虚拟语气的全面讲解 课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,虚拟语气,Subjunctive,虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过,谓语动词,的特殊形式来表示，下面对虚拟语气在,各种句式,中的用法分别介绍,。,句式,复合句,状语从句,定语从句,名词性从句,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,Subjunctive,Mood,条件状语从句,其他状语从句,If,条件句,含蓄条件句,简单句,一、,虚拟语气在简单句中的应用,用“,may,十动词原形”表示“祝愿”、“但愿”,may,须置于句首，,例如：,May you be happy!,May you succeed!,May you have a good time!,其他表示愿望、祝愿或诅咒,;,命令,。,God bless you.,Heaven forbid!,work!,Be more careful,！,You go out!,名词性从句,主语从句,条件状语从句,含蓄条件句,二,、,复合句,定语从句,状语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,其他状语从句,If,条件句,虚拟条件句可分为两类：,一类是叙述与现实事实相反的情况，,一类是叙述与过去事实相反的情况。,另外，还有一类用于推测将来的情况，也称作推测条件句。,（一）,虚拟语气用于条件状语从句。,表示与现在事实相反的假设时,，,条件状语,从句中的谓语动词用,“,过去式,（,be,的过去式用,were,）,”,，,而,主句中的谓语动词用,“,would,（,should,could,might,）,+,动词原形。,”,Example,If I had time,I would certainly go to the movies.,If I were you,I should study English.If he had time,he would attend the meeting.,练习,题例：,1),If my father _ here now,he _ tell me what to do.,A.,were,would B were,will C is,would D is,will,2),If I _ a bee,I _ work much harder.,A were,would B were,shall C had,will D have,should,3),If I _ much money,I _ buy a house.,A have,will B had,should C had,will D have,should,4),He _ learn more quickly if he _ harder.,A will,work B would,worked C would,work D will,worked,5),If I _ you,I _ do that.,A was,wouldnt B were,wouldnt C am,won,t D were,won,t,A,A,B,B,B,表示与过去的事实相反的假设时,，,条件状语,从句的谓语动词用,“,had+,过去分词,”,，,主句中的谓语动词,用,“,would,（,should,could,might,）,+have+,过去分词,”,。,Eg:,If you had taken my advice,you wouldnt have failed in the examination.,If she had worked harder,she would have succeeded.,The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.,练习,1),If you _ the doctor,s advice,you would have recognized already.,A.followed B would follow C follow D had followed,2),If my lawyer _ here last Saturday,he _ me from going.,A had been,would have prevented B had been,would prevent,C were,would prevent D were,would have prevented,3),I _ if she _ me.,A would have overslept,didnt call B would have overslept,hadn,t called,C overslept,hadnt called D would overslept,didnt call,4),-If he _,he_that food.,-Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.,A was warned,would not take B had been warned,would not have taken,C would be warned,had not taken D would have been warned,had not taken,5),She _ to the party if she _ invited.,A would have gone,had been B would go ,was,C would have gone,was D has gone,D,A,B,B,A,表示,与将来事实,相反的假设时，,条件,从句和主句,所用的谓语动词怀,“,表示与现在事实相反的假设,”,的谓语动词相同，或者条件从句中用,“,were to/should+,动词原形,”,or,过去式。,If you came tomorrow,we would have the meeting.If it were to rain tomorrow,the meeting would be put off.,If he should do it,he would use another way.,1)Its quite impossible that it will rain tomorrow.But if it _,I would still go to the park.,A should rain B would rain C rain D had rained,2)I dont think that I shall fail.But if I _,I would try again.,A should fail B would fail C failed D had failed,3)_ Tomorrow,what should we do?,A If it rains B.Should it rain,C.would it rain D.Were it raining,III.,在不同时间下，虚拟语气的三种形式，公式。,I.,与现在事实相反,Were might,If+,主语,+,过去式动词,would,过去式助动词，主语,+could +V,Should,II.,与过去事实相反,might,would+have+,过去分词,If +,主语,+had+,过去分词,主语,+could,Should,III.,与将来事实相反,Were might,if +,主语,+,过去式助动词,should,were to+v,主语,+would +V,Should+v.Could,注：,）虚拟语气中助动词,be,一律用,were,，不用,was,。,）在与将来事实相反的虚拟语气中，,“,if,主语,should+,+,表示可能的假设,当条件状语,从句行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。,If you had worked hard,you would be very tired.,If they had left home in early morning,they would arrive in half an hour.,If I were you,I wouldnt have missed the film last night.,If you had spoken to him last time you saw him,you would know what to do now.,(,过去,-,现在,.),(,过去,将来,),(,现在,-,过去,),(,过去,-,现在,),以上句型可以转换成下列形式,:,省略,if,用,“,were,had,should+,主语,”,.,例如,:,Were I in school again,I would work harder.Had you been here earlier,you would have seen him.Should there be a meeting tomorrow,I would come,.,但在虚拟条件状语从句中,省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式,如我们可以说,:Were it not for the expense,I would go to Italy.,但不能说,Werent it for the expense,I would go to Italy.,含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为,if,引导的条件句。