生物制药专业英语复习.ppt

<p>,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,专业英语概述,Lesson 1,Introduction,4.1,词汇特点,专业术语多,专业文献含有大量专业术语，阅读时要求对该领域的专门词汇和知识有一定了解。,广泛采用,名词连用,形式,cell wall,target cell,titration curve,side effect,drug tolerance,派生词汇多,派生词汇，指通过合成、转化和派生构词手段而构成的词汇，在专业英语文献中占有很大的比重。,如，由前缀,hydro-,，,hyper-,，,hypo-,和,inter-,构成的词条在科技英语中就有两千多条。,缩略词,缩写词是科技英语词汇的重要组成部分，具有简便的优点。,TDS(targeting drug system,）靶向给药系统,MLD(minimal lethal dose),最小致死剂量,OTC(over the counter),FDA (Food and drug Administration),动词名词化的结果是科技英语中的,行为名词,出现频率大大增加。这些行为名词可由动词加上,-tion,，,-ment,，,-ance,，,-ence,，,-sion,，,-xion,等后缀构成,，可表示动作、手段、结果及条件等。,The,shrinkage,of the sun to this state would transform our oceans into ice and our atmosphere into liquid air.,如果太阳收缩到这种状态，就会把海洋变成冰，把大气变为液化气。,The,accumulation,of new data during the past decade has brought a,refinement,of some earlier views and concepts.,最近几十年来，由于不断积累新的资料数据，从而完善了以前的一些观点和概念。,1,、,介词短语,A call,for paper,is now being issued.,征集论文的通知现正陆续发出。,2,、,形容词及形容词短语。,In radiation,thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy,similar in nature to light,.,热能在辐射时，转换成性质与光相似的辐射能。,3,、,副词,The air,outside,pressed the side in.,外面的空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。,定语后置的五种形式,专业词汇（词根）简介,1.,表示数量的词素,1,）,haplo,mono,uni,单，一，独,haploid,单倍体,；,monoxide,一氧化物；,monoatomic,单原子的；,2,）,bi,di,dipl,twi,du,二，双，两，偶,bicolor,双色；,dichromatic,双色的；,diplobacillus,双杆菌,；,dikaryon,双核体；,twin,孪生；,dual,双重的；,3,）,tri,三，丙,triangle,三角；,triacylglycerol,三酰甘油；,tricarboxylic acid cycle,三羧酸循环,；,4,）,quadri,quadru,quart,tetr,tetra,四,quadrilateral,四边的；,quadrivalent,四价的；,quadruped,四足动物；,tetrode,四极管；,tetracycline,四环素,；,5,）,pent,penta,quique,五,pentose,戊糖,；,pentagon,五角形；,pentane,戊烷；,quintuple,五倍的；,pentomer,五邻粒；,6,）,hex,hexa,六,hexose,已糖,；,hexapod,六足动物；,hexapoda,昆虫纲；,hexamer,六聚体；,7,）,hepta,sept(i),七,heptane,庚烷；,heptose,庚糖,；,heptoglobin,七珠蛋白；,8,）,oct,八,octpus,章鱼；,octagon,八角形；,octane,辛烷；,octase,辛糖,；,9,）,enne,nona,九,nonapeptide,九肽,；,enneahedron,九面体；,10,）,deca,deka,十,decapod,十足目动物；,decahedron,十面体,；,decagram,十克；,11,）,hecto,百,hectometer,百米,；,hectoliter,百升；,hectowatt,百瓦；,12,）,kilo,千,kilodalton(KD),千道尔顿；,kilobase,千碱基,；,kiloelectron volt,千电子伏特；,13,）,deci,十分之一，分,decimeter,分米；,decigram,十分之一克；,14,）,centi,百分之一,15,）,milli,千分之一，毫,millimole,毫摩（尔）；,milliliter,毫升；,centipoise 百分之一泊(粘度单位),16,）,micro,百万分之一，微，微小，微量,microgram,微克；,microogranism,微生物；,microecology,微生态学；,micropipet,微量移液器；,17,）,nano,十亿分之一，毫微，纳,nanosecond,十亿分之一秒；,nanometer,纳米；,18,）,demi,hemi,semi,半,demibariel,半桶；,hemicerebrum,大脑半球；,semiopaque,半透明；,semi-allele,半等位基因,；,semi-conductor,半导体；,19,）,holo,全，整体，完全,holoenzyme,全酶,；,holoprotein,全蛋白；,holocrine,全（质分）泌；,20,）,mega,巨大，兆，百万,megaspore,大孢子；,megabase,兆碱基；,megakaryocyte,巨核细胞；,megavolt,兆伏；,megalopolitan,特大城市；,21,）,macro,大，巨大，多,macrophage,巨噬细胞；,macrogamete,大配子；,macroelement,常量元素；,macromolecular,大分子；,polyacrylate,聚丙烯酸酯；,polymerase,聚合酶,；,multichain,多链的；,multinucleate,多核的；,multicistronic