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Strategic Research Agenda for batteries 2020 4 Contents 1.Batteries A key enabler for European competitiveness and decarbonisation.11 1.1 Current status of the battery industry.11 1.2 Batteries made in Europe.13 1.2.1 Current status of the European Battery Manufacturing.13 1.2.2 A new regulatory framework for batteries.14 1.3 Why battery research matters.16 1.4 Overview of European Battery Research Landscape.16 1.5 Batteries Europe ETIP Scope.20 1.6 Implementation of the Integrated SET Plan.20 1.7 Categorisation of Battery Technology.20 2.Research and innovation priorities across the battery value chain.22 2.1 Overall key recommendations.22 2.2 Addressing Transversal Aspects.27 2.2.1 Skills and Education.27 2.2.2 Safety.28 2.2.3 Sustainability.30 2.2.4 Digitalisation.31 3.Battery Applications.33 3.1 Batteries for mobility and heavy duty/industrial applications.33 3.2 Batteries for stationary energy storage applications.35 4.Battery Manufacturing and Advanced Materials.41 4.1 Battery manufacturing.41 4.2 Advanced materials for batteries.43 5.Raw materials for the circular economy.46 5.1 Sustainable processing of battery grade primary and secondary raw materials.46 5.2 Recycling.49 6.European competitive edge.53 7.Future outlook/Conclusion.56 8.Key Performance Indicators.57 9.Acronyms:.75 5 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In Europe,within this decade,where it is technologically and economically viable,everything that can everything that can be electrified will be electrified,be electrified will be electrified,thus making battery technology one of the most important key enablers for the green energy transition facilitating existing and new technologies.Applications will vary widely from most vectors in the transport sector(including:electric bikes,scooters,motorcycles,passenger cars,vans,trucks,buses,boats,ships,trams,heavy duty machinery,robotics,drones and currently unseen vectors),to battery energy storage technologies supporting and strengthening the power grid to facilitate greater intermittency.The energy transition is vital to significantly reduce GHG emissions.Globally the transportation and power sectors contributed to,respectively,16%and 23%of global emissions worldwide in 2017.In the European Union,emissions from transport are considered to be approximately 25%,with 60%of this from light duty vehicles.By enabling electrification of transport and the use of renewables as a reliable source of energy,the use of battery technology has the enormous potential to reduce global emissions by roughly 30%1 by 2030 in addition to contributing to numerous UN Sustainable Development Goals.However,the pace of this disruptive energy transition depends partially on the availability of battery cells,currently procured in large quantities as commodity components from Asia.Indeed battery-powered systems change the value proposition for Battery Electric Vehicle(BEV)applications made in Europe,where the battery is a high value component which currently represents approximately 30%of value creation.This is also true for other battery powered applications.It is particularly important that Europe significantly ramps up production of batteries for the automotive sector to ensure the continued economic sustainability of this sector which currently employs 13.8 million Europeans either directly or indirectly and representing 6.1%of total EU employment2.Furthermore,environmental sustainability must be at the heart of European battery production,so to address the ambitions of the green energy transition.Research and Innovation are a major cornerstone to building any lasting competitive technology-based industry,and is necessary to gain competitive advantage,sustainability and to develop the necessary expertise and skills sets to take products and processes from concept to market readiness.With the urgent need to set up large scale battery cell production in Europe,comes the requirement to the requirement to immediately prioritise battery research,with a holistic approach across the entire battery value chainimmediately prioritise battery research,with a holistic approach across the entire battery value chain supported from all relevant stakeholders including European,National and Regional R&I funding agencies.InvInvestments in battery research and associated research infrastructure must be both estments in battery research and associated research infrastructure must be both significant and continuous over time,covering both shortsignificant and continuous over time,covering both short-term and longterm and long-term researcterm research prioritiesh priorities.To be competitive internationally,Europe will need cutting edge research,from concept to product to market introduction,improving sustainability,reducing costs and ensuring high quality and safetysustainability,reducing costs and ensuring high quality and safety of products and processes.Failure to invest in research,development,as well as