高中英语 模块7 Unit6 Infinitives & Paralellism课件 牛津版 课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,普通高中课程标准实验教科书,(,选修,),English Grammar and Rhetoric,初级英语语法与修辞,Infinitives,nit 6,Lead-in,Homework,Looking Ahead,Approaching the Topic,Discovering Grammar,Applying Grammar,Further Development,Parallelism,Self-assessment,Lead-in,Some books are,to,be tasted,others,to,be swallowed,and some few,to,be chewed and digested;,Infinitives function as subject/object/adverbial/attributive/object complement/predicative of a sentence,To master a foreign language,is necessary for a college student.,Your job is,to wash dishes,.,She promised,to,give him a chance,.,I would like the problem,to,be discussed at the next meeting,.,Guessing Work,Which part of the following sentences contains the use of infinitive.,Infinitive functions as,subject,Infinitive functions as,predicative,Infinitive functions as,object,Infinitive functions as,object,complement,To master a foreign language,to wash dishes,to give him a,chance,to be,discussed at the next meeting,Some scientists went to Germany,to attend a medical conference,.,She was the first girl,to work,out the problem,.,Infinitive functions as,adverbial,Infinitive functions as,attributive,to attend a medical conference,to work,out the problem,Looking Ahead,Learn how to use the infinitive.,Know how to use parallelism to make language more forceful.,Practice using infinitives to construct parallelisms.,What are we going to do in this unit?,Approaching the Topic,Complete the following sentences based on the pictures and linguistic clues given below.,The driver failed,需要先判断要填的内容是哪一类语法功能，判断横线部分充当什么成分。,to stop the car in front of the police,(,缺宾语,),My dream is,to be a doctor,Dont forget,to lock the door,It is nice,to meet an old friend,(,缺表语,),(,缺宾语,),(,缺主语,),“,to+v”,结构叫做,infinitive,Read the passage on page 50 and underline the infinitives.,Answers,to keep a diary;to get my report done three days in advance;,not to put it off;to get it dome earlier;,to stop laziness;to be turned in on Friday of last week;,to give Mary a call;what I want to do;to talk about our relationship;,to take the initiative;to dinner;not to see each other any more;,to love and lose;to have loved at all;,To feel better;to keep writing every day,Discovering Grammar,Complete the following table with the sentences you underlined in task 2,so that the functions of the infinitives in the examples match those in the Functions column.,Functions,Subject,Object,Adverbial,Attributive,Object complement,Predicative,to get it done earlier,not to see each other any more,to love and lose,to talk about our relationship,Tips,Its better,to love and lose,than never to have loved at all.,We consider it illegal,to break into a private house,.,Discuss and find out what the two infinitives function as?,When the infinitive is used as the subject or the object,it can be replaced by it,and the infinitive is moved to other places of the sentence.,subject,object,Can you make sentences with this usage of infinitive?,在更多情况下都用,it,作形式主语或形式宾语，而把不定式这个真正主语或宾语放到句子后面去，这样可避免头重脚轻的现象。,Its hard to say which is better.,Its our duty to help other.,He made it a rule to walk two miles a day.,We dont consider it possible to set back the clock of history.,more examples,Forms of infinitives,Forms,Structures,Simple,Continuous,Perfect,Passive,Negative,Wh,-form,to do,to be doing,to have done,to be done,not to be/never to do,wh,-form+to do,所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。,动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。,表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作,主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,当不定式表示的动作在谓语所表示情况之前发生，就需要用完成形式。,She seemed to have lost her patience.,He is said to have left Shanghai.,B.,当不定式表示一个正在进行的动作时需用进行时。,She happened to be traveling in that area.,C.“,疑问词,+,不定式结构”在句子起名词性作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语。