大学英语写作错误类型.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,大学英语四级写作强化训练,常见错误分析,第一课 指代（,Reference,）,在同一句中，代词与其指代的前述名词应在人称、数、格上保持一致。由于指代不符或不确而造成的错句在写作中是常见的，应该注意以下几种情况。,1,代词与前述词的人称或数不符,Students who wish to take linguistics are asked to sign his name on a sheet of paper.,代词,his,应改为,their,，与前述词,students,保持复数第三人称的一致。,2,代词与前述词格的不符,He is the person whom I think deserves the first award.,关系代词,whom,的前述词是,the person,，在定语从句中用作主语，故应改为,who,。,As a matter of fact,it was her who took the picture of the temple.,代词,her,在“,it was.who.”,的强调结构中是要强调的主语，用主格表示，故应改为,she,。,3,代词在句中的指代错误,When he thrust a stick into the rat hole,it ran out and bit him.,根据本句用词，代词,it,在句中指代的只能是,rat hole,（鼠洞），而不是,rat,，由于意义混淆而造成指代错误，应将,it,明确改为,the rat,。,4,代词在句中的指代不明,My father is an electrician,but I am not interested in it.,根据本句用词，代词,it,在此句中无前述词可以指代，不能等于,father,或,electrician,。因此对代词,it,要作明确的改动：,My father is an electrician,but I am not interested in becoming one.,People have tried to fight against the influence of TV commercials,but it often proves useless.,代词,it,在本句中并不指代前面的单数名词,influence,，而是指,to fight against the influence of TV commercials,（反对电视商业广告）的这种努力，因此应将,it,的意义具体化，此句可改为：,People have tried to fight against the influence of TV commercials,but this effort often proves useless.,5,有时在句中出现同样数格的两个不同前述词，使后面代词的指代出现模棱两可的情况。如：,When the chemist added the powder to water,it turned purple.,代词,it,可指前面的,powder,或,water,这两个前述词的任何一个，但根据常识，显然,it,指的是,water,而不是,powder,，故应将,it,具体改为,water,，句子的意义就正确了。再如：,Susan told Jane that her dog was in the garden.,代词,her,可指上述,Susan,或,Jane,的所有格。根据作者的意思，此句可改为：,Susan told Jane that Janes(,或,Susans)dog was in the garden.,或：,Susan said to Jane,Your dog is in the garden.,比较起来，后一句的意义更明确。,6,代词,one,和,you,用于指代意义时的不同,If one wants to excel in athletics,you should watch your diet.,此句应把代词,one,和,you,的使用统一起来，有两种改法：,If one wants to excel in athletics,he should watch his diet.,If you want to excel in athletics,you should watch your diet.,一般的规则是：用于泛指意义时，常用,he(him,his),，用于特定意义时才用,you(you,your),。再如：,When a person gets married,you take on new responsibilities.,此句的改法同上，也有两种改法，即：,When a person gets married,he takes on new responsibilities.,（泛指）,When you get married,you take on new responsibilities.(,特指,),第二课 垂悬修饰语,（,Dangling Modifier,）,垂悬修饰语是指一个句子中同其他词没有明显修饰关系的成分。一般都出现在句子的句首，用作状语。形式有分词短语、介词,+,动名词、不定式短语和省略性子句等四种。判断该词组是滞为垂悬修饰语的基本原则是看它逻辑意义上的主语是否与所在句子的主语相一致，如不一致，该状语就成了垂悬修饰语，试以下面二句为例：,Hearing a number of amusing stories,our visit was thoroughly enjoyable.,To remain healthy,a balanced diet is important.,在第一句，状语,hearing a number of amusing stories,的逻辑主语并非句子主语,our visit,，第二句中状语,to remain healthy,与句子主语,a balanced diet,在逻辑意义也不一致。因此这两个状语词组都成了各自句中的垂悬修饰语，在意义上是错误的，改正的方法有二：,1,修饰主句中的主谓语部分，使与修饰语逻辑上的主语一致起来。如：,Hearing a number of amusing stories,we thoroughly enjoyed our visit.,To remain healthy,one needs a balanced diet.,2,修改垂悬修饰语部分，使其在逻辑上符合主句意义。