定语从句教学课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,定语从句,定语从句及相关概念,定语从句在句中相当于一个形容词，起“定语”的作用，修饰说明主句中的某一名词、代词或主语的全部内容。通常定语从句所修饰的词语被称为“先行词”，引导定语从句的关联词分为关系代词和关系副词。常见的关系代词有,that,which,who,whom,whose,等；常见的关系副词有,when,where,why,等。关系代词和关系副词位于先行词和定语从句之间，连接定语从句和主句，同时身兼两职，既指代其先行词，又在其后的定语从句中充当从句的某个成分。,The girl,who is standing there,is Mary.,定语从句,There are five boys who will play the game.,主句,定语从句,先行词,引导词或关系词,关系代词,关系副词,找出下列定语从句中的先行词及关系代词,Is he the man who wants to see you?,You must do everything that I can do.,The one who knows me well is Tom.,The book which I bought yesterday is very interseting.,I know the boy whose father is a doctor.,关系代词,指代的先行词,充当从句的成分,who,人,主语、宾语,whom,人,宾语,which,物,主语、宾语,that,人或物,主语、宾语、表语,whose,人或物,定语,关系代词用法一览表,The,man,who,is speaking at the meeting,is a worker.,The man,is speaking at the meeting.,The man is a worker.,The woman is a teacher.,They wanted to visit,the woman,.,The,woman,whom,they wanted to visit,is a teacher.,The book is very interesting.,I borrowed the,book,yesterday.,The book,which,I borrowed yesterday,is very interesting.,The little boy and his dog live in the same neighborhood with us.,You saw,the little boy and his dog,just now.,The little boy and his dog,that,you saw just now,live in the same neighborhood with us.,Danyang is not a small place.(now),Danyang used to,be a small place,.,Dangyang is not a small place,that,it used to be.,I know the girl.,The girls,mother is a,doctor.,I,know the girl,whose,mother is a,doctor,.,I,live in that room,whose,window opens south,.,I,live in that room.,Its,window opens south.,All,that,can be done has been done.,Ive read,every,book,that,is borrowed from the library.,(1),先行词为,all,none,everything,nothing,anything,few,little,much,等不定代词时。,(,2),先行词被,all,both,every,no,some,any,few,little,much,等修饰时。,Ive read,all,the books,that,are,about this matter.,先行词指物时一般关系代词,that,和,which,可以互换。但在下列情况下，关系代词一般用,that,不用,which,：,Do,the best,that,you can do.,This is,the most interesting,film,that,I have ever seen.,(3),先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。,(4),先行词是形容词最高级或被,形容词最高级,修饰时。,He is,the first,that,gave us some useful advice.,It is,the first letter,that,I have written in French.,(5),先行词被,the only,the,very,the,last,the,right,修饰时,This is,the very,book,that,belongs to him.,(6),先行词既有人又有物时,They talked about,the people and things,that,they remembered.,(,7),关系代词在定语从句中作表语时,He is no longer the boy,that,he used to,be,.,(8),当主句是以,which/who,的特殊疑问句时。,Which,is the car,that,killed the,boy?,Who,is the boy,that,is standing by the door?,(9),如果一个句子有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已用,which,另一个用,that,以避免重复。,Last year,he visited a factory,which,produced toys,that,sold well.,先行词指人时其关系代词可用,who,whom,也,可用,that,。但在下列情况下多用或需用,who,(1),先行词是,all,anyone,one,ones,those,people,时多用,who,。,The,one,who,knows me well is Tom.,(2),当主句以,there be,（存在句）形式出现时。,There is,a young man,who,wants to see the manager.,(4),当先行词与定语从句之间有较长或较为复杂的成分分隔时。,A new teacher,will come tomorrow,who,will teach you German.,(3),如果复合句中有两个或更多的定语从句时，其中第一个从句已用了,that,，其他的定语从句一般用,who,引导，以避免重复。,The student,that,I like is the one,who,is both diligent and honest.,注意！,1.,关系代词在限制性定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略。,2.,whose,后面一般要加名词。,3.,在关系代词引导的定语从句中，如果关系代词充当定语从句的主语，其后的谓语动词应与先行词的人称与数保持一致。,先行词为,one of,短语时，一般情况下中心词为后面的名词。但是如果短语前出现了,the,或,the only,，中心词则为,one,。,在“,one of+,复数名词”后跟定语从句时，先行词是,one of,后的复数名词，定语从句中的谓语动词用复数；但如果是“,the(only)one of+,复数名词”时，先行词是,the one,，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数。,He is,one,of the students who,have,received the prize in our class.,He is,the only one,of the students who,has,received the prize in our class.,介词,+,关系代词引导的定语从句,在,“,介词,+,关系代词,”,结构引导的定语从句中，关系代词指物就用,which,，,指人用,whom,。,Do you know the boy,to,whom,she was talking?,The little girl is reading a book,in,which,there are many pictures.,1.,介词的确定方法,(1),根据先行词来确定介词。,Ill never forget the day,on,which,I came here.,Is this the bike,on,which,you often ride?,(2),根据定语从句中的谓语动词或形容词来选介词。,Hes the model,from,whom,we should learn.,Li Hong is the person,from,whom,I borrowed some money.,(3),根据定语从句所表达的意义来确定介词。