,I didnt know,what to do,.,When to hold the meeting,is not known yet.,Challenge yourself,Were glad,(visit)so many of your beautiful cities.,I wish,(not,tell)him about it.,They are believed,(achieve)some success in their experiment.,When I came in,he happened,(go)over his lessons.,They dont allow these books,(take)out of the room.,I dont know how,(write)a good composition but Id like to learn.,to visit,not to tell,to have achieved,to be going,to be taken,to write,Infinitives without,to,动词不定式作,feel,hear,see,watch,notice,observe,listen,look at,等感官动词或动词短语以及,have,let,make,等使役动词后面的宾语补足语时，,to,要省略。,I often hear him sing this song.,Mary saw Tom entered the classroom.,Ps.,当不带,to,的这些句子变成被动结构时，必须保留不定式符号,to.,He is often heard to sing this song.,在,had better,would rather,等后接不带,to,的不定式。,Id rather wait till tomorrow.,C.Help,后的不定式作宾补可以省略,to,也可以不省略,to.,Jenny often helps her mother(to)do some housework.,Omission in the infinitives,A.,为了避免重复，有时不定式中的主要动词可以省略，只剩下,to,。这种情况常出现在,expect,hope,wish,mean,prefer,care,forget,want,try;,或出现在,be glad/happy;would like/love,等结构的后面。,You may go if you want to.,B.,如果在省略的不定式结构中含有,be,have,have been,等，这些词要保留。,Are you on holiday?,No,but Id like to,be,.,I didnt tell him the news.,Oh,you ought to,have,.,不定式作宾语,1.,直接跟不定式作宾语的动词：,afford,agree,aim,attempt,decide,desire,expect,manage,hope,pretend,happen,seem,offer,plan,promise,want,prefer,等。,She preferred to stay behind.,I decide to learn,Japaness,.,2.,后面可接不定式作宾语的动词短语：,be about,be able,do ones best,do what one can,make an/every effort,make up ones mind,set out,take the trouble,be willing to,等。,We are not willing to wait any longer.,He was about to leave when the phone rang.,补充材料,不定式作状语,1.,不定式作状语表示目的、结果、原因，其作用相当于副词从句。,Tom came to see me yesterday.(,目的,),We jumped with joy to hear the good news.(,原因,),He woke up to find everyone gone.(,结果,),2.,强调目的时，不定式可以用,in order to/so as to+,动词原形。,so as to,不可放于句首。,He got up early in order to/so as to catch the first bus.,In order to pick up the passengers,the taxi stopped.,补充材料,不定式作状语,3.,在某些形容词后可接不定式作状语。这些形容词多表示情感、心理状态、性格特征等。,She was,eager,to see her friends.,I was,sorry,to hear that your mother was ill.,He was,lucky,to find such a fine job.,You were,foolish,to treat her like that.,补充材料,不定式作定语,1.,不定式可以用作后置定语修饰名词。不定式与所修饰的名词呈主谓或动宾关系。,We have a lot of things to do.,Its a difficult question to answer.,2.,作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。,There is nothing to worry,about,.,The Browns have a comfortable house to live,in,.,补充材料,不定式作定语,3.,不定式所修饰的名词如果是,time,place,或,way,时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。,He had no money and no place to live(in).,We found a way to solve this problem(in).,4.,当不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但含义不同。,Have you anything to send?(to send,的执行者是,you),I am going to Beijing.Have you anything to be taken to your aunt there?(to be taken,的执行者是,I),补充材料,不定式作宾语补足语,1.,许多动词可以跟一个有“名词（代词）,+,不定式”构成的复合宾语。常见动词：,advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,encourage,except,forbid,invite,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,teach,tell,want,warn,等。,The doctor persuaded him to give up smoking.,Please remind me to water the flowers.,2.,有些动词可以跟带有,to be,的复合宾语，如,consider,suppose,believe,declare,discover,feel,find,know,等。,I consider him to be an honest man.,she found the Chinese people to be happy and cheerful.,补充材料,Applying Grammar,Exercise 1,5)adverbial,2)subject,4)object,3)predicative,6)attributive,7)object,Exercise 2,1)A 2)C 3)D 4)A 5)C,Exercise 3,2)We consider that it is our duty to study for our motherland.,/,We consider it our duty to study for our motherland.,3)Didnt you think that it is impossible for such a little boy to move the big stone?,/,4)It was hard to deal with the man.,5)We all think that it is immoral to tell lies.,/,We all think it immoral to tell lies.,Didnt you think it impossible for such a little boy to move the big stone?,Further development,1)adjective/adverb+enough+to do “,足够,/,足以,去,”,He didnt run fast enough to catch the train.,他跑得不够快，没赶上火车。,He is wise enough to see his mistakes.,他够聪明，能发现自己的错误。