,Since we heard a number of amusing stories,our visit was thoroughly enjoyable.,If a person is to remain healthy,a balanced diet is important.,下面列举四种形式的垂悬修饰语及两种修改的办法：,1,分词短语,误：,Looking out of the window,the grassland stretches as far as the eyes can reach.,正：,Looking out of the window,we found the grassland stretched as far as the eyes could reach.,正：,If you look out of the window,you will find the grassland stretches as far as the eyes can reach.,误：,Rotten in the cellar,we had to throw away the potatoes.,正：,Rotten in the cellar,the potatoes were thrown away(by us).,正：,As the potatoes in the cellar had rotten,we had to throw them away.,2,介词,+,动名词短语,误：,On entering the room,refreshments were being served.,正：,On entering the room,I found that refreshments were being served.,正：,When I entered the room,refreshments were being served.,3,不定式短语,误：,To play tennis well,the racket must be held properly.,正：,To play tennis well,one must hold the racket properly.,正：,If one wishes to play tennis well,he must hold the racket properly.,4,省略性子句,误：,When only five years old,my father took me to a circus.,正：,When only five years old,I was taken to a circus by my father.,正：,When I was only five years old,my father took me to a circus.,如前所述，在大多情况下，垂悬修饰语可以根据“修饰语的逻辑主语是否即是主句中的主语”这一原则来判断。但要注意，当状语修饰语是用以表示对整个主句进行概括或总结意义时，它本身在逻辑上已具有独立意义，这时就不要再受制于上述原则，不能把它看成是垂悬修饰语，可以看是句子子的独立状语部分或插入语。如：,To be frank,I dont think he is the right person for the job.,Generally speaking,girls at this age are more mature than boys.,To sum up,our vacation was a disaster from start to finish.,第三课 误置修饰语,（,Misplaced Modifier,）,1,在英语中，修饰语应紧靠它所修饰的词语，如果放错了位置，就会造成意义上的误解。如：,例一：,They argued the subject while I tried to study at fever pitch.,修饰语,at fever pitch,意为“极为兴奋地”，是一个状语，它修饰的谓语是,argued the subject,，而不是,tired to study,，此句应改为：,They argued the subject at fever pitch while I tried to study.,例二：,A car drove down the street decked with ribbon.,修饰语,decked with ribbon,是过去分词短语，意为“用缎带装饰起来的”，用作,street,的定语显然是误置了。应改为：,A car decked with ribbon drove down the street.,2,另有一种修饰语，它处于两个被修饰词之间，意义上模棱两可，似乎与两者均有关系，这种修饰语称为歧义修饰语（,squinting modifier,）。此时必须从意义上加以确定。将它移到靠近它所要修饰的词，以免造成与另一词的误解。如：,The girl who had been dancing gracefully entered the room.,在这一句中，修饰语,gracefully,是修饰,dancing,还是,entered,？这两种情况都有可能，为明确起见，可根据意义分别改为：,The girl who had been gracefully dancing entered the room.,(gracefully,修饰,dancing),The girl who had been dancing entered the room gracefully.,(gracefully,只修饰,entered),3,此外，,only,nearly,almost,just,even,hardly,scarcely,simply,等这类形容词或副词在作修饰词时，具有明显的限定意义。根据这些修饰语在句中的不同位置，其意义也可不同。如：,例一：,Only I heard John shouting at boys.,Only,修饰,I,意为：,I was the only one who heard John shouting.,I only heard John shouting at boys.,Only,修饰,heard,，意为：,I only heard(but didnt see)John shouting.,I heard only John shouting at the boys.,Only,修饰,John,，意为：,John was the only person whom I heard shouting at boys.,I heard John only shouting at the boys.,Only,修饰,shouting,，意为：,I didnt hear John hitting the boys-I heard him only shouting at them.,I heard John shouting at the boys only.,Only,修饰,boys,，意为：,The boys(not the girls)were the ones I heard John shouting at.,例二：,Since his earning amounted to$98.50,he nearly made a hundred dollars.,Nearly,置于谓语,made,之前，意为“几乎赚到”，也可以理解为“没有真正赚到”，而句子的本意是说“赚了将近一万元”，所以应改为：,Since his earning amounted to$98.50,he made nearly a hundred dollars.,第四课 平行结构（,Parallelism,）,在一个句子中，有几个表达相近或相对意义的并列成分时，应该使用词性一致的排比结构，这就是写作中的平行结构原则。