mRNA,多顺反子,mRNA,；,multicopy,多拷贝；,22,）,poly,multi,mult,多，复合,2.,表示颜色的词素,1,）,chrom,颜色,chromophore,生色团；,chromosome,染色体,；,chromatography,色谱法；,2,）,melan,melano,nigr,黑,melanoma,黑素瘤,；,melanin,黑色素；,melanophore,黑色素细胞；,3,）,xantho,flavo,fla,flavi,lute,黄,xanthophyl,叶黄素；,xanthous,黄色的，黄色人种；,xanthine,黄嘌呤；,flavin(e),黄素；,flavone,黄酮；,lutein,黄体素，叶黄素；,flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD),黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸；,4,）,erythro,rub,rubrm,ruf,红,erythrocyte,红细胞,；,erythromycin,红霉素；,erythropoitin(EPO),促红细胞生成素；,5,）,chloro,chlor,绿，氯,chlorophyll,叶绿素,；,chloride,氯化物；,chloramphenicol,氯霉素；,6,）,cyan,cyano,蓝，青紫色，氰,cyanophyceae,蓝藻纲；,cyanobacteria,蓝细菌,；,cyanide,氰化物；,7,）,aur,glid,chrys,金色,aureomycin,金霉素,；,chrysose,金藻淀粉；,chrysanthemum,菊花；,glid stone,金沙石；,glid,镀金；,leucine,亮氨酸,；,leukaemia=leucosis,白血病；,bleaching powder,漂白粉；,albomycin,白霉素；,8,）,leu,leuco,leuk,leuko,blan,alb,无色，白色,3.,表示方位和程度的词素,1,）,endo,ento,内，在内,endocrine,内分泌,；,endocytosis,胞吞作用,；,endogamy,近亲繁殖；,endolysin,内溶素；,entoderm,内胚层；,2,）,ec,ect,exc,extra,外，外面，表面,ectoblast,外胚层；,ectoparasite,外寄生生物,；,extract,抽取，浸出,；,3,）,meso,中，中间,mesosphere,中圈，中层；,mesoplast,中胚层质,；,4,）,intra,intro,inter,在内，向内,intra-allelic interaction,等位基因内相互作用；,intracellular,（细）胞内的；,Interurban,城市之间,5,）,centri,centro,medi,mid,中心，中央，中间,centrifuge,离心,；,centriole,中心粒,；,centrosome,中心体；,centrogene,着丝基因；,6,）,epi,peri,上，外，旁,epidermal growth factor(EGF),表皮生长因子,；,epibranchial,上鳃的；,perilune,近月点；,7,）,sub,suc,suf,sug,下，低，小,suborder,亚目,；,submucosa,粘膜下层；,subclone,亚克隆,；,subcellular,亚细胞；,subsection,小节，分部；,8,）,super,supra,上，高，超,superconductor,超导体；,superfluid,超流体；,superoxide,超氧化物,；,supramolecular,超分子的,；,9,）,hyper,超过，过多,hypersensitive,过敏的；,hyperelastic,超弹性的；,hypertension,高血压,；,hyperploid,超倍体,；,10,）,hypo,下，低，次,hypoglycaemia,低血糖；,hypotension,低血压,；,hypophysis,脑下垂体；,11,）,iso,等，相同，同,iso-osmotic,等渗的；,isopod,等足目动物；,isotope,同位素,；,12,）,oligo,，,olig,少，低，寡，狭,oligohaline,狭盐性；,oligogene,寡基因,；,oligomer,寡聚体,；,oligophagous,寡食性；,oligarchy,寡头政治；,13,）,eury,多，宽，广,eurythermal,广温的,；,euryhaline,广盐性；,eurytopic species,广幅种；,14,）,ultr,超,ultra-acoustics,超声学；,ultra-structure,超微结构；,ultroviolet,紫外线,；,15,）,infra,下，低，远,infralittoral,远岸的；,infrahuman,类人生物,；,infrared,红外线的；,infrastructure,基础结构，基本结构；,英文科技文献介绍,Lesson,2,English Sci-tech Paper(I),专业文献的基础知识,Original paper,：,发表于专业期刊，用于报道科学研究内容和结果的文献。,Short paper/Communication,:,简要报道研究内容和结果的文献。,Review paper,：,指就某一时间内，作者针对某一专题，对大量原始研究论文中的数据、资料和主要观点进行归纳整理、分析提炼而写成的论文。综述具有一定的深度和时间性，能反映出这一专题的历史背景、研究现状和发展趋势，具有较高的情报学价值。,专业文献的种类,专业文献（,Original paper,）的一般结构,Title,Author,Abstract,Introduction,Methods,Results,Discussion,Acknowledgements,References,4,Author,Abstract,Introduction,Methods,Results,Discussion,Acknowledgements,References,Title,First author,Coauthor,Corresponding author,专业文献的一般结构,Lesson 3:,English Sci-tech Paper(II),Reading,staphylococci,，葡萄球菌的,mould,，霉菌，发霉,staphylococcus,葡萄球菌属,streptococcus,链球菌属,pneumococcus,肺炎球菌,gonococcus,，淋菌,typhoid fever,，伤寒症,cephalosporin,，头孢菌素,Penicillin,，青霉素,Words,Petri dishes,皮氏培养皿,A,Petri dish,(or,Petri plate,or,cell culture dish,)is a shallow glass or plastic cylindrical lidded dish that biologists use to culture cells or small