英语四级写作.ppt

<p>,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Writing,To open a book is always beneficial.,To read without reflecting is like eating without digesting.,.Expert testimony,专家证言法,2.Statistics,统计数据法,3.Example,举例子,a.Here is an example I got from sb/sth,which works quite well in this case.,b.,权威实例,+,身边实例,c.if+if not+so,构思文章,4.Personal experience,个人经历,5.Logic and reasoning,逻辑推理,6.Known facts,常识法,7.Analogy,类比法,四级句型解析,There be,(1)be,动词变化,There is a concert last night.,There are English book,a dictionary an some books on the desk.,(2),长 难句,There are many people like to go to movies.,There were many friends visited our school.,四级句型解析,2.,否定结构,（,1,）,need,和,have,的否定,need need not do,dont need to,have dont have,have no,Eg:I dont have time.,I dont have time available.,四级句型解析,(2),否定转移,与思维，大脑相关的动词需否定转移。,Eg:,I think you are right.,I dont think you are right.,四级句型解析,(3),部分否定,由,all,both,every,和,not,构成的句子部分。,I dont remember all the details.,全部否定,肯定式的谓语动词,+,否定意义的单词,none,no,rare,scare,seldom,hardly,等,I have never seen such things before.,All this is not necessary.,All this is unnecessary.,四级句型解析,(4),双重否定,nonot,notwithout,neverbut,toonot to,She is too sensitive not to notice that.,(5),具有否定意义的短语,:,by no means,in no way,in no wise,on no account.,四级句型解析,(5),具有否定意义的短语,:,by no means,in no way,in no wise,on no account.,Eg:,The problems are,by no means,difficult to solve.,On no account,are you to cheat in the coming exams.,The situation is serious,in no wise.,四级句型解析,(6),用在否定句中，比改变句意。,at all,by many means,in any way,in the least.,(7),含有否定词不含否定意义,cant but,cant help,not until,One is not guilty,until he is proved.,不含否定词有否定意义,free,ignore,refuse,fail,I failed to express my thanks.,四级句型解析,3.,比较结构,The climate in Shenyang is colder than other cities.,Comparing with cars,train runs much faster.,(1),同级比较,asas,the same as,the identical with,这个杯子里的水和那个杯子里的水一样多。,The water in this glass is as much as that in other one.,四级句型解析,（,2,）比较级,I am better at physics than English.,(3),固定句型,A.the er,the er,The busier he is,the happier he feels.,The more you eat,the fatter you will be/are.,The harder you work,the greater progress you will make.,四级句型解析,B.,句子注意要成分,+,比较级,+and+,比较级,Holiday flights are more and more inexpensive.,cheaper and cheaper.,less and less expensive.,C.,句子成分,+the+,比较级,+of the two,This is the easier of the two problem.,四级句型解析,D.,句子成分,+more than+=not only,very,over,He is more than a singer;he is a famous composer.,I am more than sad to hear that.,(4),选择比较,prefer to do,more A than B,would ratherthan,Eg:,He is more lucky than clever.,People would rather stay at home to watch Tv than go out for travel.,4.,因果结构,（,1,）原因类,because,since,as,for,now that,in that,for the reason that,seeing that,considering that+,句子,介词和介词短语表原因，,due to,because of,thanks to,as a result of,owing to,Now that I dont like the novel,but that I have no time for it.,(2),结果类,consequently,therefore,accordingly,Eg:,He studied hard,so he passed the exam.,(3),动词短语,前因后果,contribute to,lead to,result in,前果后因,attribute to,result from,credit to,混合因果,be bound up with,be associated with,Eg:,Cancer,is,bound up with,smoking.,Smoking,is associated with,cancer.,5.,目的结构,so that,in order that,in order to,so as to,with the purpose of,for,lest,in case,for fear that,Eg:,We take measures in order to solve this problem.,He called his son in order to let him obey his words.,6.,条件结构,if,providing that,given that,in the event that,If you dont study hard,you will never succeed.,On no account will you succeed if you.,Never will you succeed if you.,7.,并列结构,and,not onlybut also,as well as.,Eg:,Winter had gone,and,spring is here.,She leaned over to talk to him,or,he leaned over to kiss her.,8.,It,句型结构,（,1,）,It be+n/adj+for.,Eg:,It is responsibility