Charles Dickens 4.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Charles Dickens,1812-1870Representative of English Critical Realism,Group member:黄蕴知 胡宝云 陈珊 段水玲 黄春 陈露娟,The contents,Life,Social attitudes,Major works,Analysis of some of his novels,Characteristics of his novels,Social Attitudes,hates the state apparatus,especially the Parliament,believes in the states positive role in raising the living standards of the working class,social reform should work in the direction of reducing aristocratic privilege,wants improvement in the life of the poor,but is afraid of a real revolution,As a bourgeois writer,he can in no way supply any fundamental solution to the social plights.,back,the first period,Major works the second period,the third period,1836-1841,1842-1850,1851-1870,The first period,Period of naive optimist,（天真的乐观）,:fun,high spirit,naive optimist.,At this stage,Charles believed that all the evils of the capitalist world would be remedied if only men treated each other with kindness,justic and sympathetic understanding.,Charles,thought that the whole social question would be solved if only every employer reformed himself according to the model set by the benevolent gentlemen in his novels.This naive optimism is characteristic of the petty-bourgeois humanitarians of his time.,1),Sketches by Boz,(1836,),博兹,特写集,the first book,2),The Pickwick Papers,(1837),匹克威克外传,3).,Oliver Twist,(1837-1838)奥克佛特维斯特，雾都孤儿,4).,Nichols Nickleby,(1838-1839)尼古拉斯尼克尔贝,5).,The Old Curiosity Shop,(1840-1841)老古玩店6).,Barnaby Rudge,(1841),巴纳比拉奇,The second period,Period of excitement,irritation,（激动和愤怒）,:exposing the corrupting influence of wealth and power,optimism turned into dissatisfaction and irritation,.,Charles,s second period began from 1842,the year after his first visit to America.Before the visit,Dickens thought of the United States as a world in which there were no class divisions and human relations were humanitarian.But what impressed him most during his visit there was the rule of the dollar and the enormously corruptive influence of wealth and power.Dickens s naive optimism toward the capitalist society was profoundly shaken.,1)American Notes,(1842),美国札记,2)Martin Chuzzlewit,(1843-1844),马丁,朱述尔维特,3)A Christmas Carol(1843),圣诞颂歌,4)The Chimes,教堂钟声,5)The Cricket on the Hearth,灶上蟋蟀,(,以圣诞为题材,具有浓郁宗教色彩。,),6)Dombey and Son(1847-1848),董贝父子,7),David Copperfield,(1849-1850),大卫,科波菲尔,the most autobiographical,one of the greatest English novels,The third period,A,Period of steadily intensifying pessimism,(,强,烈的悲观主义）,showing underlying tone of bitterness,loss of hope for English bourgeois society,.,In his novels of this period,Dickens,consciously and subconsciously,shows himself more and more at odds with bourgeois society.,1)Bleak House(1852-1853),荒凉山庄,2)Hard Times(1854),艰难时世,3)Little Dorrit(1855-1857),小杜丽,4)A Tale of Two Cities(1859),双城记,5)Great Expectations(1860-1861),远大前程,6)Our Mutual Friend,(1864-1865),我们的共同朋友,7)Edwin Drood,(unfinished)(1869),艾德温,德鲁德之迷,.,back,Selected Reading:Oliver Twist,a novel set in London and in rural England in the 1830s,presents Oliver Twist as Dickenss first child hero&Fagin the first grotesque figure.,bettering the conditions in the English workhouses,Taken from the movie,Oliver Twist,T,his novel tells the story of Dickens life at the blacking factory.,Social Background of the Novel,Apprentices&The Poor Law Amendment Act,Apprenticeship had been used in England for centuries,as a way of teaching young men a trade.Under this,arrangement,a boy,was apprenticed to a master craftaman who prepared him for an occupation and,provided,him with food and shelter in exchange for the,boys assistance.,The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834,gave absolute authority to employers and took away the few freedoms of choice that remained to apprentices at the time.,Thereafter most