这种结构能使句子显得严谨，层次分明，增强感染力。常见的平行结构有以下几种情况：,1,两个或两个以上的并列单词、短语、或句子用,and,连接，在句中作同一成分，包括主语、谓语、宾语、表语、状语等皆可。如：,1,）误：,Knowing how to study and learn to budget time is important for university students.,用,and,连接的两个并列 主语分别为动名词和不定式短语，词性不一致，不是平行结构。,正：,Knowing how to study and learning how to budget time is important for university students.,用,and,连接的两个并列主语词性一致，都为动名词短语，符合平行结构要求。,2,）误：,Mr.Wang is honest,intelligent and works hard.,Work hard,与,honest,intelligent,词性不一致，不是平行结构。,正：,Mr Wang is honest,intelligent and industrious.,三个并列表语词性一致，属平行结构。,3,）误：,He had rented an apartment,found a job and chose a school for the children before his wife arrived.,谓语动词,Chose,为过去式，而上面的,rented,，,found,为动词过去式分词形式，词性不一致。,正：,He had rented an apartment,found a job and chosen a school for the children before his wife arrived.,三个并列谓语动词都为过去分词形式，符合平行结构要求。,4,）误：,The man denied that he had entered the house and he had taken the money.,由,And,连接“,the man denied that.”,和“,he had taken the money”,两句，在逻辑意义上是矛盾的。意思是“该人否认进入房间但接下来又拿走了钱。”,正：,The man denied that he had entered the house and that he had taken the money.,在改正后的此句中，意为既否认进入房间，也否认拿走了钱。,5,）误：,Across the fields came the funnel-like cloud,sucking up house and animals and also it levelled all the standing grain.,此句为由,and,连接的两个动作先后发生的单句，第一句为倒装句，第二句为正常词序句，但不是平行结构。,正：,Across the fields came the funnel-like cloud,sucking up house and animals and also leveling all the standing grain.,2,用于连接并列成分的连接词除,and,外，常见的还有,either.or.,neither.nor.,both.and.,not only.but also.,等复合连词，但必须注意其连接部分的词性成分必须相一致。,1,）误：,I hope either to spend my vacation in Beijing or Xian.,连接成分不一致，前者为不定式短语，后者为名词。,正：,I hope to spend my vacation either in Beijing or in Xian.,连接成分相一致，都为介词短语，用作状语。,或：,I hope to spend my vacation in either Beijing or Xian.,连接成分相一致，都为名词，用作名词,in,的宾语。,2),误：,Neither borrowing nor to lend will lead to happiness.,正：,Neither borrowing nor lending will lead to happiness.,连接成分一致，都为动名词，用作主语。,或：,Neither to borrow nor to lend will lead to happiness.,连接成分一致，都为动词不定式，用作主语。,3,）误：,He had bribed not only officials,but also stolen secret document.,复合连词,not only.but also,连接两个不相等的句子成分，前者为名词,official,，用作宾语，后者为动词,stolen,，是谓语。,正：,He had not only bribed officials,but also stolen secret document.,连接两个相同成分的谓语部分，符合平行结构要求。,3,由于并列成分的习惯用法和搭配要求不同，有时必须在句中加上必要的介词、冠词、助动词或动词不定式符号等，才能使结构保持平行，意思表达清楚。如：,1,）误：,He gave me an apple and pear.,正：,He gave me an apple and a pear.,Pear,为可数名词，加不定冠词,a,后，与,an apple,并列，表示是两种水果。,2,）误：,I was a little surprised,but all of my friends greatly shocked.,正：,I was a little surprised,but all of my friends were greatly shocked.,加助动词,were,，与前面,was surprised,结构一致。,4,当并列成分为两个不同时态的同一谓语动词时，其助动词和动词的不同形式应分别列出，不可省略。,误：,I always have and always will remember to send my teacher a Christmas card.,正：,I always have remembered and always will remember to send my teacher a Christmas card.,5,表示相同意义或比较意义的两个同等成分，其词性也应该相一致。