for us to protect the environment.,It is my honor to participate in the speech.,(2)It be+adj+of+n/pron.,Eg:,It is,careless,of her to forget her mothers birthday.,It is,considerate,of you to make necessary preparation for us.,3.It+be+,被强调部分,+that/who,Eg:,It was the nurse,who/that,attended to me when I was ill in hospital.,9.,简单句,+,复合句之间的转换,10.,主动句和被动句之间的转换,五 四级写作常见错误小结,Misuse of Parts of Speech,Peoples attitudes towards it various greatly.,2.Ambiguous reference of pronouns,She told her mother that her dress needed washing.,3.Disagreements,He along with his parents take exercises regularly.,As a university student,we should study hard.,He said he didnt mean you and you are too sensitive.,4.Wrong form of nouns,Both my parents have received good educations.,5.Redundancy,She is a pretty and smart woman.,History,is boring,.Not many people like history class.Most people think history is,boring,too.Because it is,so boring,.Lots of people think history is,boring,.History is one of the most,boring,classes in school.That is why I think history is,boring,.,图表作文,第一段：描写图表变化,描述图表中最大的一部分,描述图表中最小的一部分,描述图表中变化最大的部分。,第二段：分析变化的原因,第三段：好的变化，展望未来,不好的变化，提出解决的办法,句型,As is shown in the graph,the number of.,From the graph,we know the statistics of,According to the table/graph/chart,As can be seen from the table,.,As has been stated in the graph/table.,The general trend is that,There is overall increased/decrease in the total number,动词和动词短语,Rise;climb;go up;grow;increase,Fall;decline;decrease;drop;go down,level off;not change;remain;steady,reach the highest/lowest level;hit the highest peak/bottom,名词和名词短语,a downward trend;an upward trend;a rapid increase/decrease,副词,suddenly;rapidly;dramatically;substantially;sharply;gradually;slowly;slightly,Directions:,For this part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Student Use of Computers.You should write at least 120 words,and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below:,2,1990,1995,2000,4,8,10,14,16,20,2002,年,6,月,1.,上图所示为某校大学生平均每周使用计算机的时间,:1990,年,(2 hours),、,1995,年,(4 hours),、,2000(16 hours),，请描述其变化；,2.,请说明发生这些变化的原因,(,可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明,),；,3.,你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题,Some useful expression:,1.As we can see from the chart/graph/table/diagram,2.As can be shown in the table,3.The number of increased/rose suddenly/rapidly/dramatically/substantially/,considerably/sharply/steeply from 1990 to 2000.,4.,There was a steady/gradual/slow/slight increase/rise in the number of from1990 to 2000.,图表作文,Some useful expression:,5.,下降：,decrease/fall/drop;,a decrease/drop/reduction/decline in the number of,6.A is twice/three/four times what it was in 1990.,A is twice/three/four times the amount in 1990.,A is twice/three/four times as much/many as in 1990.,与,1990,相比，,A,是原来的,2,（,3,、,4,）倍。,7.The figure was roughly doubled/tripled/quintupled between 1990 and 2000.,从,1990,到,2000,间，数字大约是原来的,2,（,3,，,5,）倍。,图表作文,Model,Student Use of Computers,Students tend to use computers more and more nowadays.,From this,chart,we can find that the average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week has increased,sharply,.In 1990,it was less than 2 hours;and in 1995,it increased to almost 4 hours;while in 2000,the number,soared,to 20 hours.,Obviously computers are becoming more and more popular.,There are,several reasons for this,.,First,computers facilitate us in more aspects of life.,Also,the fast development of the Internet enlarges our demands for using computers.We can easily contact with friends in remote places through the Internet.,Besides,the prices of computers are getting lower and lower,which enables more students to purchase them.,Along with,the time spent on computers,there