2025年中考中考英语构词法汇总及练习.学生版.doc

中考中考英语--构词法汇总及练习.-学生版doc
中考英语构词法汇总及练习
一.概念
　　英语构词法重要有:合成法,转化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和词首字母缩略法.
二.有关知识点精讲
1.转化法
　　英语中，有名词可作动词，有形容词可作副词或动词，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变措施叫作转化法。
　　1)动词转化为名词
　　诸多动词可以转化为名词，大多意思没有多大变化(如下①)；有时意思有一定变化(如下②)；有与一种动词和不定冠词构成短语，表达一种动作(如下③)。例如：
　　①Let's go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。
　　②He is a man of strong build.他是一种体格强健汉子。
　　③Let's have a swim.咱们游泳吧。
　　2)名词转化为动词
　　诸多表达物件(如下①)、身体部位(如下②)、某类人(如下③)名词可以用作动词来表达动作，某些抽象名词(如下④)也可作动词。例如：
　　①Did you book a seat on the plane?你订好飞机座位了吗?
　　②Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。
　　③She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。
　　④We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。
　　3)形容词转化为动词
　　有少数形容词可以转化为动词。例如：
　　We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要竭力改善我们生活状况。
　　4)副词转化为动词
　　有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如：
　　Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终必将败露。
　　5)形容词转化为名词
　　表达颜色形容词常可转化为名词(如下①)；某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表达一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数(如下②)。例如：
　　You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。
　　The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村老年人过着幸福生活。
2.派生法
　　在词根前面加前缀或在词根背面加后缀构成一种与原单词意义相近或截然相反新词叫作派生法。
　　1)前缀
　　除少数前缀外，前缀一般变化单词意义，不变化词性；后缀一般变化词类，而不引起词义变化。
　　(1)表达否认意义前缀常用有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词前面加此类前缀常构成与该词意义相反新词。例如：
　　appear出现→disappear消失
　　correct对→incorrect不对
　　lead带领→mislead领错
　　stop停下→non-stop不停
　　(2)表达其他意义前缀常用有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对；抵御), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面；次；小), tele- (强调距离)等。例如：
　　alone单独antigas防毒气
　　autochart自动图表
　　cooperate合作enjoy使快乐
　　internet互联网reuse再用
　　subway地铁telephone电话
　　2)后缀
　　英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词，也可加后缀构成新词。后缀一般会变化单词词性，构成意义相近其他词性；少数后缀还会变化词义，变为与本来词义相反新词。
　　(1)构成名词后缀常用有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ful (一……)，-ian (精通……人)，-ist (专业人员)，-ment (性质；状态)，-ness (性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。例如：
　　differ不一样于→difference区别
　　write写→writer作家
　　Japan日本→Japanese日本人
　　act演出→actress女演员
　　mouth口→mouthful一口
　　music音乐→musician音乐家
　　(2)构成动词后缀常用有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后)，-fy (使……化)，-ize (使……成为)。例如：
　　wide→widen加宽
　　beauty→beautify美化
　　pure→purify提纯
　　real→realize意识到
　　organ→organize组织
　　(3)构成形容词后缀常用有-al，
　　-able (有能力)，-(a)n(某国人)，-en (多用于表达材料名词后)，-ern (方向)，-ese(某国人)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表达否认)，-like (像……)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表达天气)等。例如：
