医学院校硕士研究生英语读与写Unit-6.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,医学院校硕士研究生英语读与写,1,English for Master Students in Medical Universities,China Renmin University Press,2,教材总主编 卢凤香,主编：张海萍 张华君 殷红梅,编者：闵 楠 苏 萍 任 雁,郑守志 刘 娟 谢 瑜,3,课件制作主编：郑守志 刘 娟,课件制作参与人：张海萍 张华君 卢凤香,课件审阅人：美籍专家,James Boulton,4,Unit 6,Text A,Will He Choose to Save Your Life?,5,Outline,Background information to Text A,Analysis of the text,Global analysis of the text,Analysis of the text structure,Summary of the text,Reference answers to the exercises,6,Background information to Text A,1)Introduction to the author,Wesley J.Smith,：,attorney,author or co-author of 11 books on issues such as cloning,stem cells,assisted suicide,euthanasia,and bioethics.In May 2004,National Journal,named Smith one of the nation,s top expert thinkers on bioengineering because of his work in bioethics.,7,Background information to Text A,2)Introduction to the topic,Bioethics is a branch of ethics that studies moral values in the biomedical sciences,or a discipline dealing with the ethical implications of biological research and applications.It studies the ethical and moral implications of new biological discoveries and biomedical advances,as in the fields of genetic engineering and drug research.,8,Background information to Text A,3)Related background information,A.The Medicare Diagnosis Related Group(DRG),疾病诊断相关分类系统,Diagnosis-Related Group(DRG)is a system to classify hospital cases into one of approximately 500 groups(DRGs)that are expected to require similar hospital resources.The concept was developed for Medicare as part of the prospective payment system.DRGs are assigned by a grouper program based on ICD diagnoses,procedures,age,sex,and the presence of complications or co-morbidities.,9,Background information to Text A,3)Related background information,A.The Medicare Diagnosis Related Group(DRG),疾病诊断相关分类系统,DRGs have been used since 1983 to determine how much Medicare pays the hospital,since patients within each category are similar clinically and are expected to use the same level of hospital resources.DRGs may be further grouped into Major Diagnostic Categories(MDCs).,10,Background information to Text A,3)Related background information,B,HMO,（,Health Maintenance Organization,）卫生维护组织,A health maintenance organization(HMO)is a type of managed care organization(MCO)that provides a form of health insurance coverage in the United States that is fulfilled through hospitals,doctors,and other providers with which the HMO has a contract.The HMO Act of 1973 required employers with 25 or more employees to offer federally certified HMO options.,11,Background information to Text A,3)Related background information,B,HMO,（,Health Maintenance Organization,）卫生维护组织,Unlike traditional indemnity insurance,care provided in an HMO generally follows a set of care guidelines provided through the HMOs network of providers.Under this model,providers contract with an HMO to receive more patients and in return usually agree to provide services at a discount.This arrangement allows the HMO to charge a lower monthly premium,which is an advantage over indemnity insurance,provided that its members are willing to abide by the additional restrictions.,12,Background information to Text A,3)Related background information,C.World famous Medical Periodicals,BMJ-British Medical Journal,英国医学杂志,AMA-The Journal of the American Medical Association,美国医学会杂志,New England Journal of Medicine,新英格兰医学杂志,The Lancet ,柳叶刀,Nature,英国,自然,周刊,Science,美国,科学,周刊,13,Analysis of the text,1)Who should have the right to decide whether you receive life-sustaining medical treatment during a critical or terminal illness?,(Paragraph 1),sustain,:v.cause to continue or be prolonged for an extended period or without interruption(,sustaining,and,sustainable,are its derivatives),14,Analysis of the text,1)Who should have the right to decide whether you receive life-sustaining medical treatment during a critical or terminal illness?,(Paragraph 1),Example:,Asia must focus on job creation to sustain economic growth.,This condition of intrinsic motivation is an example of self-determination and can lead to sustained goal-oriented behavior.,15,Analysis of the text,2),your right-to-decide is being taken away from you(or your family),(Paragraph 2),take somebody or something away from somebody or something,:remove,Example,:The child was taken away from school.,take(away)from,:lessen,weaken,diminish,Example,:These faults to some extent took(away)from his credit as a biographer.,16,Analysis of the text,3),.and members of the medical intelligentsia who believe that their values and priorities should count more than yours when determining,(Paragraph 2),count,:to have a specified importance or value,Example,:Their opinions count for little.,Each basket counts for two points.,17,Analysis of the text,4),To put it bluntly,even if you want to live,even if you want medical treatment to enable you to fight for your life,(Paragraph 2),to put it bluntly:,frankly