apprentices were forced to work long hours under poor conditions.This virtual slavery generally lasted until the apprentice was twenty-one or twenty-four,years old.,Oliver Twist,opens with,a bitter invective,directed at the nineteenth-century English Poor Laws.,These laws were,a distorted manifestation,of the Victorian middle classs emphasis on the virtues of,hard work.,In the novel,Oliver serves as an apprentice to the undertaker Mr.Sowerberry.,Main plot,A young orphan,Oliver Twist,escapes a harsh apprenticeship in a rural town and travels to London,where he becomes involved with a gang of thieves.,Fortunately for Oliver,he is befriended by a wealthy family whose members protect him from the robbers,investigate his mysterious past,and,dicover his parentage.,Analysis of main characters,On many levels,Oliver is not a believable character,because although he is raised in corrupt surroundings,his purity and virtue are absolute.,Throughout the novel,Dickens,uses Olivers character to challenge the Victorian idea that paupers and criminals are already evil at birth,arguing instead that a corrupt environment is the source of vice.Oliver does not present a complex picture of a person torn between good and evilinstead,he is goodness incarnation.,Nancy,A major concern of Oliver Twist is the question of whether a bad environment can irrevocably poison someones character and soul,.,She is immersed in the vices condemned by her society,but she also commits perhaps the most noble act in the novel when she sacrifices her own life in order to protect Oliver.,The novel is full of characters,who are all good and can barely comprehend evil,such as Oliver,Rose,and Brownlow;and characters who are all evil and can barely comprehend good,such as Fagin,Sikes,and Monks.,Only Nancy comprehends and is capable of both good and evil.Her ultimate choice to do good at a great personal cost is a strong argument in favor of the incorruptibility of basic goodness,no matter how many environmental obstacles it may,face.,Fagin,Although Dickens denied that anti-Semitism had influenced his portrait of Fagin,constant references to him as“the Jew”seem to indicate that his negative traits are intimately connected to his ethnic identity.,However,Fagin is more than a statement of ethnic prejudice.He is a richly drawn,resonant embodiment of terrifying villainy,.At times,he seems like a childs distorted,vision of pure evil.,T he themes,In,Oliver Twist,Dickens mixes grim realism and merciless satire as a way to describe,the effects of industrialism,on 19th-century England and to,criticize the harsh new Poor Laws,.,The powerlessness of childrenGoods ability to triumph over evilMans humanity to man,The inhumanity of city life under capitalism,The outcasts search for status and identity,The heinous nature of crime and criminals,back,Thank you!,Life,Born in,Portsmouth,England on Feb.7,1812,Only had a few years of private education at William Giless School,in,Chatham,before his father was imprisoned,.,When he was 12,he worked in a factory putting labels on bottles of shoe polish,helping s,u,pport his family.,After his father was paroled(假释),he attended the Wellinton House Academy in North London,.,Dickens worked at the law office of Ellis and Blackmore,attorneys,of Holborn Court,Gray Inn,as a junior clerk from May 1827 to November 1828.,Portsmouth,unhappiest time,father：,extravagant,prison for debt,12,岁,blacking factory,restarted,schooling,a lawyers,office,parliamentary,reproter,15,shorthand,the British,Museum Literary,writing career,in 1833,Chatham,Marshalsea,Chatham,Dickenss home 1817-1822,In 1833,Dickens published a series of stories and sketches in Monthly Magazine and Evening Chronicle,.,H,is first novel,The Pickwick Papers,in March 1836.,In 1836,Dickens accepted the job of editor of,Bentley Miscellary,a position he held for three years.,On 2 April 1836,he married Catherine Thomson Hograh(18161879).They had 10 children.,In 1842,Dickens and his wife made his first trip to the United States and Canada.And the following he did several travels to,Europe,.,In his middle years,he created Households Word and All the year round.,Due to his hardworking all his life,he finally suffered serious disease,(,apoplexy,),and died in 1870.,Charles Dickens,他生活在英国由半封建社会向工业资本主义社会的过渡时期。