moss plants.It was named after German bacteriologist Julius Richard Petri,who invented it when working as an assistant to Robert Koch.Glass Petri dishes can be reused by sterilization(for example,in an autoclave or by dry heating in a hot air oven at 160 C for one hour).For experiments where cross-contamination from one experiment to the next can become a problem,plastic Petri dishes are often used as disposables.,Enterobacteria,，肠细菌,Salmonella,，沙门氏菌,hydrophilic antibiotic,，亲水性的抗生素,Staphylococcus aureus,金黄色葡萄球菌,Salmonella typhi,，伤寒沙门氏菌,Escherichia coli,，埃希氏大肠杆菌,Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy(NRM),核磁共振,(,光谱,),分析,X-rays crystallographic analyses,，,X,射线晶体学分析,a heterocyclic-lactamic-dihydrotiazinic system,thiazolidinic rings,，噻唑环,Intravenously,，静脉的,racemase,，消旋酶,thioester,，硫酯,thioesterases,，硫酯酶,deacetoxycephalosporin,，脱乙酰氧基头孢菌素,Hydroxylase,，羟化酶,Hydroxylating,，（使）羟（基）化,Acetylation,，乙酰化作用,Analogously,，类似，相似,Chromosomes,，染色体,progenitor strain,起源菌株,tandem repeats,，衔接重复,syphilis,sif-(-)ls,梅毒,pneumonia,肺炎,pharynx,frks,咽,scarlet fever,猩红热,diphtheria,白喉,meningitis,脑膜炎,septicemia,，败血病,REVIEW,2014-4,Abstract,:,Objective,The aim of this study was to screen hemicellulose degrading microorganisms.,Methods,The methods used to screen the effective strains included hydrolysis spot diameter measurement of hemicellulose plate(,半纤维素平板水解圈法）,and extracellular enzyme activity,The methods used to identify the strains included culture characteristics,，,morphological,，,physiological-biochemical characteristics and molecular biological methods,Sample two,English Abstract,Results,We isolated 4 actinomycetes(NA9,，,NA10,，,NA12 and NA13),，,2 fungi(NF1 and NF7)with hemicellulose degrading ability and no antagonistic effect,（拮抗效应）,among them,The hemicellulose degrading activity of 4 actinomyces(NA9,，,NA10,，,NA12 and NA13)was 217.6,，,229.8,，,221.1 and 211.8 U/mL,The hemicellulose degrading activity of 2 fungi(NF1 and NF7)was 217.7 and 244.2 U/mL,The hemicellulose degrading activity of complex microbial system was 299.0 U/mL,NA9,，,NA10,，,NA12 and NA13 were,Streptomyces costaricanus,;NF1 was,Aspergillus candidus,and NF7 was,Tarlaromyces flavus,专业英语定语从句的翻译策略,一、翻译成前置定语结构,对不是很长，且主要起修饰和限制作用的定语从句，可使用汉语的定语结构进行对等翻译。,（,1,）,Biotechnology can be summarized as any technique,that uses living organisms to make or modify products,to improve plants or animals,or to develop microorganisms for specific purposes,.,生物技术可以概括为,使用活的生物制造或修饰产品，改良动植物，或者用于某种特殊目而培养微生物的,技术。,（,2,）,Plant breeding involves selecting optimal combinations of genes,that provide desired characteristics,.,植物育种就是选择,提供目标特征的,最优基因组合。,（,3,）,Attempts are now being made to replace enzymes,which traditionally have been isolated from animal tissues and plants,with enzymes from microorganisms.,人们正在努力用源自微生物的酶来取代,传统上从动物组织和植物中分离的,酶。,（,4,）,These have helped to determine minimum separation distances to reduce cross pollination to levels,that are below the limits needed to maintain genetic purity,.,这些方法有助于确定最小分隔距离，将杂交授粉水平降低到,保持遗传纯度所需的限制,水平之下。