报纸，我们都赶不上时代了。）,b.,与过去事实相反,If it,had,not,been,for his presence,I,would have punished,you.,（若不是他在场，我当时就会处罚你。）,31 cannot without+v.ing,never but,每,必,I,cannot,see this picture,without,thinking,of his father.,（看到这幅画使我不能不想起他的,父亲。）,He,never,reads a book,but,he feels sleepy.,（他一看书就想睡。）,32 far from,一点也不,His explanation was,far from,satisfactory.,=His explanation was not satisfactory at all.,（他的解释一点也不令人满意。）,free from,没有,The hill is completely,free from,trees.,=The hill is completely without trees.,（这个山丘上一棵树也没有。）,33 cannot too,再,也不为过，越,越好,You,cannot,be,too,careful when driving,a car.,（开车时越小心越好。）,34 the last to,绝不可能是,，最不像是（最后才,轮到的意思）,Mike is,the last,men,to,break his word.,（迈克绝不是不守承诺的人。）,十 特殊句型,35,倒装句,a.,形容词在句首的倒装,Happy,is a teacher who has such a nice student,in her class.,b.,否定副词在句首,Never,have I seen such a pretty cat.,c.,地方副词在句首,By the door,stood a man with a knife in one hand.,d.so/such,引导的词类在句首,So,happy was I that I gave her everything that I,had.,36,强调语句,What,in the world,are you doing here?,（你,到底,在这做什么？）,Who,on earth,is he?,（他,究竟,是谁？）,I,do,remember the story.,（我,的确,记得这故事。）,37,省略,He is a teacher,and his brother,(is),a soldier.,十一 其他,38,主语（单,+,单）谓语动词用复数,Since the polymer,mobility,and the vacancy,concentration,are,small below,and high above,T,g,this suggested that the slow and fast-mode theories described interdiffusion below and above,T,g,respectively.,（由于聚合物迁移率和空穴浓度在,T,g,以下很小，而在,T,g,以上很高，这便可以推断慢速模型理论和快速模型理论分别描述在,T,g,以下和,T,g,以上的相互扩散。）,39,平行结构,There are two different literatures on the subject of DSC and calorimetry in general.The first,deals,mainly,with,its applications,the second primarily,with,the technique itself.,（有关,DSC,和量热法的课题，通常有两种不同的文献。第一种主要是阐述其应用，第二种主要叙述技术本身。）,40,one,的特殊用法,Over the past several years,concern for the environment has generated many instances where there is a need to turn from a polluting technology to,one,that is more benign.,（,在过去的若干年，涉及环境问题产生许多新的情况,须从某种具有污染的工艺转向更为清洁的工艺。）,Minakov and Schick(,9,)have constructed an ultrafast nonaldiabatic membrane nanocalorimeter that allows,one,to accomplish heating and cooling rates up to 10,6,Ks,-1,with resolution of,nJ K,-1,for nanogram samples.,41,联用的几种表达方式,Because,a combined,TGA-DTA,technique,is capable of simultaneously detecting mass and phase transition,Poiesz et al.(,218,)suggest it to be a very effective tool for monitoring and quantification of hydration state changes in solid drugs.,Novak et al.(,228,)have utilized TGA,coupled with,mass spectrometry to investigate the thermal behavior of,Hu et al.(,233,)have,combined,DSC,with,TGA to study the heat capacity of the water-silk fibroin system.,42,英语扩展句的汉译，应避免扁担句,首先，应在充分理解原意的基础上，,进行翻译,Complex thermal histories affect the ease with which it is possible to make determination of the increment of heat capacity,C,p,at,T,g,because of structure relaxation.,（测量,T,g,时因结构松弛而产生的热容增量,Cp,并不困难，但因复杂热历史的影响变得并不那么容易。）,拆译,词性转换,科技英语的扩展句式,从句,限制性从句（,that,）,非限制性从句（,which,）,各种类型的状语从句,双扩展,平行结构,插入,for,from,such as,使,that,（或,which,）远离先行词,关系词,who,引出对被动句中行为者的进一步,说明,as,可作从句中的主、谓、宾，常常是,引出状语从句,which,可代表主句整个句子,During the past few years,many methods,were introduced,by,which,gold nanoparticles were synthesized,During the past few years,many synthetic methods,of gold nanoparticles have been introduced.,对于一个英语句子，首先应明确要表达的中心思想，将其放在显要位置，确定基本骨架，之后再逐步扩展。,例,1,针对目前光电耦合器件可靠性筛选方法的不足，提出了用独立分量分析（,ICA,）的方法来对噪声信号进行时域分析，并针对,ICA,中峭度和熵两个参量讨论了各种基本噪声的特性。,According to the disadvantages of the traditional screening method of the reliability of photoelectron coupled devices,this paper focuses on a new time-domain analyzing methodIndependent Component Analysis(ICA)that is used to analyze the time-domain noise signals.This paper analyzes the characteristics of the basic noises with the two parameters of kurtosis and entropy in ICA.,In view of the disadvantages of the traditional reliability screening method of photoelectron coupled devices,a new time-domain analyzing method based on the independent component analysis(ICA)was proposed,to analyze the noise signals.,The characteristics of the basic noises were analyzed,with the two parameters in the ICA-kurtosis and entropy.,例,2 Considerable research has gone into the formation of nanosized noble metals by ultrasonic irradiation of aqueous solution.,The formation,of nanosized noble metals by ultrasonic irradiation of aqueous solution,has been,intensively,studied,.,has been carried out,.,