　　nature自然→natural自然
　　reason道理→reasonable有道理
　　America美国→American美国
　　China中国→Chinese中国人
　　gold金子→golden金
　　east东→eastern东方
　　child孩子→childish孩子气
　　snow雪→snowy雪
　　(4)构成副词常用后缀有-ly (重要用于形容词之后表达方式或程度)，-ward(s) (重要用于表达方位词之后表达方向)。例如：
　　angry生气→angrily生气地
　　to到→towards朝……，向……
　　east东方→eastward向东
　　(5)构成数词后缀有-teen (十几)，-ty (几十)，-th (构成序数词)。例如：
　　six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六
　　four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十
3.合成法
　　1)合成名词
　　构成方式例词
　　名词＋名词weekend周末
　　名词＋动词daybreak黎明
　　名词＋动名词handwriting书法
　　名词＋及物动词＋er／or pain-killer止痛药
　　名词＋介词＋名词editor-in-chief总编辑
　　代词＋名词she-wolf母狼
　　动词＋名词typewriter打字机
　　动名词＋名词reading-room阅览室
　　目前分词＋名词flying-fish飞鱼
　　形容词＋名词gentleman绅士
　　副词＋动词outbreak爆发
　　介词＋名词afternoon下午
　　2)合成形容词
　　名词＋形容词snow-white洁白
　　名词＋目前分词English-speaking讲英语
　　名词＋to＋名词face-to-face面对面
　　名词＋过去分词man-made人造
　　数词＋名词one-way单行
　　数词＋名词＋形容词two-year-old两岁
　　数词＋名词＋ed five-storeyed五层
　　动词＋副词see-through透明
　　形容词＋名词high-class高级
　　形容词＋名词＋ed noble-minded崇高
　　形容词＋形容词light-blue浅蓝色
　　形容词＋目前分词good-looking相貌好看
　　副词＋形容词ever-green常青
　　副词＋目前分词hard-working勤快
　　副词＋过去分词well-known著名
　　副词＋名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务
　　介词＋名词downhill下坡
　　3)合成动词
　　名词＋动词sleep-walk梦游
　　形容词＋动词white-wash粉刷
　　副词＋动词overthrow推翻
　　4)合成副词
　　形容词＋名词hotfoot匆忙地
　　形容词＋副词everywhere到处
　　副词＋副词however尽管如此
　　介词＋名词beforehand事先
　　介词＋副词forever永远
　　5)合成代词
　　代词宾格＋self herself她自已
　　物主代词＋self myself我自已
　　形容词＋名词anything任何东西
　　6)合成介词
　　副词＋名词inside在……里面
　　介词＋副词within在……之内
　　副词＋介词into进入
4.截短法(缩略法)
　　截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，重要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
　　1)截头
　　telephone→phone
　　aeroplane→plane
　　omnibus→bus
　　2)去尾
　　mathematics→maths
　　co-operate→co-op
　　examination→exam
　　kilogram→kilo
　　laboratory→lab
　　taxicab→taxi
　　3)截头去尾
　　influenza→flu
　　refrigerator→fridge
　　prescription→script
5.混合法(混成法)
　　混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一种新词。后半部分表达主体；前半部分表达属性。
　　news broadcast→newscast新闻广播
　　television broadcast→telecast电视播送
　　smoke and fog→smog烟雾
　　helicopter airport→heliport直升飞机场
6.首尾字母缩略法
　　首尾字母缩略法，即用单词首尾字母构成一种新词。读音重要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一种单词读音。
very important person→VIP (读字母音)要人；大人物
television→TV (读字母音)电视
Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福
Nato
构词法归纳（word-formation）
构词法（word-formation）——分为转换、派生、合成
转换：常用于动词和名词之间转换
1)不变化读音、重度音节，只转换单词词性
e.g.
单词
名 词
动 词
cook
厨师；炊事员
烹调；煮；烧
meet
集会；会
遇见；遇见；会见
watch
手表；守卫；观测
观看；注视
2）有些双音节词，作名词时，第一种音节重度；作动词时，第二个音节重度
e.g. 名词 动词
’increase /’inkri:s/ 增长 in’crease /in’kri:s/增长
3）有些词可以用读音变化变化词性
e.g. excuse /iks’kju:s/（名）歉意；道歉；借口 excuse /iks’kju:z/（动）原谅