arise some problems.The most serious one is that many students are spending so much time playing PC games so that they ignore their studies.,It is urgent to,let the students use computers in a proper way.,Letter,writing techniques,1 Introduction,2,Type of letters,（信的类型）,3,Language,（语言）,4 Form,（格式）,5 Advice on How to Write English Letters,in CET4Exams,English Letter Writing,1.Introduction,Letter writing tests the English letter writing,skill of the examinees,In this unit,，,we are going,to focus on,different types of letter writing,，,their form and language,We will also give you,some advice on how to write an effective English letter,.,2.Type of letters,English letters are generally divided into two types,：,a,personal letters,个人书信,b,business letters,事务书信,3.Language,（语言）,The style and tone of a personal letter,（个人书信的写作风格和笔调）,differ from those of a business letter,While the former is casual,（随便自然），,the latter is formal,（正规）,A business letter should be polite in tone,（笔调客气），,exact and concise in wording,（选词精确、恰当）,However,，,for either of them,，,the style should be clear and direct,（清晰、达意）,Also,，,paragraphs in business letters tend to be short,The first and last paragraphs are usually single-sentence paragraphs,Correctness,（正确）,Clarity,（清晰）,Conciseness,（简洁）,Courtesy,（礼貌）,Consideration,（体谅）,概括来,讲，英文书信的语言应遵循下列,“五,C,原则”,（,Five C Principals),4.Form,（格式）,An English letter usually consists of six parts,：,heading,（信头），,inside address,（收信人地址），,salutation,（称呼），,body,（信主体），,complimentary close,（结尾客套语）,signature,（署名）,1).Heading,2).inside address,3).salutation,4).body,5).complimentary close,6).signature,1.,信头,(heading),英语书信的信头包括发信人的地址和发信的具体日期两部分。信头放在信纸的,右上角,，一般分行写出。要先写发信人地址，再写发信的日期。,写发信地址时依据从小到大的原则，即：,门牌号码 街道名或路名 区,(,县,),及所在市 省或州、郡 国家,日期的顺序是先写月份再写哪一日然后是年份。,需写邮政编码，邮政编码写在城市名称后边，用逗号隔开。,另外需要注意的是，,通常在写地址时，第一行写门牌号和街名，第二行写地区名，第三行是日期。,一般信头每行末不用标点符号，但每行中间应用的标点不可少，城区名和邮政编码之间，日月和年份之间要用逗号隔开。,并列式：,信头的书写格式有两种：,并列式和斜列式。,所谓并列式是指信头各行开头上下排列整齐。而所谓斜列式是下 一行开头较上一行的开头向右移一至两个字母的位置。,6P Park Ave.New York;NY 11215,U.S.A.December 1,，,1999,斜列式：,6P Park Ave.New York;NY 11215,U.S.A.December 1,，,1999,2.,信内地址,(inside address),信内地址包括收信人的姓名称呼和地址两部分,。社交的私人信件信内地址是省略的。信内地址的位置位于信头的左下方，它的开始行低于信头的结尾行，位于信纸中央的左边。,信内地址先写收信人的头衔和姓名，再写地址，地址排列次序同信头一样。,信内地址的书写格式也有两种：并列式和斜列式。一般来讲，信头和信内地址所用的格式总是保持一致的。标点符号的使用也与信头一样。,关于信内地址对收信人的头衔和姓名的称呼一般有以下几种情况：,无职称的男子用,Mr.(,加姓,),已婚的女子用,Mrs.(,加女子丈夫的姓,),未婚的女子用,Miss,婚姻状况不明的女子用,MS.,博士或医生用,Dr.(Doctor),有教授职称的用,Prof.(Professor),总经理、校长、会长、总统用,Pres.(President),3.,称呼,(salutation),称呼是对收信人的尊称语，自成一行，与信内地址上下排齐。在美国用“,My Dear”,比用“,D ear”,还要客气，而英国的用法恰巧相反。对于一个陌生的人通信一般用“,Dear Sir”,或“,D ear Madam”,。另外需要注意的是称呼后面用逗号。,在对外公事函件中可用,Gentlemen(,不用,Gentleman,），其前不可加,Dear,。有时直接用,Sir,。,4.,正文,(body),正文是书信的核心部分。正文的写作必须注意以下几点：,(1),正文从低于称呼一至二行处写起，每段第一行向内缩进约五个字母，转行顶格。正文 也采用并列式的写法，即每行都顶格，但段与段之间中间要空出两三行表示分段。,(2),对于非正式的书信，除客气外，没有什么一定的规则。但究竟怎样的措辞，也应事先 想好。,(3),对于非常正式的书信，要知道开头句是很重要的。另外，信的内容中的每个段落，只能有一个中心思想，这样看信的人可以清楚、明白你所要表达的内容。为了表达的清楚，还要尽可能地用短句，少用长句、难句。段落也宜短不宜长，尤其开头和结尾两段更应简短。,5.,结尾语,(complimentary close),结尾语就是结尾的客套语。一般写于正文下空一两行后，从信纸中央处起笔写，第一个字母大写，末尾用逗号。结尾语措辞的变化依据情况而定，通常有以下几种：,(1),写给单位、团体或不相识的人的信用,Yours(very)truly,(Very)Truly yoursYours(very)faithfully,(Very)Faithfully yours,(2),写给尊长上级的信可用：,Yours(very)respectfully,，,Yours(very)obediently,，,Yours gratefully,，,Yours,appreciatively,，也可以将,Yours,放在后面。,(3),写给熟人或朋友的信可用：,Yours Yours ever,，,Yours cordially,，,Yours devotedly,6.,签名,(signature),签名是在结尾客套语的下面，稍偏于右，这样末一个字可以接近空白而和上面的正文一样齐。签名当用蓝钢笔或圆珠笔，,不能用打字机打,。签名上面可以用打字机打出所在,公司,单位名称，下面也可打出职位。写信人为女性，则可在署名前用括号注明,Mrs.,或,Miss,。,(,二,),英文书信信封的写法,(superscription),1.,寄信人姓名地址写在信封的左上角。收信人的姓名地址写在信封中间靠下或靠右地方。姓名要单独成行。姓名地址的写法同信头,(heading),和信内地址,(inside address),一样。所用格式,(,并列式或斜列式,),也同信内的安排一致。注意写上邮政编码。,3.,若信封通过邮局寄给第三者转交给收信人，则需在收信人的姓名下面写明转交人的姓名，并在前面加上,c/o(care of),。