资源描述
单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿。文档如有不当之处，请联系本人或网站删除。,翻译的标准,严复：信达雅,信：忠实于原文(faithfulness),达：语言通顺畅达,(expressiveness),雅：文字优雅(gracefulness),译事三难:信、达、雅。求其信,已大难矣!顾信矣,不达,虽译,犹不译也,则达尚焉。(严复),鲁迅：信顺,信,：faithfulness,顺,：smoothness,傅雷：神似,即传神，传达原作的神韵，不仅“形似”,而且“神似”,以效果而论,翻译应当像临画一样,所求的不在形似而在神似。(傅雷),钱钟书：化境,既不能因语言习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味,.文学翻译的最高标准是 化。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字,既不能因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保存原有的风味,那就算得上 化境。(钱钟书),翻译的教学标准：忠实通顺,忠实：,翻译必须忠实于原文，不能随意增加或删减，也不能不求甚解，自由发挥例如：,1.Certainly I dont teach because teaching is easy for me.,当然，我不教书，因为教书对我来说是轻松的,当然，我之所以教书不是因为我觉得教书轻松。,2.It was a chilly day in early spring.,A.,这是早春二月，乍暖还寒的日子,这是早春一个寒冷的日子,通顺,翻译的目的是用另一种语言转达原文的内容，而不是形式。因此译者必须在准确完整理解原文的基础上，用流畅明了，合乎译入语表达习惯的语言表达出来，而不是用一些“欧化汉语”或“汉式英语”来转达原文。例如：,This novel was the beginning of his fame.,这部小说是他的名声的开始,这部小说是他的成名之作,2.At the beginning of the new year,this area saw a big snowfall.,在新年的开始，这个地区就经历了一场大雪,新年开始，这个地区就下了一场大雪,新年伊始，这个地区就普降瑞雪,翻译的评阅标准,A.,对且好（“归化”译文），,原文信息转达准确，译文表达通顺流畅，基本上看不出原文的痕迹。整体效果好。,B.,对。,这样的译文基本信息已经转达，表达较通顺流畅。但比较明显地沿用了原文的部分语序，与译文表达习惯有些不符，致使读者阅读速度慢，感受不到阅读原创造本时可以获得的那种语言审美感受。即使一些大学教科书和全国性国家级考试中的笔译部分，所提供的参考译文也大量出现这类译文。,C.,差，,指语义大半正确或者基本方向正确，但是表达笨拙、错误或者混乱，句型沿用了原文的语序和句型结构，致使读者阅读速度慢，有时候需要反复细度才能明白。,D.,错,，任何译文首先应当正确，即符合原文的本意，否则译文再流畅，文字在漂亮，也不行，至少超出了“翻译”的范畴。,Our plan has been completely wrecked by the bad weather.,B.我们的计划被恶劣的天气毁掉了。,B.恶劣的天气使我们的计划完全落空。,A.由于天气恶劣，我们的计划落空了。,A.我们的计划落空了，都怪这鬼天气。,第一句是直译，保留了原文的被动语态；第二句改变了主语，消除了被动句式；第三句按照句中事件的时间关系重新组织意群，形成了前因后果的两个分句，属于归化译法。第四句体现了“先说事后表态”，可谓“大象无形”，即没有了翻译的痕迹。,“欧化汉语”（Europeanized,Chinese),即舍弃合适而流畅的 中文不用，而 硬要仿照英文格式，翻译出既不符合汉语规范，又不符合中国人的习惯的译文翻译时生搬硬套原文的字面形式，只寻求英汉表面上的对等，而不考虑两种语言的词语句型和修辞等方面的各种差异。,Their mutual interest in environmental issues brought Teresa and John together.,B1,对环境问题的共有的关心使得特雷莎 和约翰走到了一起。,B2 他们在环境问题上的共同兴趣让他们走到了一起。,A特雷莎和约翰都很关心环保问题，他们也因此走到了一起。,两个B类译文采用的都是非人称主语加使动动词加宾补的结构，是英语常见的句型，却不是规范的汉语的常有句型，只不过是大学生们用得太多太滥了。译文A采用的是人物提前手法，又利用了分译技巧，显然译文是比较规范的汉语常用句型。,Whoever thinks himself too important for small tasks is probably too small for important ones.,C.,那些,认为自己,太,重要了,以致于,不应该负担小的工作的人，大概太小了，不能担负重要的工作。,A.谁若以为自己重要无比，不应屈尊就小，恐怕他也相当渺小，不配担负重大责任。,Home has its charms for nearly all,and the very name comes with a blessing to the spirit.,C.,几乎对所有的人来说，家庭都有着无比的吸引力。这一名称正是来自于这一精神的祝福。,A 家的魅力几乎无人能挡。甚至一听到“家”这个词，精神上也会为之一振。,They had barely enough time to catch the train.,Careful maintenance is essential if the machine is to give reliability.,Matter is anything having weight and occupying space.,Some sounds are unpleasant to our ears while others are very pleasant to hear.,In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.,他们差点儿没赶上汽车,要使机器能保持正常运转，就一定要细心地维护它,凡是有重量并占有空间的都是物质,有些声音听起来不舒服，而有些声音却很悦耳,门口放着一堆雨伞，少说有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一,他不会出什么事的,新学期已经过去一个月了,中国西部的矿产很丰富,这些原则一直是我们民族的精神支柱,他累了的时候容易发脾气,他容易忽视自己认为不重要的事情,Nothing bad will happen to him.,One month has passed since the new term began.,The west of China is rich in oil.,These principles have been the spiritual pillar of our nation.,These principles have nourished the soul of our nation.,He is apt to lose his temper when he is tired.,He is inclined to ,He tends to,He is apt to ignore matters he considers unimportant.,课堂练习,Age had weakened him,but his mind remained strong.,他虽然年迈体衰，但脑力仍然健旺,“,you are old enough to know better.”Mum said to her daughter.,妈妈对女儿说：,“你都老大不小啦，该懂事一些了。”