4）有些形容词可以转化为动词
e.g. He slowed down at the crossroad./ Please warm up the cold meat.

派生
前缀：加前缀一般不变化词类，而只是变化原词词义
构成反义词前缀
dis- disagree disappear dislike
im- impolite impossible
un- unable uncertain unhappy
某些表达特定意思前缀
down 往下 download
kilo 千 kilometre
man 人，由人 man-made
mis 错误地 mistake misunderstand
re 重新，再次 rebuild retell
可以变化词性前缀
加在名词前构成形容词或副词 asleep aboard aside
en- 加在名词或形容词前构成动词 encourage enable enrich

后缀：加后缀一般变化词性
名词后缀
-an African American -er dancer driver reporter
-ing feeling reading -ion action decision
-ment development government -ness happiness sadness
-or actor visitor -tion invention pronunciation
-ure failure pleasure
②形容词后缀
-an American African -en golden wooden
-ese Chinese Japanese -ful beautiful hopeful useful
-ive active expensive -less careless endless useless
-ly friendly -ous nervous dangerous
-y dirty rainy
③副词后缀 -ly carefully happily clearly
④数词后缀 -teen thirteen -ty twenty -th fifth

合成
合成名词
词加名词 basketball
形容词加名词 blackboard
动词-ing形式+另一词 dining-room

合成形容词
形容词+动词-ing形式 hard-working
形容词+过去分词 kind-hearted
名词+过去分词 man-made
名词+动词-ing形式 man-eating peace-loving