,This book opened a window,through,which,we can see a wonderful world.,Mother gave me the money,with,which,I bought a book.,Mr.Smith is the person,for,whom,I am working now.,The professor has two sons,both,of,whom,are teaching in the same university.,New York is famous for its skyscrapers,the highest,of,which,has more than 100 storeys.,He was educated at a local grammar school,after,which,he went on to Cambridge.,2.,介词的位置,介词一般放在关系代词,which,和,whom,之前，但也可以放在原来的位置上。,This is the man,from whom,I learned the news.,=This is the man,(that/whom),I learned the news from.,Is this the play,(which/that),you were talking about just now?,Mr.Brown is the teacher,(who/that/whom),we show great respect for.,注意：当介词和动词组成一个固定短语时，介词通常不能移至,which,或,whom,之前。如：,These are the three children whom I am,looking after,now.,You are the very man whom I am,looking for,.,I have many books which you can,refer to,.,类似的短语还有：,listen to;depend on;take care of;make use of;catch up with;hear of;look forward to,the,way,that,in which,/,I dont like,the way,you speak to your mother.,I dont like,the way,that,you speak to your mother.,I dont like,the way,in which,you speak to your mother.,关系副词引导的定语从句,关系副词,先行词,在从句中所起的作用,where,（,=in/at/from which,）,the place/town/city/,factory/room/,point,/,situation,/,case,地点状语,when(=in/on/at/during which),the time/age/years/,months/weeks/days,时间状语,why(=for which),the reason,原因状语,1.,关系副词,where,引导的定语从句,(1),当先行词是表示地点的名词，如,place,room,mountain,airport,等，同时又在从句中做地点状语时，定语从句需要用关系副词,where,引导。,This is the park,where,they first met.,They visited a factory,where,computers are made.,(2),通常，引导定语从句的,where,大都可以转换成“介词,+which”,的形式。,This is the park,in,which,they first met.,They visited a factory,in,which,computers are made.,(3),当表示地点的先行词在从句中不是作状语，而是作主语、宾语或表语时，必须用关系代词,that,或,which,引导定语从句，而不是,where,。,This is the park,which/that,they often visit.,They visited a factory,which/that,makes computers.,(1),当先行词是表示时间的名词，如,time,age,day,year,month,week,等，同时又在从句中做时间状语时，定语从句需要用关系副词,when,引导。,Do you still remember the day,when,you joined the league?,That was the year,when,I first went abroad.,He is looking forward to the days,when,he will stay with you.,2.,关系副词,when,引导的定语从句,(2),与,where,一样，引导定语从句的,when,也可以转换成“介词,+which”,的形式。,Do you still remember the day,on,which,you joined the league?,That was the year,in,which,I first went abroad.,He is looking forward to the days,during,which,he will stay with you.,(3),当表示时间的先行词在从句中不是作状语，而是作主语、宾语或表语时，必须用关系代词,that,或,which,引导定语从句，而不是,when,。,Ill remember the days,which/that,I spent with you.,Ill remember the days,when,we stayed together.,He is looking forward to the days,which/that,will be very important in Chinese history.,3.,关系副词,why,引导的定语从句,(1),当先行词是表示原因的名词,reason,，同时又在从句中做原因状语时，定语从句需要用关系副词,why,引导，此时的定语从句说明先行词的内容。,Can you tell me the reason,why,you were late this morning?,I dont know the reason,why,he didnt turn up at the party.,(2),关系副词,why,可与,for which,替换。,Is this the reason,for,which,you failed in the exam?,(3),当表示原因的先行词在从句中不是作状语，而是作主语或宾语时，必须用关系代词,that,或,which,引导定语从句，而不是,why,。,This is the reason,（,that/which,）,he set out.,这就是他陈述的理由。,He gave the reason,that/which,might explain his absence.,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,一、限制性定语从句所修饰的词代表一个、一些或一类特定的人或事物，这种定语从句已和它所修饰的词构成一个完整的意思，这些定语从句不能随便拿掉，否则剩下的主句就会失去意义或意思不完整。,Those,who break law,will be punished.,违法的人会受到惩罚。,（如果去掉定语从句，主句意思不明确）,He is a man,who I can turn to for help,.,他是一个我能求得帮助的人。,（定语从句限制什么样的人，如果去掉定语从句，主句毫无意义。）,二、非限制性定语从句对主句不起限定作用，只起补充说明作用，如果去掉定语从句，主句意思仍然完整。,His father,who works in beijing,came back yesterday.,他爸爸在北京工作，昨天回来了。,（如果变成限制性定语从句，就意为“他在北京工作的爸爸昨天回来了。”言外之意他还有在其他地方工作的爸爸，这事逻辑上不能成立的。）,三、限制性定语从句中关系代词作宾语时，且不在介词之后，可以省略。,四、非限制性定语从句通常用逗号与主句隔开。当先行词指物时，非限制性定语从句不用,that,引导，而用,which,。非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语不能省略。,She has a brother who is a musician.,She has a brother,who is a musician.,五、非限制性定语从句中关系代词,which,和,as,可指整个主句的意思或一部分意思。,He invited me to dinner,which made me happy.,他邀请我吃饭，这使得我非常高兴。,（,which,作定语从句主语，指整个句子的意思）,As everyone knows,China is country with a long history.,正如大家所知，中国是个历史悠久的国家。