,1,）误：,Jogging is a more vigorous exercise than to play golf.,正：,Jogging is a more vigorous exercise than playing golf.,Jogging,与,playing,相一致，都为动名词，作主语。,2,）误：,Fred would rather read than to watch television.,正：,Fred would rather read than watch television.,Watch,与,read,相一致，都为动词，作谓语。,3,）误：,We met a Greek who had traveled many places in the world but he knew very little about his own country.,正：,We met a Greek who had traveled many places in the world but who knew very little about his own country.,将,He,改为,who,的后就成为由,but,连接的两个意义相对而结构平行的从句，同时用作,a Greek,的定语。,第五课 逻辑错误的比较句,(Illogical Comparison),在一个句子中，对特定的两对象或两事物进行比较时，常常由于使用了不同类的事物或不明确的对象进行比较而造成意义上的错误，这类句子就是逻辑错误的比较句，约可分为三种情况。,1,不同类的比较句,例一：,The climate of Shanghai is milder than Shenyang.,例二：,A waiters salary is sometimes larger than a teacher.,The climate of Shanghai is milder than of Shenyang.,A waiters salary is sometimes larger than of a teacher.(or:than a teachers),造成这种错误的原因，一是缺乏逻辑概念，二是可能受汉语表达习惯的影响。克服这类错误的办法是：记住比较句的对应部分必须同类，即人与人比较，物与物比较；在句子结构上必须对称。,2,不合逻辑的比较句,例三：,Li Ming is taller than any boy in his class.,在此句中，,Li Ming,与,any boy in his class,是两个相比较的部分，但在,any boy in his class,中也包括,Li Ming,本身在内，把自己和自己相比，这是不符合逻辑的。因此，在表示某人（或某物）与他人（或他物）相比时，应将,any,改为,any+other+,名词,，才能把本身排除在相比较的对象之外。这样改正后的句子应为：,Li Ming is taller than any other boy in his class.,或,:Li Ming is taller than any girls in his class.,（既然是,girl,，,Li Ming,自然不包括在内，故不必加,other,）,但要注意：在表示最高级意义的比较句中，用以表示比较范围的名词须用复数。如：,Li Ming is the tallest of all the boys in his class.,例四：,I helped you more than my brother.,1,）,I helped you more than I helped my brother.,意为：“我对你的帮助胜过我对弟弟的帮助。”此时,my brother,是比较状语从句中的宾语。,2)I helped you more than my brother did.,意为：“我对你的帮助胜过我弟弟对你的帮助。”此时,my brother,是比较状语从句中的主语。,3,意义不完整的比较句,例五：,Children learn foreign language more easily.,此句意为“儿童比较易学外语”。但比谁易学外语没有交代清楚，完整的句子应该是：,Children learn foreign language more easily than adults do.,第六课 混乱结构,(Mixed and Confused Construction),混乱结构是指某些语法概念错误，逻辑关系混乱，句型或习惯用法不完整的句子。这类错误主要是由于语言基础不扎实，缺乏逻辑概念所致。现例举以下常见的几种混乱结构情况。,1,错用主语,根据语法规则，在句中用作主语的只能是名词、代词、动名词以及名词从句等名词性成分。但在具体写作中，有的习作者往往不考虑语法规则，只根据汉语表达的意思，想到什么就用什么作主语，结果使句子显得不伦不类，意思也无法理解。如：,例一：,By taking a No.20 bus is one way to the Peoples Square.,By taking a No 20 bus,是一个介词短语，在句子中只能作状语。此句的译义是：以乘,20,路电车的方式是到人民广场的一个办法。从中文看似乎也可理解，但从英文看，缺少了一个句子的重要部分,主语，而是错误把状语用作了主语，因此改正办法是明确句子的主语，可以改为：,You can get to the Peoples Square by taking a No 20 bus.,例二：,Coated with ice and snow is dangerous for drivers.,coated with ice and snow,是一个分词短语，在句中也用作状语，意为“覆盖着冰雪”。此句和上句属于同样错误，错把状语用作主语，应将状语改为名词结构就正确了。,A coating of ice and snow is dangerous for drivers.,例三：,He pulled a leg muscle was why he failed to place in the broad jump.,He pulled a leg muscle,本身已是一个完整的独立句。一个独立句没有连接词连接是不能在句子中作句子成分的。实际上此句是说明“,why he failed to place in the broad jump”,（他为什么没能在跳远中获得名次）的原因。因此应该把此句明确地改成原因状从句，用连接词,because,引导就清楚了。,Because he pulled a leg muscle,he failed to place in the broad jump.,例四：,Because he had to work in the factory kept him from attending the party.,Because he had to work in the factory,是一个原因状语从句，不能成为该句的主语成分。