合成动词
词+动词 water-ski
副词+动词 overeat overcome
③ 形容词/副词+动词 white-wash
合成副词、代词
合成副词 upstairs beforehand
合成代词 myself everything
其他构词法 1）缩短法 telephone—phone
2）前后各截部分 refrigerator—fridge
3）缩写法
三.巩固练习
1.That man was________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.
A.care　B.careful　C.careless　D.carelessness
2.The soldier died for saving the child，so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai.
A.die B.dead C.died D.death
3.The child looked________at his brother who was badly wounded.
A.sadly B.sadness C.sadly D.sad
4.He is an expert at chemistry.We all call him a ________.
A.chemistry B.chemical
C.chemist D.physician
5.The three- ________chair isn’t suitable for a young child.He may fall off.
A.legging B.legged C.legs D.leged
6.Stephenson became the________railway engineer in the world.
A.lead B.leader C.leading D.leadership
7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked________about at his classmates.
A.proud B.proudly C.pride D.pridely
8.To everyone’s ________，the girl finished the job quite well.
A.satisfied B.satisfactory
C.satisfying D.satisfaction
9.—What are you doing here?
—Oh，my teacher asked me to write a passage about ________in English.
—You can write________passage in English?
A.600 words；a 600-words　
B.600-word；a 600-words
C.600 words；a 600-word　
D.600 words；a 600-words
10.No one should enter the spot without the________of the police.
A.permit B.permission
C.permitting D.permittence
11.You must come with us to the police ________.Our head is waiting for you.
A.headquarters B.headline
C.headmaster D.headache
12.Letting that animal escape was no accident；you did it ________.
A.intend B.intention
C.intentionally D.intentional
13.The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a________smile.
A.practice B.practise
C.practical D.practiced
14.The________ordered him to pay a $100 fine.
A.judger B.judgment
C.judge D.judgement
15.My TV is out of order.Can you tell me what is the________news about Iraq War?
A.lately B.latest
C.later D.latter
16.The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________.
A.longer B.length
C.long D.longing
17.To my ________，I passed the exam easily.
A.joy B.joyful
C.joyless D.joyness
18.Canada is mainly an________country.
A.English-speaking B.speak-English
C.spoken-English D.English-spoken
19.How________ he is! He is always acting________.He is really a ________.
A.foolish；foolishly；fool
B.fool；foolish；fool
C.foolish；fool；fool
D.foolishly；foolish；fool
20.The necklace that she lost is very expensive.It’s of great ________.
A.valuable B.value
C.valueless D.unvaluable
21.There were________fish in the river in South America.
A.in danger B.danger
C.dangerous D.dangerless
22.The letter “b” in the word “doubt” is________.
A.sound B.silent
C.silence D.sounded
23.The child looked at me________.
A.stranger B.strangely
C.strange D.strangeless
24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their________bravely.
A.free B.freely
C.freedom D.frees
25.What you said sounded________ but in fact it was untrue.
A.reasonable B.reasonful
C.reasonless D.unreason
26.We have to learn________technology from other countries.
A.advance B.advancing
C.advantage D.advanced
27.The children live in a village ________.They come here almost every day.
A.nearby B.near
C.nearly D.near by
28.Mr Black is an ________in the army，not an________in the government.You can not easily find him in his________.
A.official；officer；office
B.officer；office；official
C.official；official；official
D.officer；official；office
29.You’d better give up smoking if you want to keep ________.
A.health B.healthy
C.healthily D.healthier
30.________ speaking，I didn’t do it on purpose.
　A.Honestly　 B. Honest C.Honesty D. Dishonest
阅读理解
一
When I was 12, all I wanted was a signet(图章)ring. They were the "in" thing and it seemed every girl except me had one. On my 13th birthday, my mum gave me a signet ring with my initials (姓名首字母) carved into it. I was in heaven.
What made it even more special was that it was about the only thing that wasn't being "replaced". We'd been burnt out in fires that swept through our area earlier that year and had lost everything-so most of the "new" stuff (东西) we got was really just to replace what we'd lost, but not my ring. My ring was new.
Then, only one month later, I lost it. I took it off before bed and it was missing in the morning, I was sad and searched everywhere for it. But it seemed to have disappeared. At last, I gave up and stopped looking for it. And two years later, we sold the house and moved away.
Years passed, and a couple of moves later, I was visiting my parents when mum told me that she had something for me. It wasn't my birthday, nor was it Easter or Christmas or any other gift-giving occasion. Mum noticed my questioning look. "You'll recognize this one. "She said, smiling.
Then she handed me a small ring box. I took it from her and opened it to find my beautiful signet ring inside.
The family who had bought our house 13 years earlier had recently decided to do some redecoration, which included replacing the carpets. When they pulled the carpet up in my old bedroom, they found the ring. As it had my initials carved into it, they realized who owned the ring. They'd had it professionally cleaned up by a jeweler before sending it to my mother. And it still fits me.
6. The underlined word "in" in the first paragraph probably means .
A. Fashionable B. available C. practical D. renewable
7. What does the writer mean by saying "I was in heaven"?
A. She lost her life in the fire. B. She went to heaven to look for the signet.
C. She was very happy to get a signet. D. She was sad that she couldn’t get a signet.
8. When she got the ring back, the writer was about .
A.13 years old B.15 years old C. 26 years old D. 28 years old
9. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The writer's family moved several times.
B. The writer never stopped looking for her ring.
C. The writer's ring was cleaned up by the new house owner.
D. The writer lost her ring in the morning when she took it off.
10. What would be the best title for the passage?
A. My New Ring B. Lost and Found C. Lost and Replaced D. An Expensive Ring
二
Have you thought of such questions as “Why do I have to study math?” or “I am not interested in history at all. My dream is to be an engineer.Should I give history up?”
Maybe you are right. After you leave school, it’s necessary for you to understand such things. Please remember that at school, besides getting knowledge, you should pay attention to some other important things.
First, try to find what you are most interested in. At school, you study many subjects. Try to find which you like and which you don’t like. This may be helpful to you in the future. Second, maybe you don’t like math and you want to drop it. But the logical thinking ability from math can help you solve some problems. At school, you should practice your brain by thinking. Third, you should believe in yourself.
Maybe you learn English at school, but you don’t need to speak English in your daily life at all. You should think learning English can prove that you have the ability of learning languages. Suppose you go to France one day and find a job there. Then you can tell yourself, “I can do my job well. At school I learned English well, and now I must be able to learn French well, too.” But if you have no confidence, what will happen?
Try to challenge yourself as often as possible. I think many of us like playing computer games. When we fail in a game, we always want to try it again. Why? Because we want to get the highest marks, though it is hard for us to get it. If we want to challenge ourselves, we must face more difficult things and make greatest progress.
( ) 11．At school you should _________.
A.study math harder than any other subject
B.stop learning the subjects you don’t like
C.not only get knowledge but also improve your ability
D.pay more attention to math
( ) 12．You should not drop math because it can help improve your ________.
A.ability of learning languages
B.ability of finding a job
C.interest in other subjects
D.ability of logical thinking
( ) 13．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A.You’ll use everything you learn