,As,作,know,的宾语，指代整个主句的意思。,六、,as,与,which,的区别,（,1,）,as,引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而,which,引导的从句只能放在主句之后。,（,2,）从意义上讲，,which,指前面主句的内容；而,as,指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西，因此常译成,“就象,那样、正如所,的”。,He made a long speech,as,we expected.,正如我们所预料的，他做了长篇大论。,He made a long speech,which,was unexpected.,他做了冗长的发言，这一点大家没有预料到。,（,3,）如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起,消极,作用，则用,which,，而不用,as,。,Tom drinks a lot every day,which,his wife doesnt like at all.,汤姆每天喝很多酒，他妻子一点也不喜欢他的这一做法。,Thank you!,Jim passed the driving test,_ surprised,everybody in the office.,（,05,浙江卷）,A,whichB,that,C,this D,it,问题：,that,与,which,Luckily,wed brought a road map without _ we would have lost our way.,（,04,北京春季）,A.itB.that C.thisD.which,当先行词为物时，关系代词可以用,that,也可用,which,，但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中，只能用,which,，不能用,that,。,She may have missed the train,in _,case she wont arrive for another hour.,A.whose B.that C.which,D.what,whose,和,which,都可做定语,whose,相当于,ones,which,相当于,that,或,this,in which case,还是,in whose case,1,、,_ is often the case,we have worked out,the production plan.,（,04,江苏）,A.Which B.When C.What D.As,2,、,John said hed been working in the office,for an hour,_ was true.,（,01,北京春季）,A,he B,this C,which D,who,问题：,which,与,as,Some pre-school children go to a day care center,_ they learn simple games and songs.,(07,全国卷,I),A,.then,B,.there C.while D.where,After graduation she reached a point in her career _ she needed to decide what to do.(07,江西,),A,.that,B,.what C.which D.where,-Do you have anything to say for yourselves?,-Yes,thats one point _ we must insist on.(06,江西,),A,.why,B,.where,C.how D./,Were just trying to reach a point _ both sides will sit down together and talk.(06,山东,),A,.where,B.that,C,.when,D,.which,Last month,part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods,from _ effects the people are still suffering.,（,05,天津卷）,A,.that,B.whose,C,.those,D.what,将从句的语序复原就成为：,the people are still suffering from the effects of the floods.,在遇到介词加关系代词的定语从句时，必须学会分析先行词在从句中的作用。,Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _ they can be controlled on purpose.(07,重庆,),A.with which B.to which,C.of whichD.for which,I saw a woman running toward me in the dark.Before I could recognize who she was,she had run back in the direction_she had come.,（,06,重庆）,A.of whichB.by which,C.in which D.from which,Is there a shop around _ we can buy some toilet articles?,A.that,B.which,C.whereD.what,这是一道陷阱题，很容易将你误导至,around which,这一答案。其实读懂句子后就不难发现，句中的,around,不是介词，而是副词，意思为“周围有没有一家商店可以买到卫生间用品？”如果当作介词就成了“有没有一家周围可以买到卫生间用品的商店？”,There are two buildings,stands,nearly a hundred feet high.,（,04,湖北）,A,the larger,B,the larger of them,C,the larger one that,D,the larger of which,要区别是并列句还是非限制性定语从句，关,键是看两个句子之间是否有连词，若有表示并列,关系的连词或分号破折号，那就是并列句；如果,两句之间没有这些连接符号，那就是非限制性定,语从句，此时就需考虑使用适当的关系代词或关,系副词了。前面的句子可以改为：,There are two buildings,;,the larger of them,stands nearly a hundred feet high.,It is reported that two schools,，,_ are being built in my hometown,，,will open next year.(07,四川,),A.they both B.which both,C.both of them D.both of which,这道题很明显是一个非限制性定语从句，只能用,which,而不能用,them,。,Last week,only two people came to look at the house,_ wanted to buy it.(07,安徽,),A.none of them B.both of them,C.none of whom D.neither of whom,假如在空格前加上一个连词,but,，想一想应该,如何表达。,Can you show me,the house,?,You were born,in,the house,.,Can you show me,the house,in which,you were born?,as,引导定语从句时的用法,1.as,引导限制性定语从句通常用于,the same as,such as,结构中,I want,the same,shirt,as,my friends.,Such,machines,as,are used in our workshop are made in China.,We should do more such exercises in the future _ we did yesterday.,A.as B.which C.which D.than,2.as,引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型,:as is known to all,as is said,as is reported,as is announced,as we all know,as I expect,等。,As I expected,he got the first place again in this mid-term examination.,正如我所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。,Tom didnt take away the same book as he lost yesterday.,Tom brought the same book as/that he bought yesterday.,