skills&trainingskills&training,immediately risks a detrimental effect not only to our fledgling domestic battery industry but also to the many connected industries including the automotive sector.Within this Strategic Research Agenda,the experts of Batteries Europe ETIP have clearly identified the key topics which must be addressed across the entire battery value chain and the urgency with which these topics need to be addressed.In addition,Key Performance Indicator tables have been prepared which detail current performances and the key performance targets expected within specific 1 World Economic Forum Report http:/www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_A_Vision_for_a_Sustainable_Battery_Value_Chain_in_2030_Report.pdf 2 EU Commission https:/ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/automotive_en#:text=The%20automotive%20industry%20is%20crucial,of%20EU%20employment%20in%20manufacturing 7 timeframes.These targets are subject to variation and will be highly dependent on the level of research,investment and commitment by all parties in the battery R&I ecosystem.To support the upcoming shortupcoming short-term needs of the battery term needs of the battery industry,it is imperative that generation 3 industry,it is imperative that generation 3(optimised Li ion),then generation 4a(solid state Li ion)and generation 4b(solid state Li metal)are(optimised Li ion),then generation 4a(solid state Li ion)and generation 4b(solid state Li metal)are addressed nowaddressed now,with a view to having new differentiating European battery technology on the market from 2025.The applications of these battery chemistries will also be variable and tailorable from high power to high energy requirements thus boosting the variety of industries which can be supported by break though research on these generations of battery chemistries.It is especially important to focus on both materials and cell manufacturing to enable effective and cost competitive upscaling.Battery manufacturing is one specific part of the value chain to which extra research efforts must be focused as this is currently a significant weakness in Europe.Simultaneously,it is important that a high level of continuous research is focused on longer term Simultaneously,it is important that a high level of continuous research is focused on longer term ambitious researchambitious research goals,so Europe maintains market leadership to 2030 and beyondgoals,so Europe maintains market leadership to 2030 and beyond.The European battery industry will need to make continuous advancements to satisfy customer demands,and to facilitate new applications beyond todays scope of knowledge.New concepts and new battery chemistries beyond generation 4 need to be explored focusing on performance,cost and sustainability of batteries(and ethical sourcing),including their production and afterlife.This requires a steady stream of innovation.Furthermore,the development of game changer innovations for the battery industry can be envisaged,however such innovations are born out of well-established and coordinated research environments in which extensive competence is build up over years.One of the primary differOne of the primary differentiators for batteries produced in Europe will be sustainabilityentiators for batteries produced in Europe will be sustainability,with a low carbon footprint and optimised circular economy approach in all steps of the value chain.Research will address economic,social and environmental sustainability to provide a holistic understanding to the impact of innovations from material extraction&processing,cell&battery manufacturing,use,end of life second use and recycling.Sustainable battery technology will be strongly supported by the EU regulatory framework.In order to fulfil a circular economy approach to battery technology,active research on sourcing,extraction and processing of both primary and secondary raw materials is necessary along with an approach to materials traceability.Furthermore,in the context of a growing battery industry and increased manufacturing in Europe,research on new closed loops and recycling technologies are needed.Batteries Europe considers that a crosscross-cutting enabling role will be played by digitalicutting enabling role will be played by digitalis sationation which provides a host of opportunities to significantly accelerated developments across the battery sector from accelerated materials discovery to optimised cross sectorial use of battery systems to support the energy grid.Digital twins and big data Digital twins and big data analyticsanalytics will be crucial for the advancement of battery managements systems(BMS),battery materials traceability,manufacturing,2nd life applications and recycling and hence will play an essential role also for mobile and stationary applications.Strong Coordination will be essential if Europe is to meet its ambitious goals of establishing a large scale competitive battery industry supported by world leading research which is relevant,timely and impactful