,（,1,）,Traditional biotechnology dates back thousands of years,to early farming societies,in,which people collected seeds of plants with the most desirable traits for planting the following year,.,传统的生物技术可追溯到数前千年前，那时的早期农耕社会里，,人们搜集具有最需要性状的植物种子，以供来年种植,。,（,2,）,The era of modern biotechnology,which involves manipulation of genes from living organisms in more precise and controlled ways than traditional biotechnology,began with their discovery(the discovery of DNA structure by James Watson and Francis Clark).,与传统生物技术相比，现代生物技术对来自活的有机体的基因的操作更精确更可控。,现代生物技术世代从他们的发现（指沃森和克里克发现,DNA,结构）开始。,（,3,）,NAA usually gives rise to short thick roots,which may have the advantage of being better able to withstand accidental damage during planting out,.,NAA,通常会产生短而粗的根，,这种根具有在移栽过程中不易损伤的优势,。,（,4,）,Plants from protoplasts often display considerable genetic variation,which can arise from the tissues of the starting material and/or in the,callus,from which the plants are regenerated,.,从原生质体再生的植株经常表现较大的遗传变异，,这些遗传变异既可能源于起始材料组织，也可能源于植株再生的愈伤组织,。,（,1,）,The most serious current concern of plant scientists is the,irretrievable,loss of biodiversity,which reduces the scope for breeding crops to tolerate more,extreme climates,to resist pests and diseases and produce more nutritious food,.,生物多样性的不可逆丧失是目前植物科学家最关切的问题，,因为生物多样性丧失会降低耐受极端气候、抗病虫害和更富营养作物的选育机会,。,（,2,）,An,endangered species,is a population of organisms,which is at risk of becoming extinct because it is either few in numbers,or threatened by changing environmental or predation parameters.,如果生物种群由于数量稀少或者环境或捕食因素改变而处于绝种的危险,，那么就称这个物种为濒临灭绝的物种。,（,1,）,Current legislation provides a framework for these considerations but there are many,issues,related to the coexistence of industrial and food products,that remain to be studied and debated,before possible introduction.,目前的立法为这些考虑提供了框架，但对于工业产品与食品共存有关的许多问题在推出之前,仍然有待于研究和讨论,。,（,2,）,Genetic engineering is only one of many methods,that may contribute to maintaining productivity and food quality while reducing inputs and improving agricultural ecosystems,.,有不少方法,可用来保持作物产量和食物品质同时降低投入和改善农业生态系统,，遗传工程仅是其中之一。,（,3,）,The major,cereal crops,we use today,which provide the bulk of our calories,are descended from plants selected in prehistory for their useful traits.,今天食用的主要禾谷类作物,为我们提供了大部分的热量,，它们是史前时期选育出具有有用性状的植物后代。,Reading,2014-3,Direct Reprogramming of Human Fibroblasts to Functional and Expandable Hepatocytes,Pengyu Huang,，,Ludi Zhang,，,Yimeng Gao,，,Zhiying He,Dan Yao,Zhitao Wu,Jin Cen,Xiaotao Chen,1,Changcheng Liu,Yiping Hu,Dongmei Lai,Zhenlei Hu,Li Chen,Ying Zhang,Xin Cheng,Xiaojun Ma,Guoyu Pan,Xin Wang,Lijian,From,Cell Stem Cell,The generation of large numbers of functional human,hepatocytes,for cell-based approaches to liver disease is an important and,unmet,goal.Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts to hepatic,lineages,could offer a solution to this problem but so far has only been achieved with mouse cells.,Summary,hepatocytes,肝（实质）细胞,fibroblasts,，纤维原细胞,lineages,，血统，世系,Here,we generated human induced hepatocytes(hiHeps)from fibroblasts by,lentiviral,expression of FOXA3,HNF1A,and HNF4A.hiHeps express hepatic gene programs,can be expanded,invitro,（体外）,and display functions characteristic of mature hepatocytes,including cytochrome P450 enzyme activity and,biliary,drug clearance.,lentiviral,，慢病毒（载体）,Biliary,，胆汁的,Upon transplantation into mice with,concanavalin,-A-induced acute liver failure and fatal,metabolic,liver disease due to,fumarylacetoacetate dehydrolase(Fah),deficiency,hiHeps restore the liver function and prolong survival.Collectively,our results demonstrate successful lineage conversion of nonhepatic human cells into mature hepatocytes with potential for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.,concanavalin,，伴刀豆球蛋白,metabolic,，代谢的,fumaryl,aceto,acetate,dehydrolase,，,延胡索酰,乙酰,乙酸,水解酶,第三章,应用文体的英译,第一节 书信文件的英译,第二节 产品说明书的英译,第三节 图表的英译,2,学时,qq:1054482454,第一节 书信文件的英译,一、信件的种类,私人信件,personal letter,申请和推荐信,letter of application and letter of recommendation,学术邀请和出访信,letter of invitation and letter for visit,祝贺信,letter of congratulation,商业书信,business letter,(,信内地址,),称呼和姓名,单位名称,地址,（信头）,寄信人通信地址,写信日期,正文,结束语,签名,Could you please send me?,请您寄给我一份,？,I look forward to hearing from you soon,.,盼复,If you need any other information concerning my background,如果你需要有关我的学习等其他情况,Enclosed please find,随信附上,查收,Encl:One application form,后附一张申请表,If needed.,（,If need be,）如果需要的话,Please let me know.,请告,申请信常用语句：,Please tell me whether or not you are in a position to host me.,请告诉你是否能接受我。,An early response will be very much appreciated.,早日赐复，不胜感激。,或,A prompt reply would help us greatly.,或,Your immediate reply would be greatly appreciated.,I am grateful to you for offering,感谢你提供,I learned from that,我从,获悉,To whom it may concern,负责人启,With best regards.,谨致问候,It is my pleasure to recommend,我很高兴推荐,Not only is Mr.Li diligent,.,李不仅勤奋，还,It is his wish to further his study,他希望,推荐信常用语句：,I should be most grateful if you would consider my recommendation.,或,I hope you will give her as much help as you can.,若您考虑我的推荐，不胜感激。,I would appreciate it very much if you accept,请您,（若您,不胜感激）,内容简明，不宜太长，要富有诚意，给人一种亲切、热情的感觉。,a series of lectures on,关于,的一些列讲座,at you convenience,在您方便的时候,should you find it possible to accept this invitation,如果您能接受我的邀请,We look forward to hearing from you with details as soon as they have been determined.,一经确定，盼告详情,I would only be too glad to.,我非常高兴地,2,、学术邀请和出访信：,对某人的创造发明等表示祝贺。语言不呆板，要干脆，避免空洞的言辞：,We are delighted to hear the good news.,我们很高兴听到这一好消息。,Congratulate you on your success.,对您的成功表示祝贺。,I write to offer you my sincere congratulations on,我写此信对你在,方面的成功表示衷心的感谢。,3,、祝贺信：,目的是与客户取得联系，建立业务，达成交易：,We are interested in various kinds of.instruments.,我方欲购买,的各类仪器,Please furnish us with a catalogue and the price list,if available.,如有可能，请寄给我方商品目录和价格单。,If you can see your way to bring down your price to a level acceptable to us,若贵公司能设法降低价格，使我方可接受的话,4,、商业书信：,the initial order,首批订货,We trust that you will find our above proposition acceptable.,谅上述提议是可以接受的。,.sha</p>