,too+adjective/adverb+to do “,太,以至于不能,”,His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.,他的视力太差了，以至于看不清这么小的字。,She is too old to take care of herself.,她年纪太大了，以至于不能照顾自己。,Try to make sentences with the usage of infinitives with“too/enough”,He drove too fast to break in time.,This question is too difficult for us to solve.,She is old enough to take good care of herself,They came early enough to catch the train.,Examples,高考链接,1.In April,thousands of holidaymakers remained _abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.(2010,福建,),A.sticking B.stuck C.to be stuck D.to have stuck,2.That is the only way we can imagine _the overuse of water in students bathrooms.(2010,上海,),A.reducing B.to reduce C.reduced D.reduce,3.Listen!Do you hear someone _ for help?(2010,湖南,),A.calling B.call C.to call D.called,4.There were many talented actors out there just waiting _(10,江西,),A to discover B to be discovered C discovered D being discovered,高考链接,B,B,A,B,5.I have a lot of readings _ before the end of this term.(2010,山东,),A.completing B.to complete C.completed D.being completed,6.It rained heavily in the south,_ serious flooding in several provinces.(2010,天津,),A.caused B.having caused C.causing D.to cause,7.With Fathers Day around the corner.I have taken some money out of the bank _ presents for my dad.(2010,全国,),A.buy B.to buy C.buying D.to have bought,8.His first book,_ next month is based on a true story.(2010,陕西,),A.published B.to be published C.to publish D.being published,9.We were astonished _ the temple still in its original condition.(2010,辽宁,),A.finding B.to find C.find D.to be found,B,C,B,B,B,10.Many buildings in the city need repairing,but the one,_first is the library.,(2010,重庆,),A.repaired B.being repaired C.repairing D.to be repaired,11.I still remember,_ to the,Famen,Temple and what I saw there.,(2009,陕西,),A.to take B.to be taken C.taking D.being taken,12.David threatened,_ his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid.,(2009,上海,),A.to be reported B.reporting C.to report D.having reported,13.He told us whether,_ a picnic was still under discussion.,(2009,四川,),A.to have B.having C.have D.had,D,D,C,A,parallelism,Some books are,to,be tasted,others,to be swallowed,and some few,to be chewed and digested,;,There are three infinitives,which form a case of parallelism,parallelism,（平行结构）是并列使用两个或两个以上结构和功能相同的单词、短语或句子来表达相似、相关或相连的事物。汉语中的“排比”与英语,parallelism,基本相应，区别点主要在平行项的数目上。排比是由三个或三个以上结构相同或相似，语气,一致的短语、句子或段落成串地排列在一起，表达相似或相关的内容的一种修辞方法。,Parallelism,Study it,从语言结构上看，构成平行结构的语言单位可以是单词、词组、从句、句子，甚至段落。,1),单词,(,数个名词、形容词、副词或动词,),构成的平行结构：,Lumber,corn,tobacco,wheat,and furs moved downtown to the delta country.,The letter,short,cold,sharp-tongued,was unexpected.,2),短语构成的平行结构：,To be or not to be,that is the question.,3),从句构成的平行结构,：,This is our policy and that is our declaration.,排比中的并列各项可用逗号、分号连接，也可用并列连词,and,but,or,nor,或,eitheror,neither nor,not but,not onlybut also,both and,等连接。表示两事物的对比时还可用连词,than:,It is easier to fall than to rise.,It is easier said than done.,4),句子构成的平行结构：,No one can be perfectly free till all are free;no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral;no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.,5),段落构成的平行结构：,I shot an arrow into the air,It fell to earth,I knew not where,I breathed a song into the air,It fell to earth,I knew not where,Practice it,He wants either to watch TV or read books.,他想看会儿电视或者读几本书。,She is not only my sister but also she is my friend.,她不仅是我的妹妹，更是我的朋友。,Exercise 1,Find out the mistakes in the following sentences.,上面两句误用了平行结构。关连词成对使用的有：,eitheror,，,neithernor,not onlybut also,bothand,。两个连接词后边必须具有等同的语法结构。,例改,:,He wants either to watch TV or to read books.,例改,:,She is not only my sister but also my friend.,Exercise 2,Write a passage of about fifty words,using parallelism in at least two sentences.,Self-assessment,Homework,1.Review the grammar introduced in this unit.,2.Find more cases of paradox.,3.Preview the new terms to be used in Unit 7.,Thank You for Your Attention,