as set out in this Strategic Research Agenda.All relevant stakeholders including industry,research providers,universities and supporting networks and agencies in Europe will need to continue and intensify their work together focusing research efforts on effective value creation and communicating successfully advancements and further research needs via participation in Batteries Europe and related initiatives.8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Batteries Europe ETIP is only made possible by the participation of its many experts.We wish to acknowledge the huge efforts that have been put in to producing both the Strategic Research Agenda(SRA)and related documents.In particular,we wish to acknowledge the dedication and perseverance of the Working group leaders and the Task Force leaders in the preparation of this document along with the guidance and input of the governing board.Finally,we wish to thank the European Commission for the support of the Batteries Europe ETIP under Tender ENERENER-20182018-453453-A7A7.Batteries Europe Governing Board:Batteries Europe Governing Board:Michael Lippert,Saft(Chair)Paolo Cerruti,Northvolt(Vice-Chair)Tobias Losche-ter-Horst,Volkswagen(Vice-Chair)Matthias Brendel,AVL Etienne Briere,EDF Rosa Palacin,ICMAB Kurt Vandeputte,Umicore Tuomas Van Der Meer,Outotec Stefano Saguatti,Manz Working Working G Group roup LeadersLeaders WG 1:WG 1:Kristina Edstrom,Uppsala University Stefano Passerini,KIT Philippe Stevens,EDF Ivana Hasa,University of Warwick WG2:WG2:Ilkka Kojo,Outotec Olli Salmi,EIT Raw Materials Alain Vassart,EBRA Mari Lundstrom,Aalto University WG 3:WG 3:Fabrice Stassin,Umicore Marcel Meeus,EMIRI Silvia Bodoardo,Politecnico di Torino Daniel Gloesener,Solvay WG 4:WG 4:Oscar Miguel,CIDETEC Arno Kwade,TU Braunschweig Carlo Novarese,FIB SRL Michael Krausa,KLIB WG 5:WG 5:Simon Perraud,CEA Lucie Beaumel,EGVIA Franz Geyer,BMW Josef Afenzeller,AVL WG 6:WG 6:Luigi Lanuzza,Enel Rachele Nocera,ENEA Javier Olarte,CIC Energigune Jesus Varela Sanz,IBERDROLA Task Force LeadersTask Force Leaders Skills and Education:Skills and Education:Axel Thielmann,Fraunhofer Robert Dominko,Slovenian Institute of Chemistry Dimitra Maleka,EIT InnoEnergy Safety:Safety:Maitane Berecibar,Vrije Universiteit Brussel Arnaud Bordes,Ineris Sustainability:Sustainability:Emma Wiesner,Northvolt DigitDigitalialis sation:ation:Maher Chebbo,ctechnologys Second Life:Second Life:Willy Tomboy,Detomserve Secretariat of Batteries EuropeSecretariat of Batteries Europe Alessandro Romanello,EIT InnoEnergy(Coordinator)Ilka von Dalwigk,EIT InnoEnergy Thomas Otuszewski,EASE Ivan Matejak,EERA Edel Sheridan,SINTEF(Technical Leader)Margherita Moreno,ENEA Daniela Gaddari,CLERENS Sabrina Hastings Mela,CLERENS Lorena Iglesias,Zabala 9 INTRODUCTION Batteries Europe is the European Technology and Innovation Platform(ETIP)dedicated to the entire battery value chain.It brings together all key stakeholders from the public and private sectors namely industry,start-ups,research providers and academia from all over Europe,and national and regional representatives in addition to relevant representatives from the European Commission.The Batteries Europe platform is supported by the European Commission and participating experts/members do not pay a membership fee to participate.The ETIP has a holistic and scientific approach to identifying the R&I needs across the entire battery value chain.The Batteries Europe SRA has been elaborated with the involvement of approx.500 experts in 6 different working groups and 4 different task forces,including upstream and downstream elements in the value chain representing Industrial stakeholders,Research and Technology providers,Universities and Policy/Regulatory authorities.The work has been carried out during Spring and Summer of 2020 in a host of telco meetings with the backdrop of the Covid-19 global pandemic.The work identified both the long-term and short-term R&I needs for Battery technology.The Batteries Europe SRA,starting point looks at the forthcoming needs and the required research to enable multiple end users in a variety of sectors from stationary storage to a variety of transport modes.This is followed by addressing needs within battery manufacturing of cells and systems and advanced materials through to the areas of sustainable raw materials processing and to identifying the research efforts required to develop and support efficient,sustainable,and safe recycling.The SRA also addresses the important area of New and Emerging technologies in which Europes top experts indicate the most promising and innovative battery chemistries,which can be the key to the European competitive edge in the future.The Batteries Europe SRA also draws the attention of the reader to transversal aspects including skills and education,safety,sustainability,and digitalisation and describes the necessary actions required to address these areas.This is essential to ensure a thriving battery R&I ecosystem.The Batteries Europe ETIP SRA is a tool to be utilized col