如：,Mr.Thomas Green,C,O,Mr.William Scott101 St.Lawrence Ave.Montreal 18,，,Canada,。,Prof.Wang Ping,850,Huanghe Road,Yinchuan,Ningxia 750021,P.R.China,Mr.John Smith,Dept.of Science,Columbia University,New York,NY 10027,U.S.A.,Prof.Wang Ping,850,Huanghe Road,Yinchuan,Ningxia 750021,P.R.China,Mr.John Smith,Dept.of Science,Columbia University,New York,NY 10027,U.S.A.,Prof.Wang Ping,850,Huanghe Road,Yinchuan,Ningxia 750021,P.R.China,Mr.John Smith,Dept.of Science,Columbia University,New York,NY 10027,U.S.A.,Dear Mr.John Smith,Yours respectfully,signature(,签名）,5 Advice on How to Write English Letters in CET4Exams,1,）,Carefully read the directions and the requirements,，,distinguish the type of the letter,：,a personal letter or a business letter,2,）,Be clear about the purpose of the writing,，,and what you are to express in the letter,3,）,Write according to the appropriate form,Pay attention to the different writing requirements of a personal and business letter,4,）,Try to be clear,，,direct,，,concise in your writing,，,avoiding too many complimentary words,letter,The heading:date,address,The salutation,The body(3 paras),The complimentary closing,signature,大学生不健康的生活习惯,Direction:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic Unhealthy Habits of College Students.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:,1.,部分大学生有不健康的生活习惯，例如：晚睡、过度消费、沉溺游戏。,2.,这种不健康生活习惯的危害,3.,如何纠正,Unhealthy Habits of College Students,It can be noticed that there are some unhealthy living habits among young people,especially college students.Typical examples include staying up late,being addicted to games,consuming in an inappropriate way.Thus,due attention should be paid to students daily habits,。,Apparently,these bad habits may generate negative impacts.To begin with,they may impair students physical health and psychological fitness.In addition,what worries many teachers is that they may also exert negative influences on students academic performance.To conclude,never can we turn a blind eye to these phenomena,。,In view of the seriousness of this issue,it is time that we took effective measure.Firstly,it is suggested that universities or colleges should cultivate students awareness of healthy living.Secondly,students themselves are well-advised to learn to regulate and control their own life appropriately.Only by doing so,can we hope to see the ideal scenes in which students enjoy their colorful and healthy life in Ivory Tower.(162 words),经典句型,-,开头,1.When it comes to _,some think/hold/believe.,2.There is a public debate today that _,3.Nowadays,it is a heatedly discussed topic to many families that _.,经典句型,-,开头,4.Recently,_ has been brought into focus,5.In recent years,_ has become a hot topic both on and off campus.,6.These days,we often hear about _,7.Like a coin has two sides,there is a positive aspect and a negative aspect to _.,经典句型,-,开头,4.Recently,_ has been brought into focus,5.In recent years,_ has become a hot topic both on and off campus.,6.These days,we often hear about _,7.Like a coin has two sides,there is a positive aspect and a negative aspect to _.,经典句型,-,原因,1.A number of factors are accountable for this situation.,2.A number of factors might contribute to/lead to/account for the phenomenon/problem.,3.The answer to this question involves many factors.,4.The phenomenon mainly stems/derives from the fact that.,经典句型,-,原因,5.The factors that contribute to this situation include.,6.The change in _ largely results from the fact.,7.We may blame.,but the real causes are,8.Part of the explanations for it is that,经典句型,-,原因,9.One of the most common factors/causes is that,Another contributing factor is,Perhaps the primary factor is that,But the fundamental cause is that,比较,The advantage</p>