句子的意思是：“他得在工厂工作（这件事）使从他不能出席聚会。”因此应该把状语从句改成名词从句作主语。此句可有两种改法：,That he had to work in the factory kept him from attending the party.(,名词从句作主语,),Having to work in the factory kept him from attending the party.,（动名词短语作主语）,2,逻辑关系混乱,这种混乱包括因果、程序、主次等颠倒的各种逻辑错误。,例一：,When the tall hit me,I learned out of the window.,此句的译义为：“当球击中我时，我探身出窗外。”从逻辑上来讲，动作发生的程序是颠倒的。此句应改为：,The tall hit me when I learned out of the window.,例二：,I was working the crossword puzzle,and I didnt want to watch television.,此句的译义为“我正在做纵横向联合字谜的游戏，而且我不想看电视。”这两句间的逻辑关系不是并列关系，而是因果关系，后一句（“不想看电视”）是前一句（“做纵横字谜游戏”）的原因，故此句应改为：,I was working the crossed puzzle,for I didnt want to watch television.,例三：,He bought an old house which by having it intensively repaired converted it into a comfortable house.,此句的确切意义难以译出，因为以,which,引导的定语从句，错把,by having it intensively repaired,作为主语，使整个从句逻辑混乱，语态不分。正确句子应为：,He bought an old house which was converted into a comfortable house after extensive repairs.,或：,By means of extensive repairs,he converted the old house into a comfortable one.,3,句型或习惯用法不完整,英语中习惯用法和句型结构的用词一般都是固定的，漏用或错用了其中词汇，就会造成错句或意义上的误解。,例一：,English is now used in so many counties it is regarded as an international language.,此句中“,so.that.”,句型。,That,引导结果状语从句，但本句因漏用了连接词,that,而使结构和意义不完整。,例二,:It was she answered the door.,此句中,It is.who(that).,强调结构句型，在句子中漏用了,who,这一关系代词。正确句应为：,It was she who answered the door.,（强调结构）,或：,She answered the door.,（没有强调意味的简单句）,例三：,When all the money had been collected,it was found to be too little,so the chairman announced that the committee would try again.,此句为,too.to.,的结构，意为“太,.,而不,.”,，由于在句中缺少了,to.,的部分，使意义不完整，应改为：,When all the money had been collected,it was found to be too little to help the poor,so the chairman announced that the committee would try again.,例四：,There were no people have been seen in the street.,此句为“,There be+,主语”句型，本句中的主语为,people,，谓语为,were,，不应再出现另一个以,people,为主语的谓语,have been seen,。正确句子为：,There were no people(who have been)seen in the street.,或干脆改为下列简单句也可以：,No people were seen in the street.,4,重复用词错误,例一：,She handed her passport to the clerk,who,after stamping it,he handed it back to her.,在上面定语从句中出现了,who,和,he,两个主语，,who,在从句中是不可缺少的关系代词，既用于指代前述词,clerk,，又在从句中做主语成分，因此,he,在从句中就完全是多余的。故本句应改为：,She handed her passport to the clerk who handed it back to her after stamping it.,例二：,The man with whom I was speaking with are reporters from China Daily.,在定语从句中出现了两个,with,，属于重复用词，只要删去两个中的任何一个都可以。即：,The man whom I was speaking with(,或：,with whom I was speaking)are reporters from China Daily.,例三：,Bob realized that during the conference how inattentive he had been.,在宾语从句中使用了,that,和,how,两个连接词，这是重复用词错误。因为：,that,只起连接作用，在句子中没有实义；,how,既起连接作用，在句中又有状语意义，从结构上来讲，从句中只需一个连接词即可，因此可改为下列中任何一句，但意义稍有不同。,Bob realized that during the conference he had been inattentive.,Bob realized how inattentive he had been during the conference.,第七课 断句和串句,(Sentence Fragment and Run-on Sentence),一、断 句,断句又称不完全句。它是指句子中主语或谓语部分残缺的不完整句子，或仅是不成句子的某些词的组合。有以下几种情况：,1,缺少主语或谓语