其作品广泛而深刻地描写这时期社会生活的各个方面，鲜明而生动地刻画了各阶层的代表人物形象，并从人道主义出发对各种丑恶的社会现象及其代表人物进行揭露批判，对劳动人民的苦难及其反抗斗争给以同情和支持。但同时他也宣扬以,“,仁爱,”,为中心的忍让宽恕和阶级调和思想。对劳动人民的反抗斗争抱行动上支持而道德上否定的矛盾态度。表现了他的现实主义的强大力量和软弱空想。,狄更斯一生共创作了,14,部长篇小说，许多中、短篇小说和杂文、游记、戏剧、小品。其中最著名的作品是描写劳资矛盾的长篇代表作,艰难时期,（,1854,）和描写,1789,年法国革命的另一篇代表作,双城记,（,1859,）。前者展示了工业资本家对工人的残酷,剥,削,和压迫，描写了工人阶级的团结斗争，并批判了为资本家剥削,辩护的自由竞争原则和功利主义学说。后者以法国贵族的荒淫残暴、人民群众的重重苦难和法国大革命的历史威力，来影射当时的英国社会现实，预示这场,“,可怕的大火,”,也将在法国重演。其他作品有,奥列佛,特维斯特,（又译,雾都孤儿,1838,）、,老古玩店,（,1841,），,董贝父子,（,1848,），,大卫,科波菲尔,（,1850,）和,远大前程,（,1861,），等等。,狄更斯是,19,世纪英国现实主义文学的主要代表。艺术上以妙趣横生的幽默、细致入微的心理分析，以及现实主义描写与浪漫主义气氛的有机结合著称。马克思把他和萨克雷等称誉为英国的,“,一批杰出的小说家,”,。,Poets Corner,Charles Dickens dies by stroke on June 9,1870 and he was buried at Westminster Abbey in the Poets Corner.,He was a sympathiser to the poor,the suffering,and the oppressed;and by his death,one of Englands greatest writers is lost to the world.,-written on his gravestone,他是贫穷、受苦与被压迫人民的同情者；他的去世令世界失去了一位伟大的英国作家,。,写在狄更斯的墓碑上,back,Distinct Features of Dickens Novels,1),Character portrayal,&,Exaggeration,Character portrayal,is the most distinguishing feature of his works.Among a vast range of various characters,marked out by some,peculiarity in physical traits,speech or manner,are both types and individuals.His best-depicted characters are,those innocent,virtuous,persecuted,helpless child characters,such as Oliver Twist,Little Nell,David Copperfield and Little Dorrit.Dickens writes best when he writes,from the childs point of view.,And he is also famous for,the depiction of those horrible and grotesque characters,like Fagin,Bill Sikes,and Quilp,and those broadly humorous or comical ones like Mr.Micawber,Sam Weller,and Mrs.Gamp.However,these characters are impressive not only because they are true to life,but also because they are often larger than life.They are,in a way,the embodiments of human beings,with some particular features exaggerated and highlighted,exposed to the degree of extremity.,2)Broad Humor&Penetrating Satire,Dickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist.He sometimes employs humor to enliven a scene or lighten a character by making it(him or her)eccentric,whimsical,or laughable.Sometimes he uses satire to ridicule human follies or vices,with the purpose of laughing them out of existence or bring about reform.,As a master of characterization,Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricatural sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities,&in giving them exactly the actions&words that fit them:that is,right words&right actions for the right person.,Whether he exaggerates a persons physical traits to achieve a dramatic effect or to ridicule his personal defects,whether he means to be light-heartedly jocular or bitterly satirical,he is sure to produce roaring laughter or understanding smiles.,3)Complicated&Fascinating Plot,Dickens seems to love complicated novel constructions with minor plots beside the major one,or two parallel major plots within one novel.He is also skillful at creating suspense&mystery to make the story fascinating.,Besides the main core of the story,there are always,more than one minor clues,that are usually very loosely mingled with each other.,4)The Power of Exposure,As the greatest representative of English critical realism,Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality&justice.Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem.,back,