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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Unit 1 Advertising,Grammar and usage,Direct speech and indirect speech:,What are“direct speech and indirect speech?And when do we use them?,1.We use,direct speech,to report what exactly has been said,.,If we write the speech down,the words will usually appear in quotation marks.,e.g.Tom said,“,I,have previewed Grammar and usage.”,Tom,2.We often use,indirect speech,to report the meaning of what has been said without using the exact words.,e.g.Tom said,that he had,previewed Grammar and usage.,Comparing the examples,we can see the,changes in“personal pronouns&tenses,”.,More examples:,She said,“,Im,used to ads.”,She said that used to ads.,she was,The table below shows how we usually change the tenses when the,reporting verb,is,in the past tense,.,Direct speech,Reported speech,Direct speech,Reported speech,Simple present,Present continuous,Simple past,Present perfect,Simple past,Past continuous,Past perfect,Ditto!,Simple future,Future in the past,Past perfect,Past perfect,Present perfect continuous,Past perfect continuous,True or false:,“Light travels as great speed.”he said.,He said that light traveled at great speed.,F,travel,s,at great speed.,We do not change the tense when we report a fact that does not change over time.,More practice:,1.,He said,“We exchange gifts at Christmas.”,He said,(that)they,exchang,e,gifts at Christmas.,2.,He said,“Magnet(,磁铁,)attracts iron.”,He said,that,magnet,attract,s,iron.,3,.,The teacher said,“The earth contains a large number of metals which are useful to man.”,The teacher told us that the earth,contain,s,a large number of metals,which are useful to man.,定语从句,How to change this sentence?,Tom said,“Im working here today.”,Tom said he was working,there,that day,.,The following table shows other examples of such changes:,direct speech,reported speech,today,that,day/yesterday/on Wednesday,etc.,tomorrow,the next,day/the following day/on Thursday,etc.,yesterday,the day,before,/the previous day/on Tuesday,etc.,next month,the month,after,/the following month/in July,etc.,last year,the year,before,/the previous year etc.,a week ago,a week before/a week earlier,etc.,In addition to the above changes,we have the following:,direct speech,this,reported speech,that,these,those,come,go,Reported speech:(1),statements,We use noun clauses introduced by“,that,”to report statements.,e.g.,1.,She said,“Advertisements are an important part of our lives.,She said that advertisements,are,an important part of our lives.,2.,“,PSAs,are often placed for free,”the writer said.,The writer,explained,that,PSAs,are,often placed for free.,Besides“tell,say”,the following words are also used to report statements,:,advise agree explain insist promise warn remind suggest,Change this sentence into indirect speech:,Mary asked Ann,“Are you the happiest person in the world?”,Mary asked Ann that she was the happiest person in the world?,Right?,Mary asked Ann,whether,she was the happiest person in the world.,Is“if”OK?,Mary asked Ann,whether/if,she was the happiest person in the world,.,We use noun clauses introduced by,whether/if,to report,yes/no-questions,.,e.g.“Are all ads playing tricks on us?”I asked her.,I asked her,whether/if,all ads are playing tricks on us.,How to change this one?,I asked her,“How can that be true?”,I asked her whether/if that can be true.,OK?,I asked her,how,that can be true,.,More practice:,1.,“Where did you find the advertisements for jobs abroad?”Bill asked.,Bill asked,where,I had found the advertisements for jobs abroad,.,2.,“When did you get the tickets for the concert?”I asked Wang,Hua,.,I asked Wang,Hua,when,he had got the tickets for the concert,.,We use noun clauses introduced by,wh,-words,to report,wh,-questions,.,Please try to change this into indirect speech:,The writer said,“Think about why you should do the things the ad suggests.”,The writer told us that we thought about why we should do the things the ad suggested.,OK?,The writer told us,to think,about why we should do the things the ad suggested.,To report,imperative,sentences,we use the structure:,reporting verb+,obj,.+(not)to-infinitive,More practice:,1.,The salesman said to me,“Read what some of our satisfied customers say.”,The salesman,asked me to read,what some of,their,satisfied customers,said,.,2.,“Dont worry,Mickey,”Jen said.,Jen asked Mickey,not to worry,.,There are other verbs that can be used in this structure to report imperative sentences,:,advise encourage invite remind warn,e.g.,1.,“Dont believe every advertisement you read,”Michelle said to me.,Michelle,advised,me,not to believe,every advertisement,I read,.,2.,“Dont forget to take your medicine,Dad,”my daughter said.,My daughter,reminded,not to forget,to take,my,medicine.,
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