,常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有,:,(,二,),、含蓄虚拟条件句,一,),用介词短语代替条件状语从句,用,without/but for,（要不是、如果不是）,/but that(,若非,)/in case of,（假如，如果发生）,/In the absence of,（如果没有）,/under more favorable condition,表示“要不是”、“如果没有”等，表示条件虚拟例句：,But for the leadership of the party,we could not be living a happy today.,=If there,hadnt been,the leadership of the party,we,could not be living,a happy today.,1.Without air,nothing,could live.,要是没有空气，什么也不能生存。,2.,But for your help,I,couldnt have,done it.,3.In the absence of water and air,nothing,could live,.,如果没有水和空气，什么也不,4.But that,she was afraid,she would have said no.,If only,引导的是,省略了,表示结果的主句的虚拟语气结构，现已成为惯用法，表达愿望一种不真实的条件，译成“要是,就好了！”从句用,过去时表示现在,没有实现的愿望，,对,过去,没有实现的或不能实现的愿望，从句就用,过去完成,时。,If only I had taken his advice.,我要是听他的话就好了,If only I were a bird,我如果是一只鸟就好了,If only I could speak several foreign languages.,二,),虚拟语气用于,if only,引导的感叹句中,三）动词不定式短语,。,一般,intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned/,或,was/were+,不定式完成式或,had intended/meant,/hoped/wished/planned/+,不定式的一般式表示虚拟。,四）情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气,Must have done,一定做了,(,用肯定句,),Could have done,可能（疑问句）本能够做但没做（肯定句）,May/might have done,也许做了,Should/ought to have done,本应该做了,Shouldnt/oughtnt to have done,本不该做,Neednt have done,本不必做,Could he have been told the time?,有人告诉他时间了吗？,我本能够帮你，但当时很忙。,I could have helped you but I was busy then.,I didnt pass the exam,(,本不应该玩如此多的,),I ought not to have played so much,.,I didnt hear the phone,I must have been sleeping.,在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用,“,should,十动词原形,”,的结构，表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等,句型,：,It is/was+,形容词,/,过去分词,/,名词,+that +should+do,一）虚拟语气用于主语从句,常用的形容词,*,natural,appropriate(,适当的,),advisable(,合适的,),preferable(,可取的,),better(,更好*,necessary,important,imperative(,急需的,),urgent(,急迫的,),essential(,本质的,),vital(,必不可少的,)*probable,possible*desirable(,极好的,),常用的过去分词,:*required(,需要的,),demanded(,要求,),requested(,被请求的,),desired(,要求,)*suggested(,建议,),recommended(,推荐,)*ordered(,命令,),常用的名词,：,a pity,、,a shame,，,no wonder,，,etc,例如,It is necessary that we should clean the room every day.It was a pity that you should be so careless,It will be desired that she should finish her homework this afternoon,在上述三种主语从句中，,should,意为“应该”,“,竟然”，可以省去，但不可换用,would.,主句所用动词的时态不限,注意：,这种从句表示的是事实如果说话人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气反之，如果不表示惊奇等情感,That,从句也可用陈述语气，例如：,It is strange that he did not come yesterday.It is a pity that you cant swim,二,),虚拟语气用于宾语从句,1,.,“,wish,”,在宾语从句中,V-ed,.,表现在,wish+,主语（宾语从句中的主语）,+had+v-ed,表过去,could/would/might+V.,表将来,“,wish+,宾语从句,”,表示不能实现的愿望,汉语可译为,“,可惜,”,.,“,就好了,”,“,悔不该,”,“,但愿,”,等,.,I wish it were spring all the year round.I wish you could go with us.We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.,例：,1.-Do you have a type writer?,-No,but I wish I _.,A have B had C do D had had,b.2 I wish I _ my time when I was young.,A didnt waste B shouldnt have waste C hadnt wasted D wouldnt have wasted,3.I wish we _ with my brother when he flies to England next week.,A could go B had gone C will go D are going,V-ed,表现在或将来,would rather+,主语,(,从句中,)+,had+,过去分词表过去,例,a.I would rather you,came,tomorrow than today.,b I would rather you,hadnt said,that.,c.I would prefer he,didnt stay,there too long.,2,would/had rather,would sooner/prefer+object clause,在虚拟语气中的用法表示希望或婉转的责备。,注意,：,suggest,表示“暗示”时不需要用虚拟语气；,insist,表示“坚持认为”时也不需要用虚拟语气,e.g.:,Her pale face suggest that she is ill.,He insists that he didnt steal money.,3,作,advice,order,demand,plan,propose,suggest,request,insist,等表示“计划，要求，命令”动词的宾语从句,其后宾语从句谓语,动词要用虚拟语气的结构“,(should)+,动词原形”,.,Eg,:,They,demanded,that the aggressor troops,(should)be,with,drawn immediately.,He,insisted,that all of us,should clean,the blackboard after,class.,He,ordered,that the students,wash,the cloths every week by,Themselves.,作,advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request,等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“,(should)+,动词原形”,.,例如,:We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should)go to Beijing for sightseeing.My idea is that we(should)exercise first,三,),虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句,如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时，指现在状况，则用过去时，指将来则用过去将来时,例如：,He looks as if he were an artist.He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England,Even if he were here,，,he could not solve the problem,四,),虚拟语气在,as if(as though),，,even if(even though),等引导的表语从句或状语从句中的应用,She often laughs spontaneously,and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.,她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。