,3.This hospital expenses made inroads on my savings.,这些住院费用耗掉了我大部分积蓄,4.They killed a bottle of Kaoliang between them.,5.It would be one setback too many for,him,.,他可再也经不住什么挫折了,6.When it came to reading,they were as good as blind.,一拿起书本，他们可都成了睁眼瞎了,7.The lights in the hall dazzled me.,大厅的灯亮得我睁不开眼睛,My reports were usually a mixture of tragic and comic.,我的报告通常是喜忧参半,他虽然年迈体衰，但脑力仍然健旺,“你都老大不小啦，该懂事一些了。”,这些住院费用耗掉了我大部分积蓄,他们两人对斟，把一瓶高粱酒喝得一干二净,他可再也经不住什么挫折了,一拿起书本，他们可都成了睁眼瞎了,大厅的灯亮得我睁不开眼睛,翻译的方法,直译与意译,直译：就是既保持原文内容，又保持原文形式的翻译方法如：,1.,to keep the room clean and tidy,2.to enrich cultural life,Under such circumstances,To fish in troubled water,To add fuel to the fire,To break the record,A gentlemans agreement,Blood is thicker than water.,People ridicule poverty but not prostitutes.,保持房间整洁,丰富文化生活,在这种情况下,浑水摸鱼,火上加油,打破记录,君子协定,血浓于水,人们笑贫不笑娼,直译过程中，往往会遇到“假朋友”，既非常熟悉的词语往往可能包含深层含义，如照其表面含义直译，十有八九会“翻车”或闹笑话如：,Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market.,2.He is being a good boy now.,3.They ran away as fast as their legs could carry them.,美中不足,美国人生活中离不开汽车,昨晚我听见他鼾声如雷,他现在正乖着呢,他们飞快地逃命,a blemish in an otherwise perfect thing,a fly in the ointment,not perfect,Americans cant live without cars.,死译,与活译,One boy is a boy,two boys half a boy,three boys no boy,死译:一个孩子是个孩子,两个孩子是半个孩子,三个孩子没有孩子.,活译:一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃.,He also lost his nerves.,死译:他也失去了神经.,活译:他也变得六神无主.,1.The TV viewer is completely passive and has everything presented to him without any effort on his part.,（死译）电视观众是完全地被动，并从他的方面不做任何努力而使每一样东西呈现在他面前,（活译）电视观众是完全被动的，他可以毫不费力就看到所播放的每一个节目。,Its beginning obscured by unemployment caused by the world economic slowdown,the new technological unemployment may emerge as the great socio-economic challenge of the end of the 20,th,century.,(,死译）最新技术一开始就由于全球性经济发展缓慢而引起的失业而前景黯淡，新技术引起的失业问题可能会以20世纪末的巨大社会经济挑战而出现。,（活译）虽然新技术所带来的失业问题，在它开始出现的时候与当时全球性的经济衰退所引起的失业现象相比不过是小巫见大巫，但到20世纪末，这个问题可能成为对社会经济的巨大挑战。,6.It is a long lane that has no turning.,A.,那是一条没有拐弯的长巷（直译）误,B.无论多长巷子子也有拐弯之处（意译）正,C.路必有弯，事必有变（意译）正,We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much.,A.,我们不能过高地估计现代科学的价值（直译）误,B.,对现代科学的价值无论如何估计也不会过分（意译）正,To kill two birds with one stone,直译:一石两鸟,意译:一箭双雕,2,To flog a dead horse,直译:鞭打死马,意译:白费力,徒劳,The dress set off to perfection the seventeen-inch waist,the smallest in three counties.,直译:这身衣服把她在三个县里最细的只有十七英寸的腰 身衬托的尽善尽美.,意译:她的十七英寸的腰围,在三个县里算是最细的了,这 身衣服把她的细腰束得尽善尽美,Nobody grows old merely by the number of years.We grow old by deserting our ideals.,直译:人不会仅仅因为年龄的增长而垂老;我们垂老是因为抛 弃了理想.,意译:1)岁月有加,并非垂老;理想泯灭,暮年即至.,2)带走青春的不是岁月的流逝，而是理想的泯灭。,所谓意译，是指通过对原文深层含义的理解，将原文的表层结构消化转化为译文的表层结构既打破原文的原文的语言形式，用译文的习惯表达形式把原文的意蕴再现出来在以下几种情况下一般采用意译的方法：,成语，习语等,1.画饼充饥,赤胆忠心,水乳交融,三天打鱼，两天晒网,5.Justice has long arms.,6.