speaking,Example,:To put it bluntly,I dont care.,18,Analysis of the text,5),Unfortunately,few people read these highbrow publications.,(Paragraph 3),highbrow,:(usually depreciating)with tastes and interests considered to be superior(often used contemptuously toward intellectuals),Example,:highbrow drama/music,19,Analysis of the text,6),The first time most patients and their families become aware that doctors are being given the right to say no to wanted medical treatment(other than comfort care),is during a medical crisis when they are at their most defenseless and vulnerable.,(Paragraph 3),Most people are not aware that a doctor can refuse them treatment.They find out in the middle of an emergency when they are emotionally unable to protect themselves.,20,Analysis of the text,6),The first time most patients and their families become aware that doctors are being given the right to say no to wanted medical treatment(other than comfort care),is during a medical crisis when they are at their most defenseless and vulnerable.,(Paragraph 3),The first time,is during,:,Example,:The first time I came to know the pleasure of working out math problems was during my visit to the science and technology museum.,21,Analysis of the text,6),The first time most patients and their families become aware that doctors are being given the right to say no to wanted medical treatment(other than comfort care),is during a medical crisis when they are at their most defenseless and vulnerable.,(Paragraph 3),at one,s,形容词最高级,:(,最高级可以和物主代词连用表示最,的情况或状态,),Example,:Fragrant Hill is at its best in autumn when the colorful leaves of the maple trees greet the eye everywhere.,22,Analysis of the text,7),some area hospitals now have rules in place that permit,(Paragraph 4),in place,:in the right or proper place,Example,:I like to have everything in place.,(fig)instituted,existing,Example,:The proposal is not quite in place.,23,Analysis of the text,8),True,when there is a dispute,families and patients have a right to a hearing in front of a hospital ethics committee.,(Paragraph 4,）,hearing,:,听证会；意见听取会,Example,:to hold a hearing into something,Watergate Hearings,24,Analysis of the text,9),Such committees could easily become more stacked decks than dispassionate decision makers,mostly comprised of well-meaning people who either are part of the institutional culture or who have been trained to believe that futile-care theory is the right thing to do.,(Paragraph 4),The committee members are not impartial;their decision will likely be made on their belief in the theory rather than the individual circumstances.,25,Analysis of the text,9),Such committees could easily become more stacked decks than dispassionate decision makers,mostly comprised of well-meaning people who either are part of the institutional culture or who have been trained to believe that futile-care theory is the right thing to do.,(Paragraph 4),stacked deck,:prepared in advance in order to influence the outcome;usually for the purpose of cheating,26,Analysis of the text,9),Such committees could easily become more stacked decks than dispassionate decision makers,mostly comprised of well-meaning people who either are part of the institutional culture or who have been trained to believe that futile-care theory is the right thing to do.,(Paragraph 4),well-meaning,:well-intentioned(,出于好意，但结果往往不好,),dispassionate,：,adj.devoid of or unaffected by passion,emotion,or bias,27,Analysis of the text,9),Such committees could easily become more stacked decks than dispassionate decision makers,mostly comprised of well-meaning people who either are part of the institutional culture or who have been trained to believe that futile-care theory is the right thing to do.,(Paragraph 4),culture,:the patterns,traits,and products considered as the expression of a particular period,class,community,or population;with respect to a particular category,such as a field,subject,or mode of expression.,28,Analysis of the text,9),Such committees could easily become more stacked decks than dispassionate decision makers,mostly comprised of well-meaning people who either are part of the institutional culture or who have been trained to believe that futile-care theory is the right thing to do.,(Paragraph 4),Example,:musical culture,音乐文化,business culture,企业文化,campus culture,校园文化,Edwardian culture,爱德华时代的文化,29,Analysis of the text,10),But this would be no easy task given the patients refused treatment are likely to be the most expensive to care for.,(Paragraph 5),given,:under the condition of,if,since,now that.,Example,:Given the same provision,I would have done it better than he did.,30,Analysis of the text,11),That could work,but it is no sure bet.,(Paragraph 6),Patients can do that,but they may not get the wanted result.,bet,n.one on which a stake can be placed,被下赌注的对象,Example,:Our team is a sure bet to win.,31,Analysis of the text,12),But even though a lawsuit could be successful in theory,it might very well prove utterly impracticable to pursue.,（,Paragraph 7,）,impracticable&impractical:,Impracticable applies to a course of action that is impossible to carry out or put into practice;impractical,though it can be used in this way,also can be weaker in sense,suggesting that the course of action would yield an insufficient return or would have little practical value.,32,Analysis of the text,13),Lawyers often charge hundreds of dollars an hour,meaning that a fully litigated case,even without appeals,could cost literally tens,if not hundreds of thousands of dollars.,(Paragraph 7),.,if not.,:the expression shows a concessive implication.,Example,:Laughter is very important,if not indispensable,in our life.,33,Analysis of the text,14),.having very deep pockets,the hospital administration would not be concerned in the least about the cost of their lawyers.,(Paragraph 8),Considering their relatively solid finances,the hospital administration would not mind at all asking for help from lawyers,even if the costs are high.,34,Analysis of the text,15),If fully unleashed,the hospitals corporate lawyers could file enough motions.to the point that you,quite literally,could litigate yourself into bankruptcy.,（,Paragraph 8,）,Even when they are charged with a lawsuit,they can afford both the money and the time to deal with it,until finally you would run out of the money necessary to pursue the lawsuit.,35,Analysis of the text,15),If fully unleashed,the hospitals corporate lawyers could file enough motions.to the point that you,quite literally,could litigate yourself into bankruptcy.,（,Paragraph 8,）,to the point,:until the stage(that),finally,literally,:(informal use,to intensify meaning)without exaggeration,Example,:The children were literally starving.,corporate lawyers,:,法律顾问,36,Analysis of the text,15),If fully unleashed,the hospitals corporate lawyers could file enough motions.to the point that you,quite literally,could litigate yourself into bankruptcy.,（,Paragraph 8,）,motion,n,.,an application made to a court for an order or a ruling,Example,:The motion was adopted/carried.,deposition,n.(Law)testimony under oath,esp.a statement by a witness that is written down or recorded for use in court at a later date.,37,Analysis of the text,16,）,Beyond the financial impracticalities of suing a hospital,one of the primary reasons for crafting futile-care protocols has been to improve the chance that the hospital would prevail in court.,（,Paragraph 9,）,craft,：,v.to make or construct(something)in a manner suggesting great care or ingenuity,Example,:It was not the Chamber of Commerce that crafted the public policies that have resulted in a$2.6 billion annual subvention to the farmers.,38,Analysis of the text,17),put these protocols in place as a way to prepare for the litigation bioethicists presume would be filed by people furious at having wanted medical treatment refused.,(Paragraph 9),By using these protocols,bio-ethicists can prepare them for some unfavorable situations,such as lawsuits filed by furious patients or their families.,39,Analysis of the text,18),The early bioethics movement deserves great thanks for helping do away with that form of abuse,(Paragraph 11),Society owes a debt to the early bioethics movement for helping to end this type of abuse.,40,Analysis of the text,19),In essence,what is being created in front of our very eyes(if we would only see)is a duty to die.,(Paragraph 13),Now that a value can be placed on a dying person,s life,it can be said that individual has a responsibility to die in order to benefit society.,41,Analysis of the text,19),In essence,what is being created in front of our very eyes(if we would only see)is a duty to die.,(Paragraph 13),in essence,:fundamentally,Example,:The two things are the same in outward form but different in essence.,very,:itself and no other;truly such,Example,:At that very moment,the phone rang.,42,Global analysis of the text,“,Euthanasia,”,is a broad term for mercy killing:taking the life of a hopelessly ill or injured individual in order to end his or her suffering.Mercy killing represents a serious ethical dilemma.People do not always die well.Some afflictions cause people to suffer through extreme physical pain in their last days,and euthanasia may seem like a compassionate way of ending this pain.Other patients may request euthanasia to avoid the weakness and loss of mental faculties that some diseases cause,and many people feel that these wishes should be respected.,43,Global analysis of the text,But euthanasia also seems to contradict one of the most basic principles of morality,which is that killing is wrong.Viewed from a traditional Judeo-Christian point of view,euthanasia is murder and a blatant violation of the biblical commandment,“,Thou shalt not kill.,”,From a secular perspective,one of the principal purposes of law is to uphold the sanctity of human life.Euthanasia is so controversial,because it pits the plight of suffering,dying individuals against religious be