,They talked as if they had been friends for years.,他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。,She looks as if she would cry.,她看起来好像要哭了,例如,：,She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he,should catch,cold.,她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉,。,The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he,injure,himself.,He kept quiet lest he,(should)disturb,her.I did this so that I,might have,a couple of weeks to prepare my paper.,由连接词,in case,so that,in order that,unless,lest,for fear that,引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即,should(might,would)+,动词原形，,注意,：在以,lest,引导的从句，谓语用,should+,动词原形，,should,有时可省,.,若前,in order that/so that,的主句是现在时，从句也可用,can/may+,动词原形。,Ask her to hurry up with the letters so that I,can,sign them,1,这种从句常用在,It is(high)time(that),句型中，,定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，,或,should,十动词原形,(should,不能省略，,be,用,were),来表示，,意为,“,(,现在,),该,”,。,about time should+V,It is +time +that+,主语,high time V-ed/were,(,六,),虚拟语气用于定语从句,例如：,It is(high)time we left(should leave).,lt,is high time we were going.,a.Its about time that you _ your store.,A close B closed C have closed D had closed,b.Its high time that he _ to think how to deal with the money.,A would begin B began C begin D will begin,1_B2_B,1.I advised that sister _ at her desk all day.,A.mustnt read B not read C doesntt read D need nt read,2.The situation required that China _ its door to the outside world.,A must open B should open C have to open D has to open,3.I _ you a more valuable present for your birthday.I was short of money at that time.,A must have brought B would have bought C had bought D would buy,4.-Do you want him to lend you some money?,-I wish he _.,A had B did C would D should,5._he come,the problem would be settled.,A Would B Should C.Shall D.If,6.It was required that each student _ enough food on the trip.,A.had better bring B would bring C brought D bring,7.You _ the meeting yesterday.Why are you absent?,A had seen B might have seen C were to see D would see,8.She didnt come yesterday,or you _him.,A had seen B might have seen C were to see D would see,9._ you _last Wednesday,you might know it well.,A Were,to come B.If,came C.Had,come D.Did,come,10.I was ill that day,otherwise I _the sports meet.,A.would have taken part in B took part in,C had taken part in D would take part in,11.,She couldn,t have answered the question if she _ a few books on world history.,A didn,t read B wouldn,t read C haven,t read D hadn,t read,12.,When a pencil is partly in a glass of water,it looks as if it _.,A breaks B has broken C were broken D had been broken,11-15 DCABB 16-20 BBACB,13 We should have arrived sooner except we _ a flat tier.,A had B would C has not D has,14-Why didnt you help him?,-I would have_ I didnt have the money.,A still B but C otherwise D or,15.I would rather she _ with her friends that alone.,A travel on train B traveled by train,C travels by train D traveling by the train,16 I would have invited her to the party but I _ her well.,A dont know B didnt know C hadnt known D havent known,17.It was ordered that no smoking _ in the library.,A was allowed B be allowed C would be allowed D had been allowed,18.Would you have stayed with her_?,A had she asked B if she asked,C if she should ask D should she ask,19._here,he would attend the lecture.,A.Had he been B If he were C Were he D Was he,20.Without electricity,what _?A will the world be like B.would the world be like,C.the world would be like D.the world will be like,Thank you!,