包办买卖婚姻,feed on cakes in print,ardent loyalty,perfect harmony,lack of perseverance,天网恢恢，疏而不漏,forced marriages,小康水平,A relatively comfortable standard of living,争取运动成绩与精神文明双丰收,For better records and sportsmanship,英汉句式相异的句子,The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.,Care and kindness surrounded us the moment we stepped into the country.,Excitement deprived me of all my power of utterance.,The forty years brought almost ten million migrants to America.,Their language was unrestrained by any motive of prudence.,我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点声音也没有,一踏上这个国家的土地上，我们就处处受到了关怀和款待,我兴奋得什么话也说不出来,近年中，近一千万移民移居美国,他们几乎爱讲什么就讲什么，都没有顾及到什么谨慎不谨慎的问题,Nothing that has been done can not be done better.,直译：没有什么已被做过的事情不能被做得更好,意译：任何事情都有改进的余地,Words dont always mean what they seem to mean.,直译：文字语言并不总是它表面的含义,意译：话语常有弦外之音,March 1990 found me working in a small construction firm.,直译：1990年发现我在一家小型建筑公司工作,意译：1990年，我在一家小型建筑公司工作,。,But the long and exhausting trip proved too much.,直译：这次漫长而又令人疲劳的旅行证明了许多。,意译：但是，旅途漫漫，劳顿不堪，让人难以忍受。,直译与意译相结合,Despair gives courage to a coward.,C.,绝望给懦夫以勇气。（直译）,B.即使懦夫，也会由于绝望而勇敢起来(意译）,A1.绝望时懦夫也会铤而走险。（直译与意译相结合）,A2.兔子急了也咬人人急造反，狗急跳墙。（直译与意译相结合）,There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a Frenchman.,直译：法国人的性格混合有老虎和猿的成分,意译：法国人的性格既残暴又狡猾,1)虎恶狐狡，兼而有之，这就是法国人的性格,2)法国人既像老虎一样残暴，又如猿猴一般狡猾。,花园里是人间的乐园，有的是吃不了的大米白饭，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的金银财宝,The garden was a paradise on earth,with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent.,课堂练习,I prefer driving to being driven.,我喜欢开车，不喜欢坐车,Our hopes and plans are scattered to the four winds,.,我们的希望和计划全落空了,Unemployment has stubbornly refused to contract for more than a decade.,失业人数总是居高不下，已经十多个年头了,She has beauty still,and,if it be not in its heyday,it is not yet in its autumn.,她依然很美，如果不是芳华正茂，也还不到迟暮之年,John prefers films to stage plays.,约翰觉得电影比戏剧更合他的口味,生在杭州,吃在广州,死在柳州.,It is good to live in Hangzhou where one can enjoy beautiful natural sceneries;to eat in Guangzhou where one can eat fabulous dishes and to die in Liuzhou where one can buy the best wooden coffin.,Studies serve for delight,for ornament and for ability.,读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才,and that government of the people,by the people,for the people,shall not perish from the earth.,民有，民治，民享的政府绝不会从地球上灭亡,第一次作业（汉译英）Some works of literature we prize for their universal and timeless qualities.Regardless of when and where they were created,they seem to speak directly to us today,their freshness and power unaffected by the passing of centuries.Others appeal to us for a quite opposite reason,because they so richly and vividly reflect the particular period and society that produced them;because in effect they are so unlike the literature of the present.Like artifacts from an old tomb,they tell us of customs and beliefs that have now vanished,of the way of life that fascinates us with its foreignness.,They are witnesses not of the fundamental emotions common to all mankind,but of the infinitely varied ways in which those emotions find expression in different ages and climes.,有些文学作品我们诊视它，是由于它有普通的 永恒的价值。这类作品不论是何时何地创造的，不受时代流逝的影响，保持着清新活力，宛如现在还在跟我们对话。与此相反，另外一类作品非常丰富地、生动地反映它所在的特定的某个时代和社会，由于跟当代文学有显著的差异，也就能够感染我们。就像古墓中的文物，能让我们看到一些古代的风俗和信仰，以及我们感到新奇惊异的生活方式。它们虽不能反映人类共通的基本感情，却能反映出不同时代、不同地方，永远在变化着的表现这类感情的方式。,
展开阅读全文
浙